(former title : INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS … · (former title : INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS...

(former title : INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS (ancien titre : ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES)

30th year 30e année

UIA's periodical celebrates its 30th anniversary in 1978, havingchanged its name from « International Associations » to « Trans-national Associations» in 1977, in order to reflect the trans-national nature of nonprofit associations (INGOs) by using moreappropriate terminology. Our informed readers will have ap-preciated our intention to give a good example of conceptualclarity.

The purpose of * Transnational Associations » is to present signi-ficant contributions to understanding about the structure andfunctioning of the complex network of international organiza-tions. The main concern is to focus attention on the roles andproblems of the wide variety of transnational associations(NGOs : international nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations)in the international community. In this sense «TransnationalAssociations » is the periodical of transnational associations andthose interested in them. It therefore includes news, stu-dies, statistics, activity and meeting information, as well asarticles. The articles range from descriptions of individual orga-nizations to academic investigation of groups of organizationsand their problems. The focus of the selected articles is less onthe substantive world problems on which they may act (which areextensively examined in other periodicals) and more on the pre-sent methods of international action and future alternativeswhich can usefully be envisaged and discussed. Related themesregularly treated are : relationship of NGOs to intergovernment-tal organizations, techniques of meeting organization, internatio-nal information systems, multinational enterprises.

The readership therefore includes : international associationexecutives, intergovernmental organization executives, scholarsof the sociologe of international action, organizers of interna-tional meetings, commercial organizations offering services tointernational bodies, and others interested in the activities of thewhole range of international organizations.

« Transnational Associations » is the organ of the nonprofitUnion of International Associations, although the views expressedare not necessarily those of the UIA.

En 1978 la revue entre dans sa 30e année.L'année 1977 a vu le changement de titre de notre Revue " As-sociations Transnationales " au lieu d'« Associations interna-tionales ».Le fait transnational des associations non lucratives (OING) levoulant ainsi, nos lecteurs n'ont pas été surpris que nous don-nions le bon exemple d'un langage clair.

La raison principale d'« Associations Transnationales « est d'ap-porter sa contribution à la vie et au développement du réseaucomplexe des associations, dans ses structures comme dans sonfonctionnement.

Le premier souci d' « Associations Transnationales » est de fixerl'attention sur les tâches et les problèmes d'un large éventail d'as-sociations transnationales sans but lucratif— les organisationsdites non-gouvernementales dans la terminologie des NationsUnies. En ce sens « Associations Transnationales » est la tribunedes associations transnationales et de tous ceux qui s'y intéressent.Cette revue mensuelle contient des nouvelles, des études, desstatistiques, des informations spécifiques sur les activités desassociations, leurs congrès, leurs réunions. Aussi des articles,des chroniques ayant trait aux problèmes et aux intérêts com-muns aux associations.

Le sujet des articles choisis s'attache surtout à la méthode del'organisation internationale considérée notamment dans sesrapports avec le secteur privé des associations et dans la perspec-tive des adaptations nécessaires aux temps nouveaux, plutôtqu'au fond des problèmes, qui sont le propre de chaque grou-pement et traités ailleurs dans des revues générales ou spécia-lisées.

Nos thèmes habituels sont les relations, des ONG avec les orga-nisations intergouvernementales, les techniques de l'organisationinterationale, les systèmes d'information internationale, outreles entreprises multinationales.

« Associations Transnationales » est l'organe de l'UAI, associa-t ion sans but lucratif, bien que les opinions qu'il exprime nesoient pus nécessairement celles de cet Institut.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS ; 30th year, 1978

The subscription rate is : BF 850. or equivalent, per year(10 issues) + postage.

Method of payement :Bruxelles: Compte-chèque postal n° 000-0034699-70 ouCompte n° 210-0451651-71 à la Société Générale de Ban-que, 48 rue de Namur, 1000 Bruxelles.London : Crossed cheque to Union of International Asso-ciations, 17, Anson Road, London N7 ORB.

ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES : 30e année, 1978

Le prix de l'abonnement est de : KB 850, ou équivalent,par an (10 numéros) + Frais de port.

Mode de paiement à utiliser:Genève: Compte courant n° 472.043.30 Q à l'Union desBanques Suisses.

Paris : Par virement compte n° 545 150-42 au Crédit du Nord,Boulevard Haussmann, 6-8 (C.C.P. de la Banque n° 170.09).

Copyright 1978 UAI ISSN-0020-6059Views expressed in the articles, whether signed or not, do no! necessarily reflect thoseOf the UAI.

Copyright 1978 UAI ISSN-0020-6059Les opinions exprimées dans les articles, signés ou non, ne reflètent pas nécessaire-ment les vues de l'UAI.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 11-1978 467

Sommaire /Contents

Published MONTHLY byUnion of International Associations - UAI (founded 1910)

Editorial and Administration : Rue aux Laines 1. 1000 Brussels [Belgium)Tel. (02) 511.83.96.

Printing : POOT, Brussels. Tel. 267.73.88.

Advertising: Union of International Associations rue aux Laines 1,1000 Brussels Belgium. Tel. (02) 511.83.96 — 512.54.42.

Roger Ranson, Délégué-Directeur do publicité, Paris; Tassigny.92210 St. Cloud France, Tel. 602.5383.

MENSUEL publié parUnion des Associations Internationales - UAI (fondée en 1910)

Editeur responsable : R. Fenaux, 1. rue aux Laines. 1000 Bruxelle(Belgique). Tél.: (02) 511.83.96.

Imprimerie : POOT. Bruxelles. Tél. 267.78.88.

Publicité : Roger Ranson, Délégué-Directeur de Publicité, 9, av. de Lattrde Tassigny, 92210 St. Cloud, France. Tél. 602.5383.

Union des Associations International es, rue aux Laines 1, 1000 BruxellesBelgique. Tél. (02)511.83.96 — 512.54.42.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 11 -1978 469

UNION DES ASSOCIATIONSINTERNATIONALES

UNION 0F INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

COMITE DE DIRECTIONEXECUTIVE COUNCIL

Président : Président :F.A. CASADIO, Directeur, Societa Italians perl 'Organizzazione Internazionale (Italie)

Vice-Présidents : Vice-Présidents :Mohamed Aly RIFAAT (R.A.U.)Former Secretary-General of the Afro-AsianOrganisation for Economie Coopération.

S.K. SAXENA (India)Director of the International CoopérativeAlliance.

Trésorier Général : Treasurer General :

Paul E. HIERNAUX (Belgique)Président de la Conférence Permanente desChambres de Commerce et-d'industrie de laCommunauté Economique Européenne.

Membres : Members :F.W.G. BAKER (U.K.)Executive Secretary, International Council ofScientific Unions.Luis G. de SEVILLA (Mexique)

Président Doyen de l'Académie mexicaine de

Mahmoud FOROUGHI (Iran)

Affaires internationales au Ministère des Af-faires étrangères d'Iran.Johan GALTUNG (Norvège)Director, Goals Processes and IndicatorsProject. United Nations University.Nikola A. KOVALSKY (URSS)

Ouvrier International de l'Académie desSciences de l'URSS.Marcel MERLE.(France)Professeur à l'Université de Paris I.Jet RENS (Belgique)Président du Conseil National du Travail.Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.)Executive Secretary of the Society for International Development.Secrétaire Général : Secretary-General :Robert FENAUX (Belgique)Ambassadeur honoraire.- ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES --TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS-Rédaction/EditorialRobert FENAUXGeorges Patrick SPEECKAERTGeneviève DEVILLEAnthony J.N. JUDGEGhislaine de CONINCKJennifer OTLET

november 1978 - no 11novembre

Editorial : La solidarité librement organisée 470

Les OING du droit- Légal INGOs

- L'Union internationale des avocats, par Lucien Janson 473

- The Inter-American Bar Association, by John O. Dahlgren 475

- L'Institut international de droit d'expression française 477

- La Société internationale de droit pénal militaire

et de droit de la guerre 478

Tensed Networks: Balancing & focusing network dynamicsin response to networking diseases, by A.J.N. Judge 480

Networking Diseases, by A.J.N. Judge 486

Why systems fail and problems sprout anew : book review 491

UN-NGO dossier/dossier ONU-ONG : L'intervention de la CIJ 497

Networks in public administration, by John Friend & Peter Spink 500

Les ONG de la francophonie :

rassemblée de l'AIPLF à Libreville 505

Forum mondial 1980-World Forum 1980 507,

Congressalia

509

Ninth supplement to the International Congress Calendar

18th edition 513

Photo de couverture: INBEL- L'hiver.Cover Photo : INBEL - Winter.

En préparation du Forum mondialdes associations

LA SOLIDARITE LIBREMENT ORGANISEE

On parle volontiers de l'accélération del'Histoire, en ayant à l'esprit la terre deshommes maintenant entièrement acces-sible, le monde fini de Valéry dans ladiversité de ses civilisations. Et il estapparemment vrai que les changementsse hâtent sous nos yeux dans tous lesdomaines des relations humaines. Mêmesi les mentalités évoluent en réalitémoins vite que les idées et les faits, pourla raison suffisante que les changementsles plus opportuns, les plus pressants, seheurtent toujours, partout, aux pouvoirsétablis, aux préjugés, aux habitudes, sur-tout peut-être aux intérêts contrariés. Acet égard les systèmes et les doctrinesse rejoignent et se confondent dans ununiversel conservatisme, alors même quele drapeau est aux couleurs révolution-naires. La tendance de notre époque,devenue sceptique aux divers credos dela politique, est un certain pragmatismelargement répandu. Les conséquencespratiques et les actions possibles règlentla politique, la diplomatie, les affaires, lesrelations sociales. En un certain sens, laphilosophie de Bentham refait surfaceavec sa morale utilitaire et sa maxime :"Le plus grand bonheur du plus grandnombre d'hommes ».Ce pragmatisme n'interdit pas, ni ne dis-pense, de prendre l'idée de progrèscomme critère moral universel, ens'accommodant de ses interprétationséquivoques, notamment en ce quiconcerne les diverses conceptions etapplications des droits de l'homme et dela société. La conciliation des libertésavec la solidarité est possible dans latolérance de toutes les bonnes volontés.

De notre point de vue à cette tribune et ànous en tenir à ce qui nous regarde, auservice de l'univers des associations, leproblème des problème du jour - pour par-ler comme Paul Otlet, un des pères fon-dateurs de notre maison, mondialisted'avant-garde - n'est pas de rêver d'unparadis terrestre angèlique ni d'œuvrer àsa réalisation idéale. En quête d'un

morale associative d'usage universel, endehors des professions de foi et de pen-sée, nous nous appliquons ici à un espritde solidarité humaine rationnellementconçue, qui en appelle à l'intérêt général,au bien commun, au présent et à l'avenirprévisible.L'interdépendance mondiale n'est pasune utopie, mais un constat de la réalité.La communication transnationale, instan-tanée, d'un bout à l'autre de la planète,n'est plus un rêve à la lune, mais la révo-lution désormais acquise des moyens detransport et d'information. Le dévelop-pement de la technique d'anéantisse-ment des civilisations n'est pas un des-sin animé de Walt Disney, mais un périluniversel. Le déséquilibre entre uneminorité d'humains momentanément pri-vilégiés et une majorité actuellementdéshéritée n'est plus un sujet philosophi-que de résignation à la fatalité, mais lesouci quotidien des têtes pensantes etdes cœurs émus.

Le fait du jour véritablement nouveau,c'est ce vague pressentiment, sinon déjàpour tous le sentiment précis d'une soli-darité objective des hommes associésdans un même destin sans frontières.Mais la solidarité est comme l'opinionpublique. A l'état sauvage, elle ne portepas de fruits; cultivée, organisée, c'est leplus fécond des vergers.

Le système international des Etats estcensé pourvoir à cette organisation. A encroire le préambule de la Charte desNations Unies élaborée après la pluscruelle des guerres, tout allait tendre etconcourir à la solidarité promise:

" Nous peuples des Nations-Unies réso-lus,- à préserver les générations futures

du fléau de la guerre...- à proclamer à nouveau notre foi dansles destins fondamentaux de l'homme,dans la dignité et la valeur de la per-sonne humaine...

470 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 11-1978

Editorial

- a créer tes conditions nécessaires au

maintien de la justice et du respectdes obligations nées des traités et

autres sources du droit international,à favoriser le progrès social et instau-

rer de meilleures conditions de viedans une liberté plus grande (1).

Il est bon de rappeler ces textes pourmontrer qu'on est assez loin de comptedans l'application des principes essen-tiels de la tolérance, du pluralisme, durespect de la personne humaine, à dis-

tance d'une génération de la Conférencede San Francisco et à l'heure du tren-

tième anniversaire de la Déclaration desDroits de l'homme. Et cela, malgré

l'acquis positif de la décolonisation, de lacoopération internationale et du dévelop-pement. N'est-ce pas parce que la diplo-matie intergouvernementale a ses limitesdans ses prétentions jalousement souve-

raines et que la société close des Etatsrépugne à ouvrir ses portes et ses fenê-

tres aux courants de solidarité ?

Mais voici qu'à l'écran de l'actualité unévénement de dimension nous vient enrenfort : le choix d'un nouveau Pape,l'innovation qu'il constitue, le change-ment qu'il annonce, le message qu'ilapporte, d'entrée de régne, à la fois auxEtats et aux peuples.Dès sa première homélie Jean-Paul II alancé un impératif d'ouverture en identi-fiant le temps venu de la communicationtransnationale avec l'universalisme chré-tien :

«Ouvrez les frontières des Etats, lessystèmes économiques et politiques,tes immenses domaines de la culture.

de la civilisation, du développement".Dans sa déclaration aux diplomatesaccrédités auprès du Saint-Siège, Jean-

Paul II a fait le départ des compétencesentre l'affaire des Etats et celle des

consciences, entre l'autorité légitime dupouvoir et les besoins tout aussi légiti-mes de l'homme et des hommes. Des

besoins de libertés, qui s'identifient auxbesoins associatifs. Des besoins decorps intermédiaires, dans la Cité, entre le

pouvoir et le citoyen.

(1) Suite : Et à ces fins :- à pratiquer la tolérance, à vivre en

paix l'un avec l'autre dans un espritde bon voisinage,

- à unir nos forces pour maintenir lapaix et la sécurité internationales

- à accepter des principes et à instituerdes méthodes garantissant qu'il nesera pas fait usage de la force desarmes, saut dans l'intérêt commun

- à recourir aux institutions internatio-nales pour favoriser le progrés éco-nomique et social de tous les peu-ples.

