Fossil Fuels Geoffrey Thyne Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute University of Wyoming.
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Transcript of Fossil Fuels Geoffrey Thyne Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute University of Wyoming.
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Fossil Fuels
Geoffrey ThyneEnhanced Oil Recovery Institute
University of Wyoming
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Energy Sources
Fossil fuels Nuclear Solar Wind Efficiency
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In 1999, with less than 5 % of the world's population, the US generated 30 % of the world's GDP (Gross Domestic Product), consumed 25 % of the world's energy, and emitted 25 % of the world's carbon dioxide."
World Energy Demand
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From John Lavelle – GE Gasification
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From John Lavelle – GE Gasification
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Energy Density
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Lif
e C
ycle
En
ergy
Pay
bac
k
Low
High
Energy Payback
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Modern Civilization
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US Energy Sources and Sinks
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.pdf
Energy Sources (%)
Coal
Natural Gas
Crude Oil
NGPL
Nuclear
Renewable
PetroleumImports
Energy Sinks (%)
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Transportation
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Demand for Energy Will Continue to RiseOil and gas provide about two-thirds of energy
consumed
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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Natural GasCoalOilNuclearHydroRenewables
Qu
ad
rillio
n B
tu
Year
DOE EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2004, Figure 2
Oil 40%
Gas 24%
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Fossil Fuels
Oil – liquid hydrocarbon phase formed during burial between 70 and 120C from kerogen.
Natural Gas – hydrocarbons that are gaseous at earth surface conditions (C1-C4) and formed by thermal degradation of kerogen or oil, or by microbial action near surface.
Coal – Solid phase hydrocarbon formed from organic matter deposited in fresh water shallow environments (swamps).
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For electricity, America can become self-sufficient since 76% is generated domestically from US-based coal (50%), nuclear (19%) and hydro-power (7%).
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Fossil Fuel Formation
Formed from organic matter Phytoplankton Zooplankton Bacteria Land plants
The major components of this material includes proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and lignins (resins, waxes, spores, pollen, cell walls, etc.)
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Petroleum Formation – Oil and Gas
Sufficient source requires high productivity zone Concentration by depositional environment Preservation by burial rate and oxygen content
Kerogen – functional definition for organic matter that has survived shallow burial
The carbohydrate-lipid portion of organic matter that is resistant to decay/oxidation
These resistant portions form organic condensate called kerogen
Burial and heating of kerogen produces oil and gas
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Most natural gas is used in home heating, electrical generation and petrochemical synthesis.
Almost all liquid petroleum (oil) is refined producing liquid and solid products.
Almost all liquids are used for transportation (gasoline and diesel).
Liquid Fuels
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Conventional Oil and Gas
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World Oil Production
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But - transportation (auto, truck, aircraft, military), plastics and food energy demands are nearly 100% dependent on oil
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World Energy Reserves/Production
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Enhanced Oil Recovery
Process that produces additional Oil from existing fields
All oil fields eventually stop producing oil At that point between 40 to 60% of the original
oil remains Injection of CO2, or surfactants (soap) remove
additional amounts
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Resource TriangleConventional ReservoirsSmall volumes that areeasy to develop
UnconventionalLarge volumes difficult to develop
Imp
roved
tech
nolo
gy
Incr
ease
d p
rici
ng
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Production of Coal Bed Gas Groundwater is removed from shallow coal beds to release natural gas (methane).
Production of water is much higher (10-100X) than traditional gas wells
(400 bbl. water = 100 MCF) Capacity of traditional water
disposal method (re-injection) is limited
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Shale Gas
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Coal 6.2 billion tons annually (global) 75% is burned to produce electricity Distribution is fairly uniform on global scale
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Coal
Formed when organic-rich sediments were buried to form peat
Further burial creates more carbon–rich forms
Lignite or brown coal, fuel only Sub-bituminous, fuel Bituminous, dense, black, fuel and coke Anthracite, glossy black, heating
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Coal
Complex system of with organic matter, C,H and O (85-95% by weight) called mascerals, inorganic material (aluminosilicates and pyrites – 5-15%) and pores (provide very high surface area).
H/C ratio of about 0.9 (half of petroleum), considered hydrogen deficient, contains S, N and metals.
High oxygen content, about 20%, 10X that of petroleum.
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Used when coal is < 200 feet depth
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Using Coal
CoalStandard Pulverized
Coal PlantCoal Gasification
Electrical Generation Carbon Based Products
IGCC Coal Plant
Natural Gas Liquids
AmmoniaFertilizer
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Coal Emissions of toxic products Nitrogen produces nitric acid (HNO3), NOX
Sulfur produces SO2, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), SOX Major metal is mercury (Hg) Produces Flyash as by-product of combustion
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Using Coal
Large domestic resource Infrastructure in place Carbon tax will increase electricity costs Will need “clean coal” – capture and
dispose of C, N, S and Hg (Future Gen)
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Questions?