FOSS® Living Systems—NGSS Edition Glossary
Transcript of FOSS® Living Systems—NGSS Edition Glossary
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FOSS® Living Systems—NGSS EditionGlossary - Grade 5
Vocabulary Cards - Not for Sale / Educational Use Only
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adaptation
a structure, feature, or behavior that
helps an organism survive and/or
reproduce
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algae
a large plantlike group of water
organisms that make their own food
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alveoli
spherical air sacs where
gases pass into and from the
blood
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aquatic
referring to water
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aquatic ecosystem
an ecosystem in a body of water
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artery
a blood vessel that carries
blood from the heart to the
body
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atmosphere
the layer of gases
surrounding Earth
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bacteria
microorganisms that act as
decomposers
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behavior
the things organisms do to survive and
reproduce
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biosphere
a system of interacting living
organisms on Earth
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blade
the flat part of a leaf
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bloodstream
the transporter of nutrients to the body’s cells
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bolus
a wad of food
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brain
part of the central nervous system protected by the
skull
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by
-product
a secondary, and often unintended,
product of a process
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capillary
the smallest blood vessel. Gases, nutrients, and
wastes are exchanged between capillaries and
cells.
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carbohydrate
a nutrient, such as sugar and starch,
that provides energy
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carbon dioxide (CO2)
a waste gas produced during cellular respiration. Plants use
carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to make food.
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carnivore
an animal that eats other
animals
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cell
the basic unit of life
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central nervous system
where sensory impulses pass
through the brain and spinal cord
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chlorophyll
a molecule that absorbs red and
blue light and reflects green
light
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circulate
to move in a circle
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circulatory system
the system of blood vessels and organs
that transports blood to all the cells
in the body
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classification
the process by which scientists identify
and organize objects and organisms, such
as plants
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classify
to identify and organize according
to similar properties or other criteria
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colon
the large intestine where solid waste is
compacted in preparation for
elimination
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compete
to rely on or need the same resource as
another organism
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compost
decaying organic
material
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consumer
an organism that cannot make its own food. Consumers eat
other organisms.
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cytoplasm
the liquid that fills living cells
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decomposer
an organism that breaks down plant
and animal material into simple chemicals
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detritivore
an organism that feeds on broken down materials
from dead organisms
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detritus
organic litter made up of dead organisms, their parts, and waste
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diaphragm
a large, flat, arched muscle that draws
air in as well as pushes air out of the
lungs
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digestion
the process of breaking down food into nutrients that
can be used by cells
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digestive system
the organs and structures that digest food. The
digestive system includes the teeth, mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
and colon.
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dormancy
the state of being dormant
or at rest
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ecosystem
a community of organisms
interacting with each other and with the
nonliving environment
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energy
what cells need to do work
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esophagus
the tube connecting the mouth and the
stomach
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food chain
a description of the feeding relationships between organisms in an environment
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food web
the feeding relationships among all the organisms in an ecosystem. Arrows show the flow of matter
and energy from one organism to another.
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freshwater ecosystem
a subset of Earth’s aquatic ecosystems that include lakes and ponds, rivers,
streams, springs, and wetlands
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fungus (plural fungi)
an organism that lacks chlorophyll and gets
nutrients from dead or living organisms
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geosphere (lithosphere)
Earth’s core, mantle, and crust
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glucose
a sugar found in food; the sugar
broken down in cells to release energy
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heart
a muscular organ that
pumps blood
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heart valve
a regulator that moves blood in one direction,
ensuring that it does not pump the wrong way in
the system
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herbivore
an animal that eats plants
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hydrosphere
the interacting water on, under,
and above Earth’s surface
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inherited trait
a characteristic that is passed down from
generation to generation
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instinct/
instinctive
an action that is performed
without thinking or planning
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interact
to act upon one another
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kelp forest
a seaweed forest that
occurs in the ocean
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large intestine
the part of the digestive system between the small intestine and the rectum where water is removed
from the solid waste
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leaf vein
the branching network of tiny
raised lines on the underside of a leaf
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learned behavior
a behavior that is acquired by being taught by an older
individual and practicing
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left atrium
the upper chamber on the left side of the
heart
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left ventricle
the lower chamber on the left side of the
heart
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living
alive
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lung
the organ in animals where gases, such as oxygen and carbon
dioxide, pass between the atmosphere and the blood
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margin
the edge of a leaf
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marine ecosystem
an ocean ecosystem
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membrane
the outside of a living cell
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metabolism
the process that occurs when an organism uses
nutrients for energy and produces waste products
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microorganism
microscopic organisms such as bacteria and fungi
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mineral
a nutrient that xylem transports to the cells in a vascular
plant
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motor neuron
the cells that send information
to the muscles
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mouth
a body opening where an
animal takes in food
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multicellular organism
an organism composed of
many cells
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neuron
a communication cell found in the
brain and nervous system
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nonliving
referring to something that has never been alive
or to things that were once alive and are no
longer alive
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nutrient
a chemical in food that helps keep an organism alive and
active
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omnivore
an animal that eats plants and
animals
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oxygen
a waste gas produced by plants during
photosynthesis. Oxygen is used by all plants and
animals during cellular respiration.
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palmate
describing a leaf in which several veins start at one point near the base. The
veins look like the fingers of a hand.
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parallel
describing a leaf in which the veins are
straight lines all running in the same
direction
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phloem
the long cells through which
nutrients, such as sugars, are
distributed in a plant
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photosynthesis
a process used by plants and algae to make sugar (food) out of light, carbon dioxide, and water
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phytoplankton
microscopic plantlike organisms
in aquatic environments that produce their own
food
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pinnate
describing a leaf that has one main vein with smaller veins
branching off sideways from it
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predator
an animal that preys on other
animals
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prey
the living animal that is hunted and eaten by
another animal
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producer
an organism, such as a plant or algae, that makes
its own food
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receptor
cells that send messages to the
brain when it receives stimuli
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recycle
to use again
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redworm
an earthworm that lives on the
surface of the soil
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reflex
a simple one-dimensional
action that is performed without
thinking or planning
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respiratory system
the system of lungs and connecting tubes that
transports oxygen to the red blood cells and gets
rid of carbon dioxide
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respond
to react or to answer
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response
a reaction of a living thing to a
stimulus
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response time
the length of time it takes for a person to
respond to a stimulus
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right atrium
the upper chamber on the right side of the
heart
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right ventricle
the lower chamber on the right side of
the heart
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saliva
the liquid produced in the mouth that aids
digestion
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sap
a sugar-rich liquid
transported by phloem
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sensory neuron
a nerve cell that sends information
from sense organs to the brain
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small intestine
the part of the digestive system between the stomach and large
intestine, where nutrients are absorbed from
digested food
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specialized structure
a structure used primarily for one
purpose
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stimulus
something that causes an action or response
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stomach
the organ where food is reduced to mush by acid and
muscle activity
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subsystem
a small system that is inside a larger system
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sugar
the nutrient that cells use
for energy
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system
a collection of interacting
parts
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teeth
hard structures in the mouth
used for cutting, biting, and
chewing food
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terrestrial
referring to land
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terrestrial ecosystem
an ecosystem on land
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transpiration
the process in which water is removed from the
cells and passes into the environment
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transport
to move or carry
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variable
anything you can change in an
experiment that might affect the
outcome
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vascular bundle
the group of xylem tubes and phloem tubes in a vascular
plant
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vascular plant
a plant with an internal system of tubes for
transporting nutrients to its roots, stems, and
leaves
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vascular system
keeps fluids moving throughout the entire system, maintaining a
moist (aquatic) environment for all cells
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vein
the blood vessel that carries
blood from the body to the heart
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vital capacity
the maximum volume of air a
person can take into their lungs and then
expel
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waste
no longer of use, excess
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xylem
the hollow cells of a plant that transport water and minerals
to plant cells
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yeast
a single-celled fungus
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microscopic animals in aquatic
environments