Forms of Communication

Body Language Makes up 50%-70% of communication. Conveys emotion

Happy Sad Anger Fear Disgust Excitiment

Body Language Eyes Lips Gestures Arms and Legs Posture

Spatial Differences Intimate Space (6-18 inches)

Close relationships Personal Space (1.5 to 4 feet)

Family members and friends Social Space (4-12 feet)

Acquaintances Public Space (12-25 feet)

Public speaking VARIES BY CULTURE.

Direct Communication Say what you think. Messages is directly conveyed by the

words.

“Marvin pick up marker.”

Indirect Speech Message is “indirect” Conveyed by words and body language.

Used in context.

“I need the remote to switch slides.”

Why Don’t You Say What you Mean Questions.1. What is the initial assumption about

“bosses” using indirect communication?2. How are other countries different/similar

in regards to direct/indirect communication?

3. What is a liability of indirect communication?

4. Which form of communication is the best?

1. Weakness – lack of confidence2. Indirectness tends to be the norm3. Communication can be “lost in

translation”4. Varies:

1. Direct – Know what is being asked2. Indirect – Easily understandable in

strong relationships

Structural Linguistics

Phonology Phonology

The patterning of sound. Difficult to make “foreign” sounds.

Need practice Phoneme

A sound or set of sounds that make a difference in the meaning of a language

Reasons for consonants/vowel variation: Climate (more) Literacy (more) Degree of baby holding (more)

Simple Examples Phonology

Fair Phil Rough

Phoneme Hope Rope

Morphology Morphology

Study of meaningful sets of sounds in language.

wewouldnothearwordsasseperateunitsifwedidnotunderstandthelanguage.

Morph Smallest unit of language that meaning.

Morpheme One or more morphs with the same meaning

Morphs and Morphemes For Cow Table

Negative forming Un- In- Ir- Non-

Syntax Syntax

The rules that predict how phrases and sentences are generally formed.

Speakers of a language know implicit rules of syntax but they are not consciously aware of them.

Historical Linguistics Focus on how languages change over time.

If written work exists, makes this easierComparing Middle English to modern

English, for example If not, comparative studies of related

languages and reconstructions can be usedShow patterns as languages expandedEurope and LatinEnglish and French (1066)

Language Families When “parent” language is not known

linguists do reconstructions Compare presumably related languages, find

similarities, and get an idea of what the ancestor language was like

Reconstruction is called a “protolanguage” Languages from the same protolanguage are

called a “language family”

Language Facts Most languages in the world can be piled

into less than 30 language families 7Billion people English is part of the Indo-European

family The protolanguage is called proto-

Indo-European or PIE (arose approximately 5000-6000 years ago)

Language Families Broken into branches.

English is part of the Germanic Branch of the Indo-European Family

Compare cognates to derive where the language came from.

Indo-European Language Potentially began in Ukraine

approximately 3000 years ago based on cognates of trees.

DialectsOffer variations – variations within

a languagePresumably the area of origin

has the most potential for dialectical variation.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Language effects how people in a

society perceive and conceive reality.

Not widely accepted by the linguistic community.