1

FOSSILE BRENSLERKull, olje, naturgass

2

FOSSILE ENERGIKILDER IVERDEN(1000 Mtoe)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Reserver(R) R/P Årligproduksjon(P)

KullOljeNaturgass

World total final consumption (Mtoe)

1997

11%

49%18%

17%4% 1% Coal

OilGasElectricityHeatRenewables

3

World total final consumption (Mtoe)

Average annual growth rate 1997-2020

8%19%

18%27%

7%

21% CoalOilGasElectricityHeatRenewables

4

Klassifisering av kull

Kullets viktigste egenskaper

Brennstoff Steinkull BrunkullFlyktige best. vekt % 18-26 45-55Elementanalyse vekt:%:CHONS

885511-3

745,518,50,53-4

Vanninnhold vekt % 3-5 20-30Askeinnhols vekt % 3-7 3-12Råkull mid.ned.brennverdi HN kJ/kg

31400 16800

Asken i kullet kan varier meget, avhengig av kullets sammensetning. I steinkull er vanligleire framtredende.

Steinkullaske vekt % Brunkullaske vekt %Al2O3 15-21 4-9SiO2 25-45 8-18Fe2O3 5-20 -CaO 2-4 25-40MgO 0,5-1 0,5-6SO3 4-10 >50

5

Van Kreveken diagram: H/C and O/C ratio fordifferent solid fuels

COAL COMPOSITION

• C + H2 + O2 + S + N2 + ash

• Proximate analysis: H2O + C(s) + volatile matter + ash (%wt)

• Ultimate analysis: C + H + O + N + S (%wt)

• H/C and O/C ratio decrease for higher rank coal:peat lignite bituminous coal anthracite

• Coal contains approx. 5-30%wt of mineral matter thatinfluences the combustion behaviour.

Main components

6

COAL STRUCTURE

• Coal is a porous material.

• Pore structure is very important regarding:– chemical reactivity (How to define “reactivity”?)

– mechanical behaviour (fragmentation) of the particlesduring combustion.

• Definitions of:– Porosity?– Total pore volume?– Total and active surface area?

DEVOLATILIZATION (Coal pyrolysis)

Coal pyrolysisand

oxidation

affect•Combustion performance

•Heat release

•Flame stabilization

•Char combustion &reactivity

Relevant topics, among others, in coal pyrolysis are:

• Heat treatment temperature (T)

• Heating rate (Q)

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LIQUID FUELS - ATOMIZATION - DROPLETCOMBUSTION - SPRAYS•FUEL CHARACTERISATION

•CRUDE OIL

•REFINERY PROCESS

•OIL PRODUCTS

•ATOMIZATION

•EVAPORATION

•COMBUSTION•SINGLE DROPLETS

•SPRAYS

Raffineri

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Destillasjonstårn

REFINERY PROCESSES

•FRACTIONATED DESTILLATIONBoiling point [°C]weight %

1. 20-150 Naptha 10-202. 150-230 Petroleum, paraffins 10-153. 230-340 Light fuel oils, destillate 15-304. > 340 Heavy lubricants and fuel oils 35-60

•THERMAL CRACKING

•CATALYTIC CRACKING

•FINAL ADJUSTMENTS AND MIXING

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•CRUDE OIL

•Liquid with density between 780 - 1000 kg/m3 (15 0C) consists of 3-400different

hydrocarbons from simple methane (one carbon atom) to complex with 60 C +

Ultimate analysis:Carbon (C) 84 - 87 wt%Hydrogen (H) 11 - 14 wt%Sulfur (S) 0.06 -8.0 wt%Nitrogen (N) 0.11 - 1.7 wt%Oxygen (O) 0.01-2.0 wt%Metals (Fe, V, Ni, ..) < 0.03 wt%

North Sea oil < 0.25 wt% SMiddle East 1.5 ~ 3.0 wt% SMexico ~ 5.0 wt% S

FUEL CHARACTERISATION

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Most important hydrocarbon groups:

1. Normal alkanes (paraffins) [CnH2n+2]- single bounds C-atoms Ex: n-octane [C8H18]

2. Branching alkanes (paraffins) [CnH2n+2] Ex: iso-octane [C8H18]

3. Alkenes (olefines, di-olefines) [CnH2n]- both single and double bound C-atoms Ex: hexen [C6H12]

4. Napthenes (cykloparafiner, cykloalkaner) [CnH2n]- ring structure single bound C-atoms Ex: cyclo penthane [C5H10]

5. Aromatic- ring structure single/double bounds C-atoms Ex: benzene [C6H6]

Crude oils are based on three main groups; Alkanes, napthenes and mixtures.Increasing complexity will increase boiling point, specific gravity and viscosity

OIL PROPERTIES•Specific gravity

•normal kg/dm3 at 15 0C

•C/H - ratio•From ultimate analysis, higher->larger spec. grav., important for sootingtendency and thus thermal radiation, lower value give higher HHV.

•Heating Value•HHV(from calorimeter), LHV(from HHV - condensing heat), S has 27% of HHVof Carbon, Hydrogen has 2.5 times HHV of Carbon

•Viscosity•Flow ->atomisation, preheating

•USA- Saybolt( 50 0C); UK - Redwood( 37.8 0C); Other - Engler ( 20 or 50 0C)

•Kinematic visc., centistokes 1 cSt= 10 -6 m2/s, Dyn. visc. Centipoise 1000cP= 1Ns/m

•Volatile•Reid steam pressure, Flash point, Destillation curve

•Ignition properties•Engine knock; Otto engines -octane number 0-100(reduced with higher number)

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FyringsoljerFyringsolje nr.

1 2 3 4 5 6Nedre brennverdi HN (kJ/kg) 42850 42450 41200 40800 40400 40000

Spes.vekt v/15°C 0,84 0,86 0,93 0,94 0,95 0,97

Viskositet ved 100°F(38°C) i sek. Redwood IcSt

32

2,9

35

4,0

200

49

420

103

640

156

2000

490Nødv. Forv. for rotasjon.- br. (°C)

- - - 50 60 80

Nødv. Forv. for forstøvn.-Br. (°C)

- - 70 90 100 130

Flammepunkt (°C) 80 87 88 90 90 91

Kjemiske analyser oppgitt avShell (vekt %)Carbon 86,2 86,2 85,9 85,9 85,8 85,7Hydrogen 12,7 12,5 11,7 11,6 11,4 11,0Svovel 0,9 1,1 2,1 2,3 2,5 3,0Vann 0,04 0,04 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

Rest: Nitrogen, oksygen og aske

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Atomisers:Volume flow (QF) of fuel is proportional to the square root of the pressure drop (∆P)across the nozzle exit:

QF = (FN) (∆P)1/2

where: FN is the flow-number dependent of the viscosity

∆Pmin < ∆P < ∆Pmax∆Pmin - atomizing quality∆Pmax - pump capasity

for pressure atomisers:⇒ small regulation of power⇒ pressure atomisers used for on/off

The atomisation is characterised by a mean droplet size:

Sauter mean diameter (SMD)expressing the ratio of total volume to total droplet outer area.

D32 ≈ 80 - 150 µm typical for pressure atomisers

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Askesammensetningen i olje nr. 6Vekt %

SiO2 1,7Al2O3 0,3Fe2O3 3,8CaO 1,7MgO 1,1NiO 1,9V2O5 7,9Na2O 31,8SO3 42,3

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NATURAL GAS

•FUEL CHARACTERISATION•WET GAS(ETHANE, PROPANE, BUTANE)

•DRY GAS(METHANE->70 - 95%)

•ENERGY CONTENT - 40 MJ/Sm3

•GAS PROCESSING

•PRODUCTS

•PRODUCTION, TRADE AND CONSUMPTION

•COMBUSTION

NATURAL GASPRODUCTION, TRADE AND CONSUMPTION•MAIN PRODUCERS(1995)

•RUSSIA(555 Bill. Sm3)

•USA (538 Bill. Sm3)

•MORE THAN 50% OF TOTAL WORLD PRODUCTION

•CANADA(146 Bill. Sm3)

•NORWAY NO. 11 (31 Bill. Sm3 - 15% EUROPE )(RESERVES2800 Bill. Sm3 -2% WORLD)

•TRADE

•PIPELINES, LNG, LPG

•CONSUMPTION

•PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS(35%), HEAT IN INDUSTRY(28%),

•EL.PROD.(8%), CHP(6%), PETROCHEM.(4%), OTHERS

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Spes. Volumv (Nm3/kg)

Nedre brennverdi(kJ/Nm3)

Våt naturgass 1,0 – 1,43 29 300 – 56 500Raff. gassMetan – i-butan 0,375 – 1,39 35 850 – 121 600

Spes. Volum og nedre brennverdi for naturgass

Egenskaper for noen teknisk viktige gasserSammensetning ( vol. %) Varme

-verditetthetGasstype

≥C5 C4 C3 C2 CH4 CO H2 CO2 N2 kJ/m3n kg/m3

n

Masovnsgass - - - - - 27 1,5 12 59,5 3300 1,3204Vanngass - - - - 0,5 42 50 4 3,5 11000 0,680GeneratorgassBrunkull 25 g/m3

n - - 0,2 2 31 16 4 47 7300 1,803Steinkull 25 g/m3

n - - 0,4 3 28 15 4 50 6800 1,090Koks - - - - 0,5 28 13 5 53 6100 1,131Koksovngass - - 1 1 25 6 55 2 10 17500 0,4998Bygass - - 1 1 22 12 44 4 16 17000 0,6578Trykksattforgassning

- - - 0,4 4,6 25 42 25 1 9200 0,928

Naturagss:Emsland - - 0,5 1 90 - - 3,0 5,5 37000 0,787Rehden - - - 0,7 76 - - 15,8 7,5 28000 0,961Slochteren - 0,2 0,4 2,7 82 - - 0,7 14 35000 0,825Nordsee - - 0,2 3,5 93 - - 0,3 2,5 36000 0,744Lacq (gereinigt) - 1,6 1,5 4,4 90 - - 1,3 1,0 43000 0,787Algerien - 1,6 2,1 7,8 89 <0,2 <0,2 44000 0,795

NGL - <10 90 93200 2,122

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Sammensetning og brennverdi for masovngass ognaturgass

Masovngassfra trekull

Masovngassfra koks Naturgass

Karbonoksyd CO volumpros.Hydrogen H2 volumprosentMetan CH4 volumprosentKarbondioksyd CO2 volumpros.Nitrogen N2 volumprosentNedre brennverdi kJ/nm3

25-301,5-3,51-2,58-1255-60

3350-4600

25-300,5-40,5-310-1652-60

3560-4600

-2,090,01,02,0

35615,0

Hydrogen Supply System

AmmoniaAmmonia

Natural GasNatural Gas

MethanolMethanol

H2-Storageonshore

H2-Storageonshore

WaterElectrolysis

WaterElectrolysis

Fuel

Cel

l Sys

tem

Fuel

Cel

l Sys

tem

MHMH

CH2CH2

LH2LH2

O2fromAir

O2fromAir

Fuel Generation and Processingonshore

Fuel Generation and Processingonshore

MHMH

CH2CH2

LH2LH2

SplittingSplitting

ReformingReforming

Fuel Processingonboard

Fuel Processingonboard

Fuel storage

onboard

Fuel storage

onboard

DieselDiesel

AmmoniaAmmonia

Natural GasNatural Gas

MethanolMethanol

DieselDiesel

SplittingSplitting

ReformingReforming

DesorptionDesorption

PressurereductionPressurereduction

EvaporationEvaporation

AdsorptionAdsorption

CompressionCompression

CondensationCondensation

End-useonboardEnd-useonboard

Hydrogen

FuelTransfer

FuelTransfer

ElectricityElectricity

Primary Fuel Primary Fuel Processing Charging / Discharging H 2 storageElectricity

Direct Supply

Primary FuelStorageonshore

Primary FuelStorageonshore

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Effekt - watt (W)Termisk wtElektrisk we

Energi - wår- kWh- TWh- PJ (1015J)

1 wår = 3,0 ⋅ 104 Btu1 wår = 3,15 ⋅ 107 Joule (J)1 wår = 8,765 kWh1 TWh = 1,14 ⋅ 108 wår = 3,6 PJ1 PJ = 3,17 ⋅ 107 wår1 tonn kull = 950 wår1 tonn olje = 1,6 ⋅ 102 wår1 BDOE = 7,1 ⋅ 104 wår (Barrels / day oil equivalent)1 m3 naturgass= 1,2 wår1 toe = 1,2 ⋅ 103 wår (tonn olje eksvivalenter)1 fat = 159 liter1 år = 8765 timer

Energiinhold i brensler:Kull (Svalbard) 30 MJ/kgOlje 42 MJ/kgGass 41 MJ/m3 (normaltrykk)Torv (20-35 % vann) 15 MJ/kgSkogvirke (15-25 % vann) 15 MJ/kg