INBEL

C'est l'occasion de rappeler le rôleessentiel de toutes les églises dansl'action non gouvernementale mondiale.Le regretté Jean Meynaud l'avait déjàbien montré dans son maître ouvrage sur- Les groupes de pression internatio-naux ", publié en 1961. Mais, depuis lors,les Eglises se sont singulièrement adap-tées au siècle.S'agissant de l'Eglise romaine, elle sem-ble avoir dépouillé sa prédominancelatine, sa méthode missionnaire, sa curiecentralisatrice, ses complaisances hié-rarchiques pour le pouvoir et tes privilé-giés. Quant aux autres Eglises, on saitl'action transnationale du Conseil œcu-ménique des Eglises, sis à Genève, quigroupe actuellement la quasi totalité desEglises orthodoxes et protestantes,même celles situées en Europe de l'Est,outre les jeunes Eglises de tous lescontinents. Une action transnationale quiconcourt rigoureusement à la défenseintégrale des droits de l'homme et despeuples, notamment dans le champ dedéveloppement.

En 1974, notre Revue a publié une étuded'un membre eminent de l'UAI, le profes-seur Roger Mehl de l'Université de Stras-bourg, représentant français au Conseilœcuménique, sur « La réalité et l'actiontransnationales du protestantisme ».Tout le texte en demeure d'actualité etpourrait être versé tel quel à nos dossiersdu Forum, sauf à en mettre les données àjour. Le professeur Mehl y montre parfai-tement révolution continue d'un mouve-ment pan-chrétien qui, parti des églisesnationales, a finalement abouti à «unevision supranationale de leur vocation ».L'idée était « d'édifier une Eglise solidaireau service d'une humanité solidaire » etqu'il doit être possible "d'être chrétiendans des régimes différents ».

Chrétiens ou autres, juifs, musulmans,hindouistes, bouddhistes ou shintoïstes,peu importent les différences à une soli-darité tolérante qui se veut au service detoutes les causes sociales et humaines.

«L'édification de la paix, rétablisse-ment de la justice sociale, la réductionde l'écart entre les riches et les pau-vres, la revision des systèmes économi-ques, la redistribution du pouvoir àl'intérieur des Etats-nations et entreeux », tel est bien le programme trans-national du Conseil œcuménique.«Qu'il s'agisse du problème du déve-loppement ou de celui des travailleursmigrants, de la qualité de la vie et de laprotection de l'équilibre économique, dela lutte contre te racisme diviseur ou dela défense des droits de l'Homme et dela liberté religieuse » écrit notre auteur,« l'expérience a appris aux Eglises quec'est en travaillant pour les autres etnon en se repliant sur elles-mêmesqu'elles ont te plus de chance de réali-ser leur propre unité ».

En travaillant pour les autres... L'expé-rience et la formule valent pleinementpour l'ensemble du réseau associatifdans toute son ampleur. C'est aussi uneleçon de solidarité pour les Etats. Uneleçon de' solidarité que s'efforcera demotiver notre Forum de 1980, d'ores etdéjà sur le métier.Le réseau démocratique des organisa-tions non gouvernementales est la tramede la solidarité des hommes destinés àvivre en société dans le plus libre desmondes possibles.

Robert FENAUX

Editorial

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 11-1978 471

Bruxelles 1980 Au service de la société des peuples

Les OING du droit

Dans le large éventail transnational des disciplines associatives, le secteur du droit occupe uneplace de qualité telle que, de par sa nature même, elle annonce et promet une contributionessentielle à la préparation et aux débats du Forum de 1980.Le droit est partout présent dans les relations internationales et transnationales, qu'il s'agisseen effet des libertés associatives, de l'indépendance des OING, de leur statut juridique, deslimites de la souveraineté nationale, du droit transnational (« Transnational Law ») nouvellementintroduit par le juriste américain Jessup, du droit d'autodétermination des peuples, des droits del'homme, des droits syndicaux, de la procédure de consultation et de participation, ou d'autresaspects encore de l'ensemble des règles qui régissent les rapports des hommes et des peuplesconstituant une même société humaine.Ainsi avons-nous delà publié antérieurement bien des articles consacrés soit à des OING dedroit international, comme l'Institut de droit international, la Commission internationale desJuristes, L'Institut international de droit humanitaire, l'Institut international des sciences adminis-tratives, soit à des problèmes du droit tel celui du droit des organisations internationales vu parun juriste soviétique, du droit en matière de tourisme en URSS, outre une suite d'articles ayanttrait au Satut juridique des OING. (*)Nous ajoutons aujourd'hui à notre tableau des associations de droit: l'Union internationale desavocats; I'inter-American Bar Association; l'Institut international de droit d'expression fran-çaise; la Société internationale de droit militaire et de droit de la guerre.

(') Voir « Associations Internationales »n°1 1973; n° 5 1974; no 8-9 1975.

L'UNION INTERNATIONALE DES AVOCATSpar Lucien Janson (*)

L'Union internationale des Avocats a étéconstituée en 1927 à Charleroi, en Belgi-que, à l'initiative de trois avocats respec-tivement bruxellois, parisien et luxem-bourgeois.Son objet social est décrit dans l'article 2de ses statuts, modifiés et complétés en1965:« A: L'Union internationale des Avocats a

notamment pour objet, à l'exclusionde toute préoccupation politique ouconfessionnelle :

1) de promouvoir, dans l'intérêt dujusticiable, tes principes essen-tiels de la profession d'avocatdans le monde, notamment l'indé-pendance et la liberté;

2) d'établir et maintenir notammentsur le plan international des rela-tions et échanges permanentsentre barreaux, associations oufédérations nationales d'avocatset leurs membres, de seconder

(*) Trésorier Général de l'UIA, SecrétaireGénéral sortant de charge. Le présentarticle rédigé l'autre année est suivid'informations mises à jour.

leur action et participer à leur tra-vaux;

3) de défendre les intérêts moraux etmatériels des membres de la pro-fession; d'étudier en commun lesproblèmes de statuts et d'organisa-tion professionnelle;le tout notamment sur le plan inter-national;

4) de promouvoir le développementde la science juridique dans tousses domaines;

5) de contribuer à l'établissementd'un ordre juridique internationalfondé sur le principe de la justiceentre nations, par le droit et pour lapaix;

6) à ces fins, de coopérer avec toutesorganisations nationales ou inter-nationales ayant des préoccupa-tions similaires ou permettant laréalisation de son objet

B: L'Union poursuit la réalisation de sonobjet, notamment par l'organisation

périodique de congrès internationauxet l'édition de publications. »

L'Union internationale des Avocats orga-nise des congrès tous les deux ans, en

alternance avec l'International Bar Asso-ciation. Au cours de ces congrès, aux-quels ont participé jusqu'à 1.200 avo-cats, l'on examine et discute habituelle-ment un sujet d'ordre juridique maisd'intérêt général, un sujet d'ordre profes-sionnel, souvent analysé par les métho-des du droit comparé, et un sujet tenantau droit international privé, sur le plancivil, commercial ou pénal. Ce ne sontpas des critères absolus.L'Union internationale des Avocats com-porte aussi des Commissions permanen-tes, Elle est à l'origine de la constitution,en 1961, de la Commission consultativedes Barreaux de la Communauté euro-péenne qui joue un rôle considérabledans l'harmonisation de certaines règleset de certains usages professionnels.Le Commission « Droit et Technique »,qui fut l'artisan principal de l'agréation del'Union internationale des Avocatscomme organisation consultative nongouvernementale du Conseil de l'Europeet de l'O.N.U., s'occupe depuis plus dedix ans de l'examen de certains problè-mes qui mêlent des problèmes techni-ques et des problèmes juridiques : l'urba-nisme, l'environnement, la protection de


l'individu dans sa sphère privée, la posi-tion de l'individu devant les mass mediaet l'informatique.La Commission « Droit d'asile et extradi-tion » étudie depuis 1971 des problèmespratiques à l'usage des avocats, maistente aussi de rédiger des projets deconventions internationales sur le droitd'asile.

Enfin, une Commission étudie le « Rôlede l'avocat dans la vie sociale « et tentede déterminer par des études comparati-ves, d'une part, et par des recherchespropres, d'autre part, le meilleur moyende faire reconnaître au public l'utilité desavocats et la nécessité, dans l'intérêt dece public, de conserver l'indépendancedes avocats et des barreaux vis-à-visdes pouvoirs publics. Cette Commissions'occupe aussi, bien entendu, d'une meil-leure organisation de l'aide judiciaire etjuridique à ceux qui sont défavorisés surle plan économique.

A de multiples reprises, dans le cadre deses statuts, mais sans aucune interven-tion sur le plan politique, l'Union interna-tionale des Avocats s'est occupée, par-fois seule, parfois avec d'autres organi-sations professionnelles, de défendre lesdroits de certains barreaux, ou de cer-tains avocats qui avaient été inquiétéspar des pouvoirs publics à l'occasion del'exercice de leur profession.

L'Union internationale des Avocats apublié un certain nombre de travaux quifurent, soit la concrétisation des travauxde ses congrès, soit des travaux tout-à-fait originaux. En voici les titres princi-paux:- Arbitrage commercial international (3

volumes: 1956, 1960, 1965)- Les Barreaux dans le monde (Un volume

en 1959)- Les juridictions internationales (Un

volume en 1959)- La procédure devant la Cour de Justice

des Communautés européennes (Unvolume en 1961)

-. La sauvegarde des droits privés et ta pro-cédure dans le droit des Communautéseuropéennes (Un volume en 1965)

- La représentation commerciale interna-tionale (Un volume en 1971)

- Commission permanente « Droit et Tech-nique » (Cahiers publiés à l'occasion desCongrès de Paris et de Madrid).L'Union a organisé en 1976 un séminairesur le Leasing international et s'apprête àorganiser d'autres séminaires scientifi-ques. Leurs travaux sont susceptiblesd'être publiés.

L'UAI compte actuellement 67 groupe-ments membres répartis dans 40 paysd'Europe occidentale, d'Afrique arabe etnoire, du Moyen Orient, d'Amérique duNord et d'Amérique latine.Ces groupements membres sont desBarreaux ou des Associations d'Avocats

libres ou officielles, ou des Law Societiesdans les pays de droit anglo-saxon.

L'Union internationale des Avocatscompte un millier de membres correspon-dants. Un fichier, à usage interne, desavocats spécialisés est en voie d'élabo-ration.

Les langues usuelles sont le français etl'anglais. L'allemand, l'espagnol et l'ita-lien sont aussi utilisés et d'ailleurs offi-ciels.

Le Président de l'Union internationaledes Avocats change tous les deux ans àl'occasion des congrès. Il est assisté parle président sortant, par un premier vice-président, quatre secrétaires généraux etun trésorier général.

L'un des secrétaires généraux s'occupede l'administration générale; un secondde la direction des travaux; un troisièmede la publication d'un « Bulletin - bilinguequi paraît trois fois par an et qui contientdes informations d'ordre juridique et pro-fessionnel sur le plan international; unquatrième s'occupe des correspondants.Le congrès suivant, celui de Zagreb enseptembre 1977, aura lieu à Cannes enseptembre 1979 et le sursuivant proba-blement à New York en septembre 1981.L'Union internationale des Avocats estaccessible à tous les Barreaux groupantdes avocats pratiquant librement leurprofession et à des avocats correspon-dants pratiquant librement leur profes-sion. Le critère de la qualité d'avocatvarie évidemment de pays à pays.

ADDENDUMLors de son Congrès de Zagreb. I'UIA aadopté diverses résolutions : à proposdes conditions de l'efficacité du servicejudiciaire; de la participation des travail-leurs à la gestion des entreprises, aprèsdes débats bien suivis et extrêmementintéressants sur base du rapport générald'un avocat yougoslave; de la responsa-bilité des dirigeants d'entreprise en casde faillite.Une motion du Congrès a déploré deconstater que depuis mai 1974 l'activitédes collèges d'avocats a été interdite enBolivie. D'une manière plus générale uneautre motion exprime « la préoccupationtrès justifiée de I'UIA » au sujet desattentats contre la liberté et même contrela vie des avocats dans certains pays ducontinent américain, et fait solennelle-ment appel aux gouvernements de cespays pour qu'ils respectent et fassentrespecter la liberté de l'avocat, quand ilagît en tant que tel, et pour que cessentles séquestrations et les attentats dontles avocats sont victimes depuis un cer-tain temps.(NDLR - On voit ici un parfait exempled'une association transnationale profes-sionnelle, comme telle groupe de service.mais qui, par la force des choses, se voitmoralement obligée d'agir, à l'occasion,en groupe de pression pour la défensedes Droits de l'Homme selon la Chartedes Nations-Unies).Le bureau de I'UIA s'est réuni à Istanbulen avril 1978 et au Mexique en septem-bre dernier.


Les OING du droit

INTER-AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATIONby John O. Dahlgren*

Since the Inter-American Bar Associa-tion will be holding its XX Conference inAtlanta, Georgia, April 30 to May 7,1977. as homage to the celebration ofthe bicentennial of the United States, itseems appropriate to give a brief back-ground information on the history, ob-jectives and accomplishments of theAssociation.

In the years prior to World War II an in-creasingly large number of progressivelawyers became conscious of the im-portance of the Rule of Law in the pro-tection of democratic institutions of theWestern Hemisphere. This group be-lieved that development of closer rela-tions in all of the nations of the WesternHemisphere was a necessary step topromote the Rule of Law and to ad-vance the best interests of the legalprofession. It was also apparent that, toachieve these objectives, a permanentforum for the exchange of professionalviews and information would be re-quired. The Inter-American Bar Asso-ciation was thus founded to fill thisneed for an unbiased and professionalforum. Pursuant to a resolution adoptedby the Committee on Public Law andJurisprudence at the Eighth AmericanScientific Congress held in Washing-ton, D.C., May 10-18, 1940, the Asso-ciation was founded in Washington,D.C., on May 16, 1940, by a group ofdistinguished lawyers and jurists re-presenting fortyfour professional or-ganizations from seventeen nations ofthe Western Hemisphere.As stated by Article I of its Constitu-tion, the objectives of the Associationare :« To establish and maintain relations be-tween associations and organizations oflawyers, national and local, in the variouscountries of the Americas, to provide aforum for exchange of views;To advance the science of jurisprudencein all its phases and particularly the studyof comparative law; to promote uniformityof laws; to further the diffusion of know-ledge of the laws of the various countriesthroughout the Americas;To promote the rule of law and the admin-istration of justice through the establish-ment and maintenance of independent ju-dicial systems in all the countries of theAmericas;To insure in this manner, and in suchother ways as may be feasible, the pres-ervation and defense of human rights andliberties and guarantee to the peoples ofthis hemisphere the free exercise of theircivil and political rights under the democ-

Secretary GeneralInter-American Bar Association

ratic principles on which these nationswere founded;To uphold the honor of the profession ofthe law; to encourage cordial intercourseand fellowship among the lawyers of theWestern Hemisphere; andTo meet in conference from time to timefor the discussion of matters of interest tothe profession and for the purpose of theAssociation. «

Article II of the Constitution provides formembership by professional organiza-tions as well as membership by individ-ual lawyers, as follows:« The Association shall be composed ofnational associations, constituent region-al associations and other organizations oflawyers throughout the Americas, whichshall have been duly admitted to member-ship, as well as of individual memberswho shall be citizens and lawyers of goodreputation of nations of the Western Hem-isphere ».

The directing bodies of the Associationare the Council and the ExecutiveCommittee. The Council is elected bythe Conference. Each independent na-tion or self-governing dominion is re-presented in the Council by one mem-ber named by each National MemberAssociation and such additional mem-bers as provided by the Constitutionand By-laws. The Executive Committeeis in charge of the direction, administra-tion and government of the Associationwhen, the Council is not in session. It iscomposed of the President of the Asso-ciation, the Secretary General, the Se-cretary, the Treasurer and five Counci-lors elected by the Council.

The most important single sphere ofactivity of the Association is the bienni-al Conference held in various countriesthroughout the hemisphere. At eachConference, the Permanent Commit-tees of the Association, which are pres-ently 21 and divided into 34 Sections,meet separately and constitue a forumfor the discussion of numerous out-standing papers within their particularfield and for the exchange of informa-tion and ideas on legal matters of inter-est to the lawyers of the Americas, theirrespective Governments and interna-tional organizations. After due delibera-tion, each Committee usually presentsresolutions and recommendations tothe Council for consideration and refer-ral to the General Assembly for furtherconsideration and adoption. The Con-ference resolutions indicate thebreadth of the Association's goals.These resolutions, which are the result

of the study and analysis of the respec-tive Committees, the Council, and theGeneral Assembly, are disseminated toall members of the Association, to theOAS and other international organiza-tions, as well as to the Governments ofthe countries of the Western Hemis-phere.

Much of the Association's work is donethrough its Committees which covernearly the entire field of the law, includ-ing subjects such as public and privateinternational law, constitutional law,municipal and civil law, commercial law,civil and commercial procedure, inte-gration, administrative law and proce-dure, legal education and legal docu-mentation, human rights, activities oflawyers, natural resources, military law,space and nuclear law, and food anddrug law.Since it was founded, the Associationhas held nineteen successful Confer-ences, as follows : 1 Havana, Cuba,1941, 11 Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, 1943. IllMexico City, Mexico, 1944, IV Santiago,Chile. 1945. V Lima, Peru, 1947, VI De-troit, Michigan. 1949, VII Montevideo.Uruguay. 1951, Vlll Sao Paulo. Brazil,1954, IX Dallas, Texas, 1956, X BuenosAires, Argentina, 1957, XI Miami, Flori-da, 1959, XIl Bogota, Colombia, 1961,XllI Panama City, Panama, 1963. XIVSan Juan, Puerto Rico. 1965, XV SanJose, Costa Rica, 1967, XVI Caracas.Venezuela, 1969, XVII Quito, Ecuador,1972. XVIII Rio de Janerio, Brazil. 1973,XIX Cartagena. Colombia. 1975. XX At-lanta, Georgia, 1977.Former Presidents of the Associationinclude distinguished jurists from theUnited States and Latin America. Thecurrent President is Dr. P.A. YurrebasoViale, a prominent lawyer from Argenti-na.

XX Conference -Atlanta, GeorgiaThe XX Conference of the Associationto be held in Atlanta, Georgia, nextMay, will be the first Conference in theUnited States since 1959. Participantswill include outstanding jurists andmembers of the legal profession fromthe American countries, judges, repres-entatives of bar associations, deans oflaw schools and observers represen-ting international organizations.The Central Theme for the Conference« Constitutional Development in theCountries of the Americas, beginningwith the Constitution of Philadelphia »will be the subject of a Working Paperto be prepared by experts from theUnited States and Latin America. ThisPaper will be distributed to all the dele-


Les OING du droit

gates and will be thoroughly con-sidered at a Plenary Session during theConference. The Conference agendawill include other topics on numeroussubjects of current interest and of parti-cular importance in the Western Hem-isphere. The tentative agenda for theConference was published in the Oc-tober 1976 issue of this publication,Vol. 8, No. 3.Those interested in obtaining further in-formation on this forthcoming Confer-ence of the Association and also re-garding membership, may contact theSecretary General, John O. Dahlgren,Esq., at the IABA Executive Headquar-ters. Suite # 315,1730 K Street, N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20006.

Institutions establishedunder the auspicesof the associationInter-American Bar Foundation :The Inter-American Bar Foundationwas chartered April 1,1957, as a Penn-sylvania non-profit corporation underthe auspices of the Inter-American BarAssociation. The Foundation was or-ganized to work in cooperation with theInter-American Bar Association byproviding a vehicle to receive and dis-burse funds donated for the support ofeducational, literary, scientific, andcharitable projects designated to pro-mote the study of law and improve theadministration of justice in the WesternHemisphere.The Foundation has organized severalworkshops in Latin American countriesand in the United States on subjects ofcontemporary legal interest, It also ma-nages an international educational ex-change and training program for younglawyers.Contributions to the Foundation are taxfree under a ruling from the U.S. Trea-sury Department. The President of theFoundation is Charles R. Norberg, Esq.,1819 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.20006.

Inter-American Academy ofInternational and Comparative Law :The Inter-American Academy of Inter-national and Comparative Law wasfounded as a permanent adjunct to theInter-American Bar Association, pursu-ant to a resolution adopted by the FirstConference of the Association held atHavana, Cuba, in 1941. The purpose ofthe Academy is to advance the scienceof jurisprudence in all of its phases withspecial emphasis on the study of com-parative law.The headquarters of the Academy wasin Havana where 11 successful ses-sions were held. Outstanding lecturesand papers were presented at thesesessions by eminent professors of law,

INBEL

government officials and practicinglawyers. In 1963, the site of the Acade-my was transferred to Lima, Peru,where several sessions were held un-der the presidency of the distinguishedPeruvian jurist. Dr. Andres AramburuMenchaca. In 1973 the site waschanged form Lima to Rio de Janeiro,Brazil, where it has been conducting anactive program of a series of sessionswith prominent jurists and professors oflaw as lecturers. Since 1973. the Pres-ident of the Academy is the well-knownand distinguished Brazilian lawyer, Dr.Haroldo Valladao, Praia do Flamengo386, Apt. 90, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Inter-American Associationon Fiscal LawThe Inter-American Association on Fis-cal Law was established in Santa Fe.Argentina, in 1972, pursuant to a reso-lution adopted at the First Inter-Ameri-can Congress on Taxation which wasorganized by the Inter-American BarAssociation Committee on Fiscal Lawand held in Rosario, Argentina, in 1970.Since it was established, the Associa-tion has held several workshops in Arg-entina and has now a substantial mem-bership consisting of tax law experts,professors of fiscal law, judges and in-terested organizations.At the XVIIl Conference of the Inter-American Bar Association held in Riode Janeiro, in 1973, a resolution was

adopted in support of a project tocreate an Information Center on FiscalLaw. The Inter-American Associationon Fiscal Law is now engaged in thecreation of such Center in Rosario, Arg-entina.Those interested in further informationregarding membership may contact thePresident of the Inter-American Asso-ciation on Fiscal Law, Dr. Manuel deJuano, Moreno 580, Rosario, Argentina.

Inter-American Copyright InstituteThe Inter-American Copyright Institutewas created pursuant to a resolutionadopted at the XVIII Conference of theInter-American Bar Association, Rio deJaneiro, Brazil. The Institute is a non-profit private international association,the purpose of which is to promote thestudy and progress of effective protec-tion of the rights of intellectual propertyin America, coordination the efforts ofspecialists as well as of entities wan-ting to contribute to the broadest de-fense of such rights. Its headquartes isthe University of Sao Paulo LawSchool, Largo San Francisco 95, SaoPaulo, Brazil.Further information on the Institute maybe obtained by contacting its President,Prof. Antonio Chaves. Av. Sao Luis, 268,Apt 11-B, Sao Paulo, Brazil, or its Secre-tary General, Dr. Natalio Chediak. 1301Salzedo, Apt. 4. Coral Gables, Florida33134. •

4 / 6 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 11-1978

Les OING du droit

L'Institut international de droitd'expression française

Notre enquête permanente sur les activités des diverses associations dites internationales nousa naturellement conduit à les interroger sur l'idée qu'elles se font des valeurs de l'entité asso-ciative. Le Secrétaire Général de l'IDEF, M. Pierre Decheix. veut bien nous répondre en peu demots: «Notre point de vue est que-l'association présente l'avantage de la souplesse: elleremédie aux inconvénients du formalisme des relations traditionnelles en Etats; elle facilite lagestion en permettant notamment d'éviter la rigueur et la lenteur des régies de la comptabilitépublique; elle favorise la rencontre des personnalités officielles et de simples citoyens réunispour traiter des sujets techniques... ».

Fondé le 9 juin 1964, l'Institut internatio-nal et droit d'expression française a pourobjet de grouper les personnes s'adon-nant à l'étude ou à la pratique du droitdans les pays où le droit français occupeune place particulière.

Depuis sa création, l'Institut n'a cessé dese développer, par l'extension de sesactivités et l'adhésion de nouvelles sec-tions nationales. Il compte aujourd'huiparmi ses membres des représentants detrente-six Etats, techniciens du droit(professeurs, magistrats, avocats, offi-ciers publics et ministériels), mais aussides hommes politiques, des diplomateset des fonctionnaires.

L'IDEF publié un Bulletin périodique quiest servi à ses membres. Il a pour organela Revue juridique et politique Indépen-dance et Coopération qui est éditée àraison de quatre numéros par an. Ellecontient des articles de doctrine sur lesproblèmes juridiques et politiquesconcernant l'ensemble des pays franco-phones.

Grâce à un service de documentation,l'IDEF répond aux demandes qui lui sontadressées: il fournit de la bibliographie,des textes législatifs ou réglementaireset, au besoin, procède à des études surdes sujets particuliers. Si le siège del'Institut ne possède pas tous les élé-ments nécessaires, il peut les obtenir deses correspondants étrangers.

L'Institut a réuni, en janvier 1966 à Fort-Lamy, son premier congrès internationalqui groupait une quarantaine de partici-pants venus de onze pays. Les débatsont porté sur l'adaptation du droit coutu-mier aux techniques juridiques occiden-tales et ont été publiés dans le n° 1 /1966de la Revue juridique et politique Indé-pendance et Coopération.

En janvier 1967, le Ile congrès a eu lieu àLomé et a confronté une soixantaine dejuristes de seize pays. Les études ont étéconsacrées à la famille et ont étépubliées par la Revue juridique et politi-que dans son numéro 1/1967.

Le Ille congrès s'est tenu en mars 1968 àMadagascar et a rassemblé 110 partici-pants venant de vingt-sept pays. Les tra-vaux ont porté sur l'étude de la communeentendue au sens le plus large : collecti-vité territoriale décentralisée du droitadministratif moderne, communauté tra-ditionnelle africaine et asiatique ou« fokonolona » malgache. Ils ont étépubliés dans le n° 2/1968 de la Revuejuridique et politique.

Venant de trente-et-un pays, 170congressistes se sont retrouvés auCanada en septembre 1969 pour exami-ner l'organisation judiciaire en matièrecivile, pénale, administrative, constitu-tionnelle. Les travaux ont égalementporté sur le statut des magistrats et desauxiliaires de la Justice, ainsi que sur lasocialisation de la pratique du droit. Le n°4/1969 de la Revue juridique et politiquea été consacré à la publication de cesdébats.

Le Ve congrès a eu lieu en octobre 1970au Gabon où se sont retrouvés 120 parti-cipants venant de trente-et-un pays. Lesétudes ont porté sur le régime du sol etont été publiées dans le n° 4/1970 de laRevue juridique et politique.

C'est au Burundi que s'est réuni en août1971 le VIe congrès, composé de 97délégués venant de vingt-quatre pays quiont débattu de la nationalité. Les travauxont été publiés dans le no 4/1971 de laRevue juridique et politique.

Le VIIe congrès a rassemblé, au Zaïre, 92représentants de trente-et-un pays quiont étudié les successions. Les débatssont publiés dans le no 4/1972 de laRevue juridique et politique.

Le VIIIe congrès a eu lieu en septembre1973 à l'Ile Maurice où 88 personnesvenant de trente-deux pays ont débattude la responsabilité civile du fait des pré-posés (agents privés, y compris les admi-nistrateurs de sociétés et agentspublics). Les travaux figurent dans le n°4/1973 de la Revue juridique et politique.Au IXe congrès qui s'est déroulé à Tunisdu 27 mai au 3 juin 1974, ont pris part114 délégués venant de trente-quatrepays qui ont étudié la condition de lafemme au point de vue juridique, politiqueet social. Le no 4/1974 de la Revue juridi-que et politique est consacré au compterendu de ces travaux.

Le Xe congrès s'est réuni à Paris du 6 au11 décembre 1976 et a rassemblé 117délégués venant de trente-trois pays quiont étudié l'enfant dans la sociétécontemporaine. Les travaux sont publiésdans le no 2/1977 de la Revue juridiqueet politique.

Le XIe congrès a eu lieu en Côte d'Ivoireen 1977 sur le rôle des sociétés dans ledéveloppement économique.

A côté de ces congrès internationaux,l'IDEF réunit des colloques régionauxplus courts, qui permettent l'étude dequestions plus limitées: les conflits delois à Vevey (Suisse) en avril 1972, lacompétence judiciaire et l'exécution desjugements étrangers à Talence (France)en mai 1973, l'environnement à Namur(Belgique) en octobre 1974. la Procédureadministrative non contentieuse auGrand-Duché de Luxembourg en 1977.

Après le décès du président-fondateur,M. René Cassin, prix Nobel de la Paix, laprésidence de l'IDEF a été confiée à M.Edgar Faure, ancien président del'Assemblée nationale de France. Lecomité directeur comprend des vice-pré-sidents et des membres des différentessections nationales. Le secrétaire géné-ral est M. Pierre Decheix, procureur de laRépublique à Châlons-sur-Marne.


Les OING du droit

Edgar Faure, Président de l'IDEF

La Société internationalede droit pénal militaireet de droit de la guerre

Décidée dans son principe le 3 juin 1955à l'issue d'un colloque organisé à l'Uni-versité de Strasbourg sur le secret mili-taire et la liberté de la presse, la Sociétéinternationale de droit pénal militaire etde droit de la guerre fut juridiquementconstituée le 18 mai 1956.

Elle compte à ce jour plus de 1.000 mem-bres appartement à 46 pays des cinqcontinents (1).

La Société a jusqu'à présent organisé 7congrès (2) internationaux qui avaientrespectivement pour thème :

- « Action pénale et action disciplinaire »-(Bruxelles 1959);

- " L'aéronef militaire et le droit desgens », « Subordination et coopérationmilitaire internationale » - (Florence1961);

- « Les garanties des droits individuelsdans la répression disciplinaire etpénale militaire » - (Strasbourg 1964);

- « Les délits militaires », « L'extraditionpour délits militaires » - (Madrid 1967);

* Secrétaire général de la Société interna-tionale de droit pénal militaire et de droitde la guerre.

(1) Algérie, Argentine, Australie, Autriche,Belgique, Bangla Desh, Brésil, Came-roun, Canada, Chili, Congo Brazzaville,Côte d'Ivoire, Danemark, Egypte, Equa-teur, Espagne, Etats-Unis d'Amérique,France, Ghana, Grande-Bretagne,Grèce, Hongrie, Irlande, Israël, Italie,Japon, Luxembourg, Mexique, Nigeria,Norvège, Nouvelle Zélande, Pays-Bas,Pérou, Pologne, Portugal, Républiquefédérale d'Allemagne, Suéde, Suisse,Thaïlande, Tunisie, Turquie, Union Sud-Africaine, Venezuela, Yougoslavie,Zaïre, Zambie.

(2) Les travaux des congrès sont publiésdans les Recueils de la Société et peu-vent être obtenus auprès du secrétariatgénéral de la Société, Palais de Justice,B-1000 Bruxelles.

- « L'obéissance militaire au regard desdroits pénaux internes et du droit de laguerre », « La notion de guerre et decombattant dans les conflits moder-nes»- (Dublin 1970);

- « Le cessez-le-feu», «Exécution despeines privatives de liberté infligées àdes militaires » - (La Haye 1973);

- « Les droits de l'homme dans les for-ces armées - (San Remo 1976).

Les statuts de la Société portent quecelle-ci a comme but la recherche del'harmonisation des droits internes tantentre eux qu'à l'égard des conventionsinternationales en matière de droit mili-taire pénal et disciplinaire et la promotiond'un droit de la guerre établi dans le res-pect des droits de l'homme.

Le droit pénal militaire est un des instru-ments qui contribuent à la protectionnécessaire des intérêts militaires del'Etat. Cette protection doit toutefois êtrerecherchée sans porter atteinte auxdroits de la personne humaine; le citoyenpeut certes être appelé à sacrifier uneparcelle de l'exercice de ses libertésindividuelles, mais cette parcelle doit êtreaussi réduite que possible. Pour contri-buer à la modernisation de cette branchedu droit, les promoteurs de la Société ontà juste titre pensé que l'information réci-proque sur les solutions appliquées dansun grand nombre de pays constitueraitune aide précieuse à la solution des pro-blèmes analogues. Des tendances aurenouveau se sont en effet manifestéesces dernières années dans de nombreuxpays.

Le droit de la guerre réclame égalementque les règles claires et précises établiesdans les Conventions de La Haye et deGenève et dans les Protocoles addition-nels à celles-ci, soient mieux observées.

Ces traités internationaux doivent davan-tage encore être adaptés à l'évolutiondes formes de belligérance. L'opinionmondiale qui espère la disparition défini-tive des guerres exige qu'en attendantles victimes de la guerre au moins soientprotégées et que les droits fondamen-taux de l'homme soient sauvegardés.

En dehors de tous conflits, les alliancesmilitaires et la coopération militaire inter-nationale entraînent le stationnement detroupes étrangères sur le territoire d'unautre pays, ce qui constitue une sourceinévitable de problème juridiques. Uneinformation convenable peut aider à har-moniser les législations et à concrétiserles objectifs et la coopération internatio-nale.

Une Revue internationale de droit pénalmilitaire et de droit de la guerre estpubliée sous les auspices de la Société.Après quinze ans d'existence, cetteRevue compte un millier d'abonnés dansles milieux judiciaires, militaires et uni-versitaires de plusieurs pays. Parmi lesétudes publiées en six langues (1) rele-vons principalement celles relatives àl'interprétation du statut des forces del'OTAN, au fonctionnement des juridic-tions militaires dans de nombreux pays, àla répression pénale militaire et au droitdisciplinaire, à l'histoire du droit militaireet à de très nombreux aspects du droitde la guerre dont l'enseignement et ladiffusion du droit humanitaire; nous nepouvons passer sous silence les référen-ces fréquentes au droit spatial ainsi qu'àla convention de la Haye sur la protectiondes biens culturels; il est encore à noterqu'une étude a été consacrée à l'examende plusieurs aspects importants des rap-ports existant entre le terrorisme et ledroit international de la guerre.

La Revue publie également des chroni-ques de législation, des sommaires de lajurisprudence relative au droit militaire deplusieurs pays ainsi que des comptesrendus d'ouvrages de droit militaire et dedroit humanitaire parus dans le monde.Récemment une nouvelle chronique trai-tant principalement de la réaffirmation etdu développement du droit humanitaire avu le jour; il en est de même d'étudesconsacrées à l'enseignement du droit dela guerre. Par ailleurs une chroniquesubstantielle des revues familiarise lelecteur avec tous les sujets de naturejuridique touchant les forces armées.

Les activités de la Société ne se limitentpas à l'organisation de congrès et à la


Les OING du droit

par Henri Bosly*

publication d'une Revue. A cet égard, ilconvient, me semble-t-il, de soulignerl'importance des activités déployées partrois groupes de travail institués au seinde la Société dans le but de développerla collaboration internationale dans desdomaines particuliers.Le Comité de protection de la viehumaine dans les conflits armés est legroupe le plus ancien ayant été constituéen 1961. Ce comité composé de juristeset d'officiers, permet une confrontationdes aspects techniques et juridiques denombreux problèmes avec la réalité desconflits armés actuels. Ce même comitéa également organisé un colloque dedroit humanitaire à l'occasion du cente-naire de !a Déclaration de Bruxellesconcernant les lois et coutumes de laguerre.La Commission de criminologie militaireétudie les causes et les manifestationsdu phénomène criminel en milieu mili-taire, domaine peu exploré tant par lescriminologues que par les juristes.L'opposition principale à laquelle ses tra-vaux se sont heurtés au début provenaitdu caractère secret des récentes statisti-ques et ceci s'explique par des motifs desécurité militaire. Cette opposition adepuis lors disparu, ce qui a permis depublier les premiers résultats d'uneenquête sur les statistiques existantesainsi qu'une analyse des facteurs dedésertion et d'insubordination. Des étu-des ont également été consacrées à laprévention de la délinquance militaire etaux méthodes de traitement du délin-quant dans l'armée, au problème de laformation des officiers dans le domainede la criminologie, à la toxicomanie dansles milieux militaires, et aux incidencesde l'alcoolisme sur la délinquance desmilitaires.Un troisième groupe de travail s'occupede l'histoire du droit pénal et disciplinairemilitaires.A côté de ces groupes de travail, il fautaussi signaler l'existence du service dedocumentation de la Société qui détiententre autres de nombreux recueils de loispénales militaires. Ce service diffuseégalement des questionnaires relatifs àl'état du droit militaire dans les paysreprésentés au sein de la Société.Les activités de la Société depuis sacréation ont démontré que les contactsentre juristes et officiers originaires depays différents ont contribué non seule-ment au développement de ces branchesdu droit mais aussi à l'établissementd'amitiés durables.

Le prochain congrèsd'AnkaraEn automne 1979, la Société internatio-nale de droit pénal militaire et de droit de

la guerre tiendra son 8ème Congrèsinternational dans la capitale de la Tur-quie.

Le thème en sera « La compétence desjuridictions militaires ». Les travaux pré-paratoires sont dès à présent en coursdans de très nombreux pays où desgroupes de travail rédigeront des rap-ports nationaux. Dans ces rapportsseront recherchées, exposées et discu-tées, les raisons d'être des juridictionsmilitaires. Après un rappel historique dudéveloppement de ces juridictions dansles différents pays, les débats porterontsur le point de savoir si et dans quellemesure, en tenant compte de l'évolutionactuelle des mentalités, ces juridictionsparticulières sont encore justifiées. Cesjuridictions respectent-elles le principede l'égalité des citoyens ? D'autre part,peut-on soutenir que ces juridictionss'imposent en raison des obligations par-ticulières des militaires pour assurer ladéfense du pays. Faut-il, par ailleurs,pour garantir le respect de ces devoirs etdes intérêts supérieurs de la Nation queles manquements éventuels soient sou-mis à l'appréciation de ceux qui ont uneparfaite connaissance du milieu militaireet sont le mieux à même de mesurerl'impact de la faute commise ? Si le main-tien de ces juridictions paraît souhaita-ble, leur compétence doit-elle être limitéeaux infractions pénales et éventuelle-ment disciplinaires militaires ou s'éten-dre à toutes les infractions qui peuventébranler la discipline militaire ? Cettecompétence doit-elle être différente en

temps de paix, en temps de guerre, entemps de crise internationale, etc. Al'étranger, ne doit-elle concerner que lesmilitaires de la force armée se trouvantsur ce territoire ou également « l'élémentcivil » et « les personnes à la suite et cel-les autorisées à suivre un corps detroupe », etc. ? Quelle est l'étendue decette compétence à l'égard des prison-niers de guerre et éventuellement desinternes civils ?

D'autres problèmes doivent aussi êtreexaminés. Par exemple, faut-il des juri-dictions administratives militaires dontles décisions influenceraient notammentle statut des militaires (promotion, pertede grade, privation d'emploi, autres sanc-tions statutaires).

Si ce Congrès a le même succès que lesprécédents, il réunira à Ankara environ300 spécialistes du droit militaire. Ilsauront également l'occasion, avec lesmembres de leurs familles, de découvrirla Cappadoce et d'autres régions de laTurquie d'Asie.

Le principal responsable de l'organisa-tion du Congrès en Turquie sera M. l'Avo-cat Sahir Erman, professeur de droitpénal a l'Université d'Istanbul. Celui-citrouvera auprès des Forces armées tur-ques tout l'appui nécessaire à la réussitede cette importante réunion scientifique.

(1) Allemand, Anglais, Espagnol. Français,Italien, Néerlandais.


Les OING du droit

Le Vllème Congrès international de la Société fut organisé à San Remo du 23 au 28 septembre 1976 avec la colla-boration de l'Institut de droit humanitaire de cette ville. On voit sur cette photo le bureau de la s éance d'ouverture duCongrès. De gauche à droite : MM. GENESIO. secrétaire général de l'Institut International de droit humanitaire; LAD-TANZYO, secrétaire d'Etat à la Défense Nationale d'Italie; l'Ambassadeur SPINELLI, Président de l'Institut internatio-nal de droit humanitaire de San Remo; l'avocat général de la Cour de Cassation de France PAUCOT, Président de laSociété; dell ANDRO, secrétaire d'Etat à la Justice d'Italie; le député de la Chambre italienne PENNACCHINI. Prési-dent du groupe italien de la Société; BOSLY, secrétaire général de la Société; le professeur ROBERTSON, anciendirecteur des Droits de l'Homme au Conseil de l'Europe à Strasbourg.

in response to networking diseases*

The 1970s have seen the development of considerable enthusiasm for « network » building,whether among individuals or among groups and institutions. Much hope has been attached tothis " alternative » vehicle for action following the failure of « coordinating bodies » and « organ-izational systems » to respond to the perceived needs without imposing unwelcome forms of or-der. Recommendations to create a network are widely felt to be low-key, low-threat options in avariety of sensitive situations. As such they may also serve as convenient (« cosmetic ») tokensof action where « effective » action is not considered possible.The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the assumptions underlying the enthusiasm fornetworks and their operation in practice. It is hoped that such an exercise will identify some ofthe pitfalls of the network option and identify possibilities for improvements.

Minimal requirementsfor network emergence

The creation of networks is facilitated bythe following factors which should becontrasted with their equivalents in con-ventional organizations.

1. Minimal commitment:A member of a network is seldom obligedto make any major commitment to the ne-twork or to other members individually.Any strong commitments may be madeon an ad hoc basis, but they may also beavoided. Pressures to respect networkobligations are mitigated by the mem-ber's self-arrogated right to reserve re-

(*) Working paper for a meeting of the Unit-ed Nations University GPID project (Gene-va, October 1978).

sponse to such pressures. Participationtends to be undemanding.

2. Diffuse membership :It is characteristic of many networks thatthe membership boundary is unclear.Particularly when the network does nothave a single controlling centre, portionsof the network may relate closely to bo-dies not perceived by other portions to bepart of the network. Such bodies mayperceive themselves to be part of the ne-twork and may be so perceived by thoseto whom they relate. Membership is oftennot of the card-carrying variety and ismore a question of degree of involvementas perceived by others over a period oftime. Consequently some are consideredmembers who do not perceive them-selves to be, and others are not so con-sidered although they may well perceivethemselves to be. A network of interact-ing bodies may of course exist eventhough it is not recognized or labelled as

a network. This is often the case with« invisible colleges » (1).

3. Minimal organization :Since networks are frequently created toavoid conventional modes of organiza-tion, and since alternative modes tendthemselves to be lacking or suspect, littlecan be done to « organize » a network.

Responsibilities can seldom be allocated,since an «allocator» is not recognizedand there is little obligation to respectsuch allocation anyway. A degree of or-ganization is introduced through agree-ment that a particular body should pro-cess information for the network. Suchactivities exert a pressure on other mem-bers which results in a minimum amountof organization. However this may effec-tively be equivalent to the action of anewsletter or journal on its readership -even if some « readers » are stimulatedto correspondence, others to write arti-

480 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 11-1978

clés, and others to participate in « read-ers clubs ».

4. Minimal expectations :It is characteristic of many networks thatmembers do not necessarily have highexpectations concerning the action of thenetwork. Frequently networks are con-ceived as auxiliaries or complementary toaction which members may undertake in-dividually through other (conventional)structures. Or alternatively networks mayfunction where expectations are reason-ably low because it is recognized thatmajor or sudden progress is not possible,particularly through conventional struc-tures.

5. Diffuse concerns :Whilst some networks have very specificconcerns, the members of others have awide-range of preoccupations whichoverlap or reinforce each other in a com-plex manner. Of particular importance arethose cases where the domain of interestof the network is highly complex, trans-disciplinary and involving a variety ofpossible responses (research, politicalaction, personal life-style change, etc.).The concerns of the network as a wholemay well be extremely elusive to thepoint that members recognize each otherless in terms of a shared attitude to pres-ent concerns, and more in terms of ashared response to potential future con-cerns.

6. Minimal organization of preoccupa-tions:It follows from the previous point, andfrom point 3, that the concerns of a net-work are seldom well structured. Thecomplex subject domain may resist con-ventional efforts to organize it and mem-bers may themselves resist efforts to or-der their perceptions of it within any par-ticular framework. Where an effort ismade to use some framework, this tendsto be viewed as an administrative conve-nience minimally related to the non-expli-cit substantive ordering of the domain. Itfollows from this that conceptual integra-tion tends to be a major difficulty (even ifits desirability is not rejected for reasonsanalogous to members rejection of theorganizational coordination or integra-tion, which gave rise to the network in thefirst place). Efforts to use the networkmodel to structure the substantive con-cerns have not paralleled its use to struc-ture the relations between members.

7. Minimal collective learning :Since a network maintains no central re-pository of written records, collectivelearning (if any) tends to take an oralform. This can be powerful in its own waybut fails to build up a body of knowledge(as opposed to lore) which can be drawnupon on suitable occasions.

8. Minimal activity:It follows from the above points that thenetwork, as a network, is often character-ized by minimal activity or productivity,

verging on total passivity or inertia. .Butagain the requirement that a network be« productive " or « active » may well berejected by members in favour of « be-ing « (as opposed to « doing »). As withthe traditional « old boys network », itssignificance emerges from its existence,not the specific activities which it may fa-cilitate from time to time. This is not todeny that a network may suddenly be ac-tivated in response to some specific situ-ation (e.g. a crisis, an election, etc.), al-though in becoming «active » its mem-bers may prefer to create one or moreconventional (ad hoc) structures throughwhich to work.

9. Unpredictable potential transforma-tion :,As implied by the previous point, most ofthe above characteristics need to bequalified by the fluidity of networks andthe attitudes of members towards them.Networks can change and evolve veryrapidly, to the point of manifesting cha-racteristics contrasting markedly withthose noted above. It is not clear whatfactors contribute to, or trigger, suchchanges.

Unpleasantnetworking realitiesIn continuing this study, it should be not-ed that the purpose is to highlight theweaknesses of network activity not itsmany strengths which have been ade-quately lauded elsewhere (2, 3, 4),Clearly combinations of the weaknessesnoted above may result in a network ofminimal significance, if only to those whotend to perceive themselves as members.Such activity as there is may then becharacterized by :- regular contact between key members

only- irregular or no contact with some mem-

bers- member contact (if any) with central el-

ites and rarely (if at all) with othermembers

- fragmentation of the network into sub-networks

- member activity only in response to sti-mulus or to occasions, namely not self-activating or continuous

- member dependence on continuing en-couragement, whether verbal or in theform of some financial support (namely« activated » members as opposed to«self-activating »)

- limited ability of members to processcommunications from other membersand to integrate them into some largerframework

- reliance on forms of communicationwhich in themselves hinder integrationand collective learning (or action) :- presentations, or exchanges of doc-

uments, in a « show-and-tell » spirit,to impress others of the importanceof particular isolated activities

- publication of collections or compila-tions of documents which requirethat the reader perform the task ofintegration which the contributorsavoid

- presentation of results as the work ofindividual member bodies rather thanas an integration of their thinking

- member interaction designed to im-prove respective individual contribu-tions but not to integrate them

- inability to focus (or build) on issuesraised by individual contributions, oron the lacunae which emerge be-tween them

- different skills and perspectives re-main alien (or occasionally hostile)to each other and do not lead to theproduction of a framework which ex-emplifies their complementarity.

Difficulties such as these are due tomany factors which will become betterknown in the future. However, insofar asthe network is designed to reinforce whatthe members are doing individually any-way, it comes to be evaluated against theability of the member to act without thenetwork. This loses sight of what the net-


work can achieve as a whole, This is ex-amined below by considering the « com-munication units » and " communicationframeworks » within the network.

Networking operations

A. Communication units :by this is meant the physical unit for in-formation transfer.For example:- books in a library network- bibliographical records or abstracts in

a documentation network- transactions in a financial network- papers (or verbal presentations) in a

research network- event announcements in an « alterna-

tive » network.These examples suggest distinctionssuch as :- some networks exist only to ensure the

transport of the units, and their signifi-cance lies in their ability to do sothroughout the network

- the units transferred in some networksare of value to the members as indica-tors of action they can perform else-where independently of the network.In the case of the research network, it issupposedly the facts and conceptscontained within the communicated units(i.e. the papers) which are of value tomembers. But in such a network, presu-mably the idea is not only for members to« feed » each other so that they can actbetter elsewhere independently of thenetwork. The contents of the communica-ted units are supposed to be processed,evaluated, and reordered into more use-ful patterns within the network.The question is whether, by emphasizingthe use of papers as communicationunits in a research network, this obs-tructs the communication and integra-tion, of the ideas that they contain. Byembedding a useful idea in a (lengthy)paper, it may be easily overlooked andfiled with the paper under « wastepaper ». The same is true of a verbal pre-sentation, a debate, or any form of dialo-gue. The essential logical units uponwhich collective learning and progressdepend quickly drift into oblivion undercurrent procedures. Against this it maybe argued that key concepts are retai-ned, despite the enormous wastageconsidered acceptable. Or alternatively, ifemphasis is placed on the learning pro-cess, then whether or not ideas are- lost y is irrelevant, since similar ideaswill be rediscovered on the next occasionthat the process is activated.

B. Communication framework :By this is meant the setting within whichthe communication units are exchanged.For example :- a « visit », with its many opportunities

for discussion and exchanges of opi-nion

- a face-to-face group meeting, namely aform of « multilateral visit »

- a newsletter, bulletin, etc.- a journal or compilation of papers- a data network.Clearly when the prime purpose of thenetwork is to transfer the units betweenthe members, no special difficulty arises.But when, as in the case of a researchnetwork, the network as a whole has toprocess, evaluate and integrate the logi-cal units contained within the physicalunits, then further questions must beasked concerning the communication fra-mework :- does it ensure storage and retrieval of

logical units (as opposed to physicalunits), or is there extensive leakage oflogical units into oblivion

- does it provide facilitative processes toensure the juxtaposition and integra-tion of logical units, not only of a similarkind, but also where dissimilar unitshave to be maintained in a dynamicbalance or state of complementarity

- does it ensure that all resources as-sembled at any one time (e.g. at ameeting) interact appropriately, or:- is much time devoted by all to polite

attention to a speaker repeating(familiar) arguments already circulat-ed in writing

- do some participants feel inhibited,intimidated or unable to interact ef-fectively because of the momentumestablished by the articulate minority(however incorrect the viewpointpromulgated)

- do some issues, of major interest toa minority of participants, remain un-discussed because of the agendasetting procedures and convenienttime constraints.

Containing and focusingnetwork dynamics

The previous section clarifies the centralproblem associated with those networkswhich have potential, as a network, tomove to a. new level of significance. Theproblem is one of containing and focus-ing the wide variety of ideas generatedso that they interact appropriately to per-mit the emergence of new insights of amore comprehensive and more integrat-ed nature.But « containment » would appear to im-ply a networking philosophy which iscontrary to that which prevails. It impliesa level of discipline which the first section(above) shows to be uncharacteristic.And yet in some kinds of networks a ma-jor effort is made to minimize « leakage »or maximize « coverage » (e.g. inter-bank, bibliographical, etc.). The looser in-ter-personal or inter-institutional ne-tworks would tend to view this as a steptowards « coordination " with all its at-tendant ills. And indeed the problem isneither so challenging, nor so potentiallyrewarding, in the case of networks : (a)which allow themselves to be coordinat-ed from a central point - for these aremerely loose or disguised hierarchies; or

(b) which are solely concerned with the« transport » of communication units be-tween network members - for this is pri-marily a hardware and standardizationproblem, even if all communicationpasses via a central clearing point.The challenge lies more with networkswhose members could interact as much(or more) with each other as with (or via)any central point. A clue to a remedywould seem to lie in the complementaryattributes of tension/compression whichare characteristic of hierarchical systemsbut are absent from inter-institutional ne-tworks (5). Such networks, as shownabove, tend to be « flabby » and " slop-py ». However the « jackboot » character-istics of hierarchical systems, to whichthe tension/compression attribute contri-butes, are equally unsatisfactory.The problem would thus seem to be thatexisting networks are « untensed »,whereas hierarchical systems have anundesirable form or degree of ten-sion/compression (for some purposes atleast). The lack of tension in networks isparticularly evident in the tendency for« distance » to be established betweenthose ideas (or, more irrationally, thoseadvocating them) which are antagonisticto one another or perceived in some wayas incompatible. The normal conse-quence is for no relation to be esta-blished between them - or worse still,their advocates ignore each other, refuseto dialogue, or even adjust the interactionlines within the network so that no furtherinteraction is possible. This is how a ne-twork keeps itself « cool ». It is also howit renders itself irrelevant because the re-sulting lines of communication tend to fa-vour « conceptual incest », or some or-ganizational equivalent.A desirable level of tension may thereforebe introduced by maintaining « confron-tation » (compression) relationship be-tween opposing ideas (or even betweenthe bodies supporting them). The difficul-ty is that such relationships tend to breakthe network apart, as noted above. Butthis tendency may be opposed by « com-patibility » (tension) relationships be-tween mutually supporting ideas (or eventheir corresponding advocates). Thechallenge is to balance the confronta-tion and compatibility relationships with-in an appropriate structural configura-tion of a non-hierarchical variety (N.B.They are not balanced in a hierarchicalstructure). The result would be a tensednetwork.Relatively little is known about suchtensed networks and that is limited togeneral principles derived from the studyof structure in the abstract (but from adesign viewpoint). An attempt has beenmade to show the relevance of such stu-dies to the elaboration of a rich variety ofalternative forms of organization - wheth-er of groups or of concepts (5).Exploring this avenue further shouldshow how the key networking problemsof leakage, storage, integration and fo-

482 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 11 -1978

cus of logical units can be resolved withinthe framework of such tensed networks.Of special interest is that the « energy le-vel » of the network increases the more itis tensed, namely the greater the numberand variety of incompatible elements thatcan be balanced within the configurationby compatibility relationships.

Tensed networks andsocial reality

The moment there is a question of in-terrelating incompatible logical elements,the gap between theory and reality ishighlighted. If the elements are « incom-patible » they cannot be integrated within,a theoretical framework dependent, asmost are, on logical compatibility. Theproblem of interrelationship betweensuch elements tends of necessity to be ofno theoretical interest.An analogous problem exists between in-stitutions. Unless they are compatible, inthe sense of having the same legal, ideo-logical, or substantive basis, they cannotbe integrated within an institutionalframework dependent on such compatib-ility. The problem of interrelationshiptends to fall outside normal institutionalconcerns, and is « dumped » under « pu-blic relations». And, in fact, networkshave been developed to overcome theproblems to which this closure gives rise.Despite these two tendencies, socialreality contains incompatible elements ofboth a theoretical and an institutionalkind, with the one often reinforcing theother. And it is their incompatibilitieswhich are significant in the dynamics ofthat reality. Tensed networks thus con-stitute an interesting bridge betweencompatibility and incompatibility andcould possibly provide a more adequatereflection (or model) of social reality. It isimportant to draw attention in this way tothe limitations associated with the con-ventional fixation with the need to advo-cate monolithic theoretical or institutionalframeworks from which incompatibilitieshave been hygienically removed - de-spite the high probability of their persis-tence in society. There is a special ironyin the tendency of some networks to rec-ommend such frameworks when theirmembers are unable themselves to toler-ate the monolithic character of suchstructures.

Facilitating networkingThe communication frameworks (seeabove) used by networks do not lendthemselves readily to containing and bal-ancing network dynamics within newconfigurations-as suggested by the pre-ceding sections. One form of communica-tion which is ideal for this purpose iscomputer conferencing. Its relevance to aresearch network has been describedelsewhere (6), together with the import-ance of « intermediate communication in-terfaces » where computer technology isnot appropriate. A study should be madeto compare the costs and advantages ofusing this approach with those of assem-bling individuals at a meeting.However, even when individuals are phy-sically assembled at a meeting there aremany problems of ensuring the best utili-zation of the intellectual resources somobilized. Such meetings deteriorateonly too easily into communicationframeworks characterized by leakage,fragmentation and lack of focus of logicalunits. The possibility of using computerconferencing to enhance face-to-facemeetings has been explored else-where (7). The technique was used inthis way in 1976 at a Congress of the In-ternational Society for Technology As-sessment (8).

Further work required(a) Tensing Networks: in search ofcluesThere are interesting constraints on themanner in which networks can be tensedby the introduction of confrontation ele-ments. In order for there to be a balancebetween such counteracting (compres-sion) elements, some degree of symme-try is required. In fact, in the absence ofsymmetry it is difficult (although not im-possible) to tense a network satisfactori-ly. A good guide to reflection is the prob-lem of tensing a (fishing) net. Even if itwere torn in many places, it would still beoverly simple because it is planar. Assuch it could only be tensed by pullingexternally on its perimeter - which wouldconstitute a model of external depen-dence. Of greater interest is the closednet (e.g. a string shopping bag). Here thenetwork can be tensed against itself by

inserting enough (compression) strutsbetween adjacent knots until the result-ing spheroid can no longer be crumpled.However, in order to do this effectively at-tention needs to be given to the alloca-tion of the struts. This is where symmetryenters the picture.Just how much attention needs to be giv-en to symmetry is not clear. But by ex-ploring symmetry constraints, ideasemerge concerning some of the ways inwhich networks can be tensed, even ifsuch formulae are only ideal types towhich no natural network will conform ex-actly (cf. the relationship between natu-rally occurring crystals and crystalsymmetry classes).In the spirit of the search for clues to an-swers, rather than in the hope for imme-diate answers, an attempt has made toidentify the range of symmetry formswhich help to understand more abouthow networks can be tensed. This isdone (see pp. ) for both 2-dimensionaland 3-dimensional forms, since under-standing of the one is a guide to under-standing of the other. This approach is adevelopment of earlier work (1) and wasoriginally prepared in connection with ananalogous problem with networks of con-cepts (9).

(b) Network self-representationSome means is required to represent thevariety of issues, questions, assump-tions, concepts, etc, with which the ne-twork is concerned. The representationshould provide an integrative overview,preferably in (wall) chart form, reflectingareas of comptatibility and areas of con-frontation. (A description of such a meet-ing aid will appear in a forthcoming is-sue).

(c) Network diseasesTo give greater clarity to thinking aboutthe manner in which networks can fail, itwould be useful to examine the varietiesof network « disease ». (See, for exam-ple, pages 486-489).(d) Network function/dysfunction mapsIt should be possible to condense in-sights concerning how a network func-tions (2, 3, 4) onto a single sheet in theform of a « map ». This should also indi-cate the various ways in which a networkcan fail or be drawn into some state ofimbalance. Such maps could constitute avaluable guide to working with networks.

1. Diana Crane. Invisible Colleges; diffusion of knowledge In scientific communities.

University of Chicago Press, 1972.2. A J. Judge. International organization networks; a complementary perspective, in :

Paul Taylor and A J R Groom (Eds) International Organizations; a conceptual ap-proach. London, Frances Pinter, 1977, pp. 381-413.

3. David Horton Smith, with contributions from A J Judge. Inter-organizational ne-tworking. Transnational Associations, 30, 1978, 11.

4. Gerald E Klonglan et al. Creating Interorganizational Coordination (Project report;an orientation; Instructor's guide). Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, IowaState University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, 3 vols. Sociology report nos 122A,1226, 122C (Submitted to Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. Washington DC,May 1975),

5. AJ, Judge. From systems-versus-networks to tensegrity organizations. Transna-tional Associations, 30, 1978, 5, pp. 258-265.

6. A J. Judge. Facilitating the networking processes of a transnational university us-ing computer conferencing. Transnational Associations, 30, 1978, 4, pp. 205-214.

7. A.J. Judge. Enhancing communication at a large conference/festival (using com-puter conferencing). Transnational Associations, 29, 1977, 12, pp. 532-540.

8. Karl L. Zinn. CONFER at the ISTA Congress. Transnational Associations. 29.1977, 10. pp. 412-417 (see also pp. 418-422).

9. A J. Judge. Viable need patterns and their Identification through constraints on re-presentation In 3-dimensions. (Paper presented to the workshop on human needs.Berlin May 1978, of the Goals, Processes and Indicators Of Development projectof the United Nations University, Human and Social Development Programme).


References

CLUES TO TENSING ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS (see article, pages 480-483)

Summary of symmetrical 2 and 3-dimensional forms

A: 2-DIMENSIONS (circular symmetry)Stabilité : If a square or polygon is made froma series of struts which define its edges, and ifthose struts are connected by flexible joints,the resulting figure can be distorted and istherefore unstable. To be stable a shape musthave its faces composed of triangles. If trian-gulation is done with tension elements, theshape cannot be distorted in 2-dimensions,but it is unstable if lifted off the plane surface.

1. Struts linked end-to-end in a "ring" patt-ern: N struts enclose an area of the form of aregular polygon.N= 3, triangle

4. square5. pentagon6. hexagon7. heptagon

etc.

1.2.3 Starts linked end-to-end in several over-lapping (or interweaving) - ring » patterns en-closing an area of the form of a regular polyg-onN = 6, triangles (2)

8. squares (2)9. triangles (3)

10. pentagons (2), etc.

1.4.. Concave regular forms1.4.1 Elaboration of central symmetry by"stellation ".1.4.2 Elaboration of central symmetry by" faceting ".

B: 3-DIMENSIONS (spherical symmetry)Stability : If a cube or polyhedron is made froma series of struts which define its edges, and ifthose edges are connected by flexible joints,the resulting figure can be distorted (and istherefore unstable) unless all the faces are tri-angular (as in the tetrahedron, octahedron oricosahedron). Certain counteracting configu-rations of struts and tension elements (ten-segrity structures) are stable without triangu-lar faces. The resulting network of tension ele-ments outlines the polyhedral form on whichthe tensegrity structure is based.

1. Strut end linked to M other ends; N strutsenclose a volume.1.1 Equal faces forming 5 regular polyhedraN = 6, tetrahedron (4 triangles)

12, octahedron (8 triangles)12, cube (6 squares)30, icosahedron (20 triangles)30, dodecahedron (12 pentagons)

1.2 Equal face arrangement around each ver-tex 1.2.1 forming 13 semi-regular polyhedraN = 18, truncated tetrahedron

24, cuboctahedron36, truncated octahedron36, truncated cube48, small rhombicuboctahedron60, icosidodecahedron60, snub cube72, great rhombicuboctahedron90, truncated icosahedron

90, truncated dodecahedron120, small rhombicosidodecahedron150, snub dodecahedron180, great rhombicosidodecahedron

1.2.2 forming facially regular prisms (i.e. notspherically symmetrical)N = 9, triangular prism

12, square prism (i.e. cube)15, pentagonal prism18, hexagonal prism21, heptagonal prism, etc.

1.2.3 forming facially regular antiprisms (i.e.not spherically symmetrical)N = 6, triangular antiprism (i.e. octahedron)

16, square antiprism20, pentagonal antiprism24, hexagonal antiprism, etc.

1,3 Unequal face arrangement (regular faceonly)1.31 Portions of 1.1 or 1.2.1 (14 forms)1.3.2 Joining polyhedra from 1.1

Joining polyhedra from 1.1 or 1.2.1 tothose from 1.3.1 (15)

1.3.3 Joining polyhedra to those from 1.2.2(26)

1.3.4 Joining polyhedra to those from 1.2.3(11)

1.3.5 Special cases (8)1.3.6 Joining polyhedra from 1.3.1 and from

1.3.6 (18)(N.B. These are not spherically symmetrical).

1.4 Concave regular forms1.4.1 Elaboration of central symmetry by

"stellation" (equal regular faces only)N = 30, small stellated dodecahedron

30, great stellated dodecahedron •

1.4.2 Elaboration of central symmetry by- faceting - (equal regular faces only)N = 30, great dodecahedron30, great icosahedron

484 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 11 -1978

Los Angeles. University of California Press, 1976- Anthony Pugh. Polyhedral a visual approach.Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1976

WITHOUT TENSION ELEMENTS

2. All struts pass (approximately) throughcentre point: ends do not touch and are linkedby tension elements (outlining a regular polyg-on),N = 2, square outlined

3. hexagon outlined4. octagon outlined, etc.

a Strut ends overlap (but are only connectedvia tension elements), enclosing an area inthe form of a regular polygon.N = 3. triangle4, square, etc.

4. Strut ends linked together to form a re-gular polygon; tension links from verticesto a common central pointN = 3, triangle4, square, etc.

5. Strut ends linked together with struts over-lapping; vertices linked by tension elements.5.1 Forming a continuous circuit (for N odd)N = 5, pentagram7, heptagram, etc.

5.2 Forming independent overlapping (or interweaving) circuits

N = 6 (2 triangles)8 (2 squares), etc.

6. Regular polygon strut patterns linked to-gether (e.g. as tesselations)6.1 Same polygonal shapes6.2 Same polygonal shape arrangement abouteach vertex

6.3 Various polygonal shape arrangementabout each vertex7. Strut ends linked so as to nest one regularpolygon within another; the two polygons arelinked by tension elements.

2. All strut centres pass (approximately)through centre point; ends do not touch butare linked by tension elements (outlining a re-gular polyhedron)N = 3. octahedron outlined4, cube outlined, etc.

3.1 Tensegrity diamond pattern with strutsenclosing a volume; external tension elementsoutline a regular polyhedronN = 6, octahedron

12. cuboctahedron. etc.

3.2 Tensegrity zig-zag pattern with strutsenclosing a volume; external tension ele-ments outline a regular polyhedronN = 6, tetrahedron

12, octahedron30, icosahedron36, cube, etc.

3.3 Tensegrity prism, with struts not enclos-ing a volume (i.e. not spherically symmetrical)N= 3, triangular prism

4. sqaure prism, etc.

4. Strut ends linked to form a regular polygonwith a single strut passing at right anglesthrough the centre point of the plane. Verticeslinked to the ends of the single strut. (N.B. notspherically symmetrical)N = 4, triangular polygon

5. square polygon, etc.5. Strut ends linked together with struts inter-weaving; vertices linked by tension elements.5.1 Forming a continuous tensegrity circuitpattern.

5.2 Forming a tensegrity made up of severalindependent interweaving circuit patterns ofstruts (each forming a regular polygon)N = 9, triangular circuits (3) : cuboctahedr.

12, square circuits (3)15, pentagon circuits (3).5.3 Forming a tensegrity made up ofseveral independent i

5.3 Forming a tensegrity made up of severalindependent interweaving circuit patterns ofstruts (each forming a polyhedron)N= 12, tetrahedra (2)18, tetrahedra (3)

6. Regular polyhedral (or tensegrity) formslinked together (e.g. as cylindrical masts, ar-rays, etc.) (N.B. The compound form may bespherically symmetrical if the constituent po-lyhedral forms are appropriately chosen andlinked)6.1 Same polyhedral forms.6.2 Same polyhedral form-arrangment aboutlink points.

6.3 Various polyhedral form arrangmentsabout link points.7. Strut ends linked so as to form regular pol-yhedra (or tensegrities) nested one within theother; the two structures are linked by tensionelements.


WITH TENSION ELEMENTS

COMPOUND FORMS

NetworkingDiseases

Speculations towards the development of cures and preventive measures

Previous approaches

Despite widespread exposure to organi-zations and organizational systems invarious states of growth, health and de-cay, it would appear that there is no con-venient checklist of the malfunctions towhich organizations are subject. Thematter is of course normally broachedthrough the various kinds of managementproblem, and the measures required to« get an ailing organization on its feetagain ». But the range of possible mal-functions is not identified as such, parti-cularly for the kinds of structures - likenetworks - which are supposed neitherto require, nor to lend themselves to, ma-nagement.In order to focus thinking more clearly onthe malfunctions to which networks maybe subject, some guidelines are requiredto provoke recognition of unforeseenpossibilities which might otherwise gounrecognized. In passing one may notethe effort by Michael Haas (ref. 1, seeTable 1) to identify the different kinds of« asymmetry » to which systems may besubject. However he defines asymmetryas « an attribute of a system which mayvary over time, space, and other such di-mensions ». Such asymmetry may or maynot be viewed as associated with somekind of malfunction.For a deliberately humorous attempt toidentify how systems fail, a recently pu-blished book on «systemantics » meritsattention (2; see also book review in thisissue, pp. 491 ). The humour does not de-tract from an underlying profundity.An attempt to categorize different kindsof system problems (See table 2) alsothrows some light on the matter.

An alternative approach

A much more specific range of systemmalfunctions is effectively represented bythe range of diseases - the human or-ganism being that which has attractedmost attention and resources. Diseasesof the human system have been incorpo-rated into a detailed classificationscheme by the World Health Organiza-tion (3). To the extent that there is even a

faint parallel between the human bodyand a social organization (as has oftenbeen pointed out), such a classificationcan then be used to provide suggestivepointers to the kinds of things which maygo wrong with networks of individuals orgroups. (It is indeed possible that a clas-sification of animal or plant diseasesmight provide some additional insightsand it would also be interesting to com-pare this exercise with an attempt toclassify disruptions to environmental ec-osystems).As with our recent experiment in produ-cing a Yearbook of World Problems andHuman Potential (4), there will be somewho consider that the very effort to iden-tify such diseases is misplaced (even un-lucky) and likely to invoke what it suppo-sedly aims to guard against. This is how-ever a misguided form of « positive think-ing », if it is through the prevalence ofsuch diseases that our efforts to facilitatenetworking are in fact impeded or under-mined. A clearer understanding of thefactors resisting the growth of networkingis required.

Classification of diseases

The remainder of this article is thereforeconcerned with identifying the kinds ofquestions which might be asked con-cerning the networking diseases asso-ciated with each of the major categoriesin the WHO International Classificationof Diseases (3). It is for the reader to de-termine how seriously the results are tobe taken particularly if, as a member of anetwork, he or she recognizes many pos-sible symptoms as being characteristic ofthat network !Having identified such diseases, provid-ing they have a basis in reality, the ques-tion is then how to move towards devis-ing suitable cures and preventive mea-sures. It may well be that network« health « is associated with the Kind oftension which results from the « tensednetwork » approach advocated else-where in this issue (5). But many otheravenues could be explored.

WHO 000-136 Infectiveand parasitic diseases

Infective : Can networks became « in-fected » as a result of the transfer ofsome viewpoint (micro-organism) fromanother organization or network, suchthat once transferred the viewpoint iswidely propagated throughout the ne-twork thus causing a particular disease ?What are the modes of infection, arethere « carriers », what are the symp-toms, what are the appropriate preven-tive measures, etc. ?Parasitic: What kinds of «parasites»can flourish on networks as hosts, beingindebted to the latter for their suste-nance, though contributing nothing totheir welfare ? Parasites may be compar-atively harmless; or they may, by themere irritation of their presence or by in-terference with the bodily functions of thehost, give rise to troublesome symptoms;or they may even, by destroying vitalparts or forming poisonous substances,lead to the death of the host.

WHO 140-239 Neoplasms (tu-mours)

Are networks subject to either (a) « be-nign » growths within their tissue struc-ture, pressing neighbouring parts asidewithout invading them, or (b) « malig-nant » (cancerous) growths, spreadingquickly, in a disordely manner from pointto point throughout the network, invadingand destroying surrounding tissues andthose in which they arise, tending to rec-ur after apparently complete removal,and being very liable to ulcerate ? Whatmight be the causes, symptoms and var-ieties of such disease ?

WHO 240-279 Endocrine, nutritio-nal and metabolic diseases

Endocrine : Do networks effectively pos-sess certain « organs " whose function isthe production of certain kinds of infor-mation which play an important part in re-gard to general network operations and


the activities of other organs performingnecessary counteracting functions ? Aresuch organs subject to diseases whichcan throw the network out of balance ?How many such organs and functionscan be distinguished ? What are thesymptoms of disease and of imbalance ?

Nutritional : What forms of nutrition (inthe form of information) do networks ef-fectively require ? Does an inadequatesupply of certain kinds of informationstunt the growth and development of anetwork ? Can the types of informationbe specifically identified together withthe diseases to which their absence maygive rise ? (Is it possible to design a« healthy diet » for a network ?)

Metabolic : To what extent do networkspossess characteristic modes for pro-cessing information whereby their struc-ture is maintained and energy is madeavailable for various forms of work ? Arethese processes subject to types of dis-ease, whether in connection with the an-abolic processes whereby incoming, in-formation is constructively adapted forthe use of the network, or with the cata-bolic processes by which energy is pro-duced from the exploitation of stored in-formation and with the production ofwaste products ?

WHO 280-289 Diseases of bloodand blood-forming organsDo networks effectively possess somekind of carrier medium which circulatesthroughout their extent conveying newinformation to isolated sectors and rem-oving from them the (negative) wasteproducts of networking activity ? To whatdiseases is the medium subject, andwhat are their causes and symptoms ?

WHO 290-315 Mental disordersNetworks control their own behaviourand attitudes by the appropriate trans-mission of information. Are disorders inthis process liable to occur because ofeither predisposing causes (e.g. defectsinherited from their progenitors, abnormaldisposition or temperament) or excitingcauses or stresses (e.g. various dis-eases, growth stresses during transitionphases, deprivation and externally in-duced stress, anxiety-related stress) ?Do symptoms take the form of abnormalbeliefs (delusions, hallucinations) or acts(aggression, auto-destruction, etc.) ? Towhat varieties of mental disorder may ne-tworks be subject (mania, melancholia,paranoia, schizophrenia, confusionalstates, mental enfeeblement) ?

WHO 320-389 Diseases of thenervous system and sense organs

Are networks subject to diseases withsymptoms such as (a) disturbances of in-formation input ability either in the form ofloss of receptivity, hypersensitivity orperverted sensitivity, or (b) occurrence ofmore or less complete paralysis of wholeportions of the network (possibly accom-panied by spastic activity, whether or notin response to environmental stimuli, orgeneral impairment in the power of coor-dination) ? What sort of environmentaland other factors contribute to such dis-eases (pace of life, shocks, poisons) ?

WHO 390-458 Diseasesof the circulatory systemGiven the possibility that networks effec-tively possess some kind of carrier medi-

um for the circulation of information, towhat extent are networks subject to dis-eases resulting from the accumulation ofthe medium in particular parts of the ne-twork (congestion) or an inadequate sup-ply to other parts? What are the symp-toms and causes of such circulatoryproblems? (Is it possible that some ne-tworks suffer from « obesity » and lack of« exercise » ?)

WHO 460-519 Diseasesof the respiratory systemNetworks may be conceived as « brea-thing » information in order to revitalizetheir various parts. Are networks subjectto diseases associated with irregularitiesin the breathing cycle ? Again what arethe symptoms and causes of such respir-atory problems ? (Is it possible to designsome form of « breathing exercise » ap-propriate to a network?)

WHO 520-577 Diseasesof the digestive systemNetworks may be conceived as ingestingfacts, which are broken down into a formwhich enables information to be extract-

Table below reproduced from : Michael Haas. Types of asymmetry in social and political systems. General Systems(Yearbook of the Society for General Systems Research), 12, 1967, p. 79.

TABLE 1TYPES OF ASYMMETRY WITHIN SYSTEMS (Asymmetrical Terms Underlined)

Attribute

Resources Demotypes Attitudes Behavior Functions Structures

Temporal constancy cosmopolitanizinginbreeding

tides instabilitystability

continuity situationalpersistent

Spatial egalitarian segregationdesegregation

sectionalismsystemization

variationuniformity

decentralization deconcentration

Kinetic slackmobilization

mobility identification uncohesivecohesive

immobilistdynamic

streamlined

Entropie strainadequacy

diversitysimilarity

consonance conflictcooperation

d if fractionfusion

integration

Allocational equality homogeneity consensus conformity discriminativenonpreferential

undifferentiated

Transactional imbalancebalance

migrationcurtaining

incongruencecongruence

bidirectional penetratednonpenetrated

unreciprocatedreciprocated


ed from them, absorbed and assimilatedthroughout the network. Is it possible thatnetworks may be subject to diseases as-sociated with these processes? Whatwould be their symptoms and causes ?

WHO 580-629 Diseasesof the genito-urinary systemHow do networks discharge the (nega-tive) waste products arising from, orgenerated by, their activity? Are therediseases associated with this process ?If networks may be assumed to regener-ate or reproduce themselves in someway. is this process linked in any way to

the discharge process? To what dis-eases might it be subject ?

WHO 630-678 Complicationsof pregnancy and childbirthSmaller networks emerge within largernetworks and may eventually breakaway. To what extent can this be viewedas a process of pregnancy and birth ?

What disorders are liable to be associat-ed with this process ? How do they affect

the parent network and its offspring ?(Should attention be given to someequivalent of midwife skills ?)

WHO 680-709 Diseasesof the skin and subcutaneous tissueAs with a system (although probably dif-ferent in kind), a network may be con-ceived as being separated from its envir-onment by a boundary. Is it to be expect-ed that such a membrane has functionsanalogous to those of protection, secre-tion, heat regulation and respiration ? Towhat kinds of diseases might such aboundary be subject : disorders of the« secreting apparatus », disorders relat-ing to growth, « inflammatory affections »,« nervous » disorders, « parasitic affec-tions » ? How would these affect a ne-

TABLE 2Scheme for classifying problems of quality and quantity in (a) physical, (b) biological, (c) psycho-socialsystems.1. RESOURCE1.1 Pool

— (OK) ReductionDevelopmentRestructuration

1.2 Usage ExcessInsufficiencyImbalance— (OK)

ReductionDevelopmentRestructurationProtection

1.3 Replenishment ExcessInsufficiency— (OK)

ReductionDevelopmentProtection

2.PROCESS2.1 Main

HyperactiveUnderactiveImbalance— (OK)

ReductionDevelopment

2.2 Growth HyperactiveUnderactiveImbalance— (OK)

DevelopmentRestructurationProtection

2.3 Regeneration(repair/processes)

HyperactiveUnderactiveImbalance— (OK)


2.4 Evolution HyperactiveUnderactive— (OK)

Reduction

3. SUB-SYSTEMSTRUCTURE3.1 Amount

ExcessInsufficiencyImbalance— (OK)


3.2 Variety ExcessInsufficiencyImbalance— (OK)

Reduction

Protection3.3 Adaptation OverspecializedUnderspecialized— (OK)

ReductionDevelopmentProtection

3.4 Inter-connec-tedness

ExcessImbalance— (OK)


3.5 Competition ExcessinsufficiencyImbalance— (OK)


4. SYSTEM INTEGRATION4.1 Controlprocesses

— (OK) ReductionDevelopmentRestructurationProtection

4.2 Order/central-ization

ExcessInsufficiencyImbalance— (OK)



(work's ability to process information andhow might they be recognized ?

WHO 710-738 Diseasesof the musculoskeletal systemand connective tissueDo some features of networks performstructural functions analogous to theskeletal system and the associated mus-cles (whether voluntary or involuntary) ?Is it to be expected that networks aresubject to disorders analogous to arthri-tis or rheumatism ? How are they to bedetected ?

WHO 740-759 CongenitalabnormalitiesGiven a formative or birthing process fornetworks, is it to be expected that theemergent networks are subject to con-genital abnormalities, possibly inheritedform their progenitors ? What forms mightthese take and what are the conse-quences for the viable functioning of thenetworks? (Should some networks beconsidered « handicapped - ?)

WHO 760-779 Certain causesof perinatal morbidityand mortalityClearly the formation of networks is notalways without difficulty and is not al-ways successful. What are the kinds offailure to which networks are subject inthis early period ? What are the symp-toms of such problems ? What are thecauses of failure and stillbirths ?

WHO 780-796 Symptomsand ill-defined conditionsTo what other ill-defined disorders arenetworks subject, analogous to the manyvague pains (headache, etc) which mayoccur within the human body ?

WHO 800-999 Accidents,poisonings and violenceTo what kinds of « accidents " are ne-tworks subject ? How may they be da-maged inadvertently or as a result ofcareless interaction with their environ-ment ? What are the consequences of"fractures» in vital structural elementsor of punctured boundaries ? What kindsof violence can be inflicted upon ne-tworks ? (This question is explored in thebox on page ). How are the effects ofsuch occurrences to be recognized ?

Preliminary conclusionsAs stated at the beginning, the textabove is designed to provoke an imagin-ative examination of the current health ofnetworks. A first comment (for which mythanks to Jennifer Otlet) is that in dis-cussing diseases one should take care toavoid engaging in medical « quackery ».And indeed some management consult-ants give the impression of attempting toprovide imaginary cures for real organi-zational ills, or real cures for imaginaryills (cf. the role of the « snake oil » ven-dor).

In a lengthy discussion with ProfessorDavid Norton Smith (*), he suggestedthat the above diseases would be mademore meaningful to the reader by the in-clusion of specific examples. Possibilitieswere identified for each category. (A sug-gested « congenital abnormality », for ex-ample, is the case of a network set up atthe instigation of a foundation which onlywanted it to appear to function as a ne-twork, intending in reality to control itsoperations by suitable allocation offunds. There was little possibility of re-pairing the damage thereafter.)

It is my impression that such examplesshould be collected from a variety ofsources (stimulated in different ways bythe above presentation) before relatingthem to any classification as thatabove (*). A systematic grouping ofcases would be premature at this stage.

(*) Inter-organizational networking. Transnational As-sociations. 30. 1978, 10 pp.


although I recognize the disadvantage tothe reader interested in cases ratherthan speculative open-ended questions.The discussion brought out a number ofother points :

1. The presence in the human body ofvarious systems (circulatory, respira-tory, digestive, nervous, endocrine)raises interesting difficulties in con-sidering possible examples. One mayeither assume that several of theseshould be grouped into one in consid-ering the diseases of networks, or elseone may assume that we are not yetsensitive to all the different flows innetworks and should therefore avoidcollapsing such distinctions.

2. Following from the last point, it maywell be that the kinds of networks thatare being set up now are very primitivecompared to those which will evolveand be functioning in 50 or 100 yearstime. As such the different systemswould be much simpler and less dis-tinct than in the human body. The var-iety of possible diseases is necessari-ly a function of the complexity of thenetwork. Networks with 3 or more dis-tinct types of flow between memberswould be susceptible to diseasesmore closely analogous to those ofthe human body than those with only Iflow.

3. Again, the above point brings out thebasic question of what flows in a ne-twork. The above text refers tentative-ly to a flow of « information ». DavidNorton Smith suggests: information,money, supplies, personnel, resourcesin general, rumour, etc. Further reflec-tion is required to sort how theseshould be handled in relation to thediseases (if the exercise should betaken further).

4. Relating to point 2, David NortonSmith suggests that networks « in-gest » nodes and links, namely thatthe addition of a member involves a« digestive » process. This raises thequestions of how the concept of ne-twork growth should be conceived inrelation to ongoing network pro-cesses. Again further reflection is re-quired.

A.J. •

(*) Please send any examples or com-ments to A. J. Judge. UIA, 1, rue aux Lai-nes, 1000 Brussels. Belgium.

Anti-networking strategiesprepared by David Norton Smith and Anthony J.N. Judge.

- notes towards a fuller understanding of how networks maybe vulnerable to damage or sabotage

and how to guard against such eventualities.

(1 ) Weaken systematically ail links or nodes then selectively strenghten the keyones supportive of your position. (Destroy and pick up the pieces approach)

(2) Weaken links to central (preferred) nodes or weaken such central nodes(Weaken the active or motivating structures).

(3) Insert new nodes or support selected existing nodes such that they becomecentral (preferred) nodes (Alternative leader approach)

(4) Create new links that favor the development of selected existing nodes intocentral (preferred) nodes

(5) Weaken links or other nodes to each other while strengthening links of othernodes to the preferred (central) node (Centralization approach)

(6) Emphasize node activity and deemphasize linkage activity (Ignore network)(7) Create nodes of sharply unequal strenght and recourse bases (Unbalance

network)(8) Make nodes of sharply en differing purposes, methods, outlooks, geographic

scope, etc.(9) Make nodes homogeneous to reduce richness and variety of potential resour-

ces for problem solving.(10) Offer substantial funding to create a « new » network (including an old one)

for some « new » purpose, with strings attached; then, after a few years,withdraw the funding or delay the initial funding time long enough to weakenthe whole network

(11) Encourage network norms of non-criticism of nodes or linkages in the network(12) Depreciate key, facilitating, contributory nodes by false and negative rumor-

mongering to major nodes and contacts linked to given node. Or do thereverse for weak nodes (i.e., emphasize the great value of poor nodes)

(13) Encourage norms of general network-relevant information transmission on aneed-to-know basis, emphasizing existing information overload and need forspeedy decision-making

(13) Encourage infra-network competition and special recognition for certainnodes in the network.

(15) Prohibit the network from using any of its funds to facilitate participation bypoorer, weaker nodes through reimbursement of out-of-pocket travel andcommunication costs of network participation.

(16) Provide the network with an expensive and extensive secretariat to « facili-tate » the network.

(17) Reduce participative plenary meetings (face-to-face or electronically media-ted) to a minimum on the grounds of expense.

(18) Encourage links via butt-trips, ego-trips, perfectionism-trips, power-trips, etc.,at network expense.

(19) Encourage in-fighting among nodes for subcluster participation and againstother subclusters in the network.

(20) Encourage constant turnover of node representatives to minimize learningand continuity.

Note : Consideration should also be given to the points noted in : A. J. Judge. Wreckingan international project 114 notes from a saboteur's vade mecum. InternationalAssociations, 24, 1972, 10, pp. 487-490.

1. Michael Haas. Types of asymmetry in social and political systems. In: GeneralSystems (Yearbook the Society for General Systems Research). 12. 1967. pp.

69-79.2. John Gall. Systemantics; how systems work and especially how they fall. New

York, Pocket Books, 1977.

3. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases. Geneva, WHO,1967.

4. Yearbook of World Problems and Human Potential. Brussels, Union of Internation-al Associations and Mankind 2000, 1976.

5. A. J. Judge. Tensed networks; balancing and focusing network dynamics in re-sponse to networking diseases. Transnational Associations, 30, 1978, 11. pp.480-485


References

WHY SYSTEMS FAILAND PROBLEMS SPROUT ANEW- review of the principles of « Systemantics »

identified in a recent book of that name (*)

At last those concerned with socialchange have a basic textbook to explainwhy « things generally are indeed notworking very well » despite our many ef-forts. As is remarked on the cover :« Have you ever wondered why the un-sinkable Titanic sank... or the poor in In-dia eat better bread than the rich in Am-erica... or hospital patients are blamed fornot getting well... or why, in general,things that don't work badly don't work atail ? » Similar questions are of deep con-cern to those working in international or-ganizations.

The author. John Gall, explains his pointof departure in the following words ;« The religious person may blame it on.original sin. The historian may cite theforce of trends such as populationgrowth and industrialization. The sociol-ogist offers reasons rooted in the pecu-liarities of human associations. Reform-ers blame it alt on « the system » andpropose new systems that would, theyassert, guarantee a brave new world ofjustice, peace, and abundance. Every-one, it seems, has his own idea of whatthe problem is and how it can be cor-rected. But all agree on one point- thattheir own system would work very well ifonly it were universally adopted.The point of view espoused in this essayis more radical and at the same timemore pessimistic. Slated as succinctlyas possible: the fundamental problemdoes not lie in any particular system butrather in systems as such. Salvation, if itis attainable at all, even partially, is tobe sought in a deeper understanding ofthe ways of systems, not simply in a cri-ticism of the errors of a particular sys-tem ». (page 16)

Gall's book takes the reader step by stepthrough a series of explanations neces-

(*) John Gall. Systemantics; how systemswork... and especially how they fail. NewYork, Pocket Books, 1978 («Selected by11 Book Clubs ").

(**) Awarded the Noble Prize in 1977 by theAssociation for the Promotion of Humour inInternational Affairs.

sary to an appropriate understanding of« how systems work... and especially howthey fail » (the subtitle of the book). Foras he says « men do not yet understandthe basic laws governing the behaviour ofcomplex organizations ». Some of the ax-ioms that he has so cleverly grouped to-gether have been known to us or haveformed the subject of secret suspicionswe have shared in confidence with closefriends. But here we find these mattersbrought into the open at last in « a firstapproach » to a systematic exposition ofthe fundamental principles - the first at-tempt " to deal with the cussedness ofsystems in a fundamental, logical way, bygetting at the basic rules of their behav-iour ».

He cites with humble gratitude the giantswho paved the way for his efforts :- Murphy : « If anything can go wrong, itwill ». Korzybski, author of General Se-mantics, who contributed: «a vaultingeffort at a comprehensive explanation ofWhy Things Don't Work"; and not for-getting Potter, author of One-upman-ship; nor Parkinson (**), author of Par-kinson's Law and other studies in ad-ministration, whose central premisewas that « Work expands to fill the timeavailable » : nor Peter, author of The Pe-ter Principle : that « People are promot-ed up to the level at which they functionincompetently ».

« Systemantics » is such an essentialwork for those working in (and especiallywith) international organizations that it isimportant that they should not be discou-raged by any belief that it is primarilyconcerned with matters outside their

frame of reference. For this reason we listbelow the « Basic Systems Axioms, etc. «from the book with indications as to how(in the reviewer's opinion) they relate tothe domain of international organizationsin particular (rather than to the full rangeof systems created by humans, for suchis the wide applicability of the author'sinsights). It is however essential to readthe text to gain a full understanding ofthe application of these principles and allthe consequences resulting from them.

Gall's Basic SystemsAxioms

1. Systems in general work poorly or notat all

This is almost self-evident to those with any experience with the internationalsystem, its sub-systems, or with effortsto set up world-wide systems to solve keyworld problems. Practitioner's would un-doubtedly feel more at home with one ofhis alternative formulations : Nothingcomplicated works.

2. New systems generate new problems

This principle, known to many of us, hasnever been admitted by international or-ganizations. It is always assumed (ordesperately hoped) that a new systemwill eliminate more problems than it gen-erates - and that the latter, if present, willbe the responsibility of some other organ-ization or department. Gall is able todemonstrate that the new situation is infact much worse than the old becausepeople come to rely on the system's sup-posed ability to eliminate problems.


3, Systems operate by redistributing an-ergy into different forms and Into accu-mulations of different sizesWith a brilliant stroke of genius the au-thor was able to deduce from the previ-ous principle that the total problem com-plex facing the human community is un-changed by organized intervention - theproblems merely change their form, theirdistribution and their relative importance,namely that : The total amount of anergyin the universe is fixed. The new term" anergy " is defined as « any state orcondition of the universe, or any portionof it, that requires the expenditure of hu-man effort or ingenuity to bring it into linewith human desires, needs, or plea-sures »... namely a problem. In his ownexplorations of these fundamental ques-tions the reviewer has noted that :« Frequently a social problem can be el-iminated to the satisfaction of all con-cerned (from the electorate to the poli-cy-maker) by eliminating the particularset of symptoms by which it was re-cognized and which gave rise to the callfor remedial action. Action of this kindmerely ensures that a new set of symp-toms emerges in some other social do-main. The new set may well be con-sidered more acceptable or may be lesseasy to focus on as the basis for an ef-fective campaign for remedial action.Some time will also be required beforethe new set of symptoms can be effec-tively recognized. It may in fact be verydifficult for an organization to see thatits programmes merely displace a prob-lem into the jurisdiction of some otherbody - whose own actions will eventual-ly result in the problem being displacedback again or into the jurisdiction of athird body. (Institutions may deliberatelymove problems through a network of ju-risdictions as a way of legitimating theirown continued existence.) Such dis-. placement may be difficult to detect be-cause one set of symptoms may be ap-parent in legislation (e.g. legal discri-mination), but when eliminated may thentake on an economic character (e.g. ec-onomic discrimination), which if elimi-nated may then take on a social charac-ter (e.g. social discrimination), and thena cultural character, etc. Such displace-ment chains may loop back on them-selves and develop side chains whichare difficult to detect since each organ-ization is only sensitive to the problem

symptoms in its own domain and con-siders symptoms of the same problem in

other domains to be acceptable or ofsecondary importance (1).

To the extent that this is correct, it is cer-tainly difficult to establish that the under-

lying problem matrix has been reducedby « success » with a particular problem.

4. Systems tend to grow, and as theygrow, they encroach

Here again those familiar with interna-tional agencies have been exposed to amultitude of cases of encroachment byone agency (or more) on another. As Ha-san Ozbekhan put it with regard to sub-systems, during an OECD Symposium onLong-range Forecasting and Planning :« In every instance we might name, thesame dynamics appear to be at work: areflexive attempt on the part of each ma-jor institution to expand its planning overthe space of the whole system... This al-most subconsciously motivated attempt,that of a sector to expand over the wholespace of the system in its own particularterms and in accordance with its ownparticular outlooks and traditions, com-pounds the problem by further fragmen-ting the wholeness of the system » (2).Gall suggests that the above principleshould be extended to : Systems tend toexpand to fill the known universe. Knownto them, might be an appropriate qualifi-er. And indeed one may suspect thatmany international organizations consid-er that they have a right to preoccupythemselves with any problem known tothem in whatever domain, irrespective ofany other organization's actions. Thishas been remarked with respect to prac-titioners of disciplines : « It would be rareindeed if a representative of any one ofthese disciplines did not feel that his ap-proach to a particular organizational

problem would be very fruitful, if not themost fruitful » (3).

5. Complex systems exhibit unpredic-table beheviour

Many strange tales circulate within theinternational community concerning pec-uliar happenings which are treated asnormal, and inconsistencies which areaccepted without a qualm. At the timethis is being written, for example, there isa proposal for a full UN General Assemblydebate on UFOs (*) following an exten-sive debate in 1977 by the UN SpecialPolitical Communittee. If it is accepted,more time will have been given to thematter than has ever been given to inter-national NGOs (**). It would indeed havebeen difficult to predict such behaviour in1976 (Is one to assume that UFOs aremore visible, or less obscure entities,within UN circles - namely that UFOshave greater political impact ? Or that theUN finds it safer to debate extra-terrestri-al rather than terrestrial matters - espe-cially since there seems little danger ofpressure group action from the group inquestion ? Or are Member States dis-mayed at the UFOs fulsome demonstra-tion of the transnational spirit - in theirapparent disregard for the sacred boun-daries of sovereign States ? Or perhapsit is the « proliferation - of UFOs which istroubling the UN, as in its dealings withNGOs ?)

6. Complex systems tend to opposetheir own proper functionOtherwise known as Le Chatelier's Princ-iple, this has been described by StaffordBeer as follows :

» Reformers, critics of institutions, con-sultants in innovation, people in sortwho « want to get something done », of-ten fail to see this point They cannot


understand why their strictures, adviceor demands do not result in effective

change. They expect either to achieve ameasure of success in their own termsor to be flung off the premises. But anultrastable system (like a social institu-

tion)... has no need to react in either ofthese ways. It specializes in equilibrialreadjustment, which is to the observer asecret form of change requiring no ac-tual alteration in the macro-systemiccharacteristics that he is trying to do

something about » (4).Gall himself considers it to be a manifes-tation of a widespread phenomenonknown as « administrative encircle-

ment », whereby, for example, the admin-istrators « whose original purpose was tokeep track of writing supplies for the pro-fessors, now have the upper hand and sit

in judgment on their former masters ».

7. People in systems do not do what thesystem says they are doing

It has long been evident to those con-cerned with the international system thatthe people in the agencies are not en-gaged in action to remedy world prob-lems - as the systems would claim - butrather in administrative preoccupationswhose relationship to such problems maybe remarkably tenuous. As Gall says,- the larger and more complex the sys-tem, the less the resemblance betweenthe true function and the name it bears ».

8. A function performed by a larger sys-tem is not operationally identical to thefunction of the same name performed bya smaller system.

Gall explains this with the problem of ob-taining a fresh apple. The larger andmore complex the delivery system, theless likely it is that the apple will be asfresh as if picked from the garden by one-self. From which he deduces a point ofthe utmost importance for internationalaction, and for the new world order,namely that most of the things we humanbeings desire are nonsystems things -but the system has other goals and otherpeople in mind.

9. The real world is whatever is reportedto the system

This is a point which has been exploredin depth by Kenneth Boulding in his fa-mous book « The Image - (5). Reality be-

comes the image of reality, however po-orly it is represented. There are many ex-amples of this within the internationalsystem which has a remarkable capacityfor « discovering " some new principle ortruth long after it has been current in the-wider society. As Gall remarks: «tothose within a system, the outside realitytends to pale and disappear ». Thisweakness is reinforced, perhaps deliber-ately, by the system's complex reportingprocedure - which is often so cumber-some that it is always able to claim plain-tively « we were not informed », in caseswhen it did not want to be informed. Galldescribes a significant breakthrough bywhich the « amount of reality » reachingan administrative officer can be indicatedwith precision.

10. Systems attract systems people

Not only, as argued above, do the inter-national systems isolate those who workwithin them by (a) feeding them a distort-ed and partial version of the externalworld, and (b) giving them the illusion ofpower and effectiveness, they also at-tract people with attributes for successwithin the system (irrespective of theproblems with which it is supposedlyconcerned), or who are able to thrive par-asitically at the expense of the system.Gall goes to the heart of the matter whenhe points out that only the ancient Egyp-tians had a solution to this problem :each job was represented by two people- the honorary officeholder, and the actu-al executive.

11. The bigger the system, the narrowerand more specialized the interface with,individuals

The irony of the opening words of the UNCharter has often been pointed out in

this context (« We the peoples... »). Gallargues that in - very large « systems, therelationship is not with people but withsocial security and sundry other num-bers. But in really large systems, there isno relationship at all. What hope wouldthere be with a « world government " ora new world order when the « people or-ganizations - are those most neglectedby such large systems.

12. A complex system cannot be« made » to work; it either works or it do-esn't

There is still a widespread belief that acomplex international system can bemade to work by appropriately tinkeringwith its components and their linkages.New factions are constantly putting for-ward claims that they know how to makeit work. A lot of hope is put into the pos-sibility that one of them may be lucky - alot of time is also wasted in anticipationof such an improbable event.

13. A simple system may or may notwork

Those simple systems that work withinthe international community are « rareand precious additions to the armamen-tarium of human technology. They shouldbe treasured ». Unfortunately, Gall notes,they are often characterized by instabilityrequiring special skill in their operation.Replacing « the crazy genius in asmoked-filled attic » by a computer pro-gram to handle some complex schedulingjob may lead to a very expensive disas-ter.

14. If a system is working, leave it atoneGall notes that «Although many of theworld's frustrations are rooted in the mal-functions of complex systems, it is im-portant to remember that some complexsystems actually function ». When thisoccurs, « humble thanks » should beoffered.

15. A complex system that works is in-variably found to have evolved from asimple system that works

See under point 16.


16. A complex system designed fromscratech never works and cannot bepatched up to make it work; you have tostart over, beginning with a working sim-ple system.

The author claims to have searched dili-gently for exceptions to these two ax-ioms but without success: «The Leagueof Nations? No. The United Nations?Hardly, Nevertheless, the conviction per-sist among some that a working com-plex system will be found somewhere tohave been established de novo, fromscratch ». There is still hope for the NewInternational Economic Order.

17. In complex systems, malfunction andeven total nonfunction may not be de-tectable for long periods, if ever.Again those familiar with internationalagencies will not be surprised by this.Major international programmes haveoperated for decades before beingproved a complete failure. On a muchsmaller scale there is the delightful storyof the office tucked away in a major ag-ency which for many years prepared peri-odic issues of a « current bibliography »with regular budgetary approval. No pro-vision had ever been made, however, forthe publication and distribution of thesuccessive issues prepared and no onewas aware of the work done, or made anyuse of it.

13. Large complex systems are beyondhuman capacity to evaluateIn support of this Gall cites C W Church-man : « In general, we can say that thelarger the system becomes, the more theparts interact, the more difficult it is tounderstand environmental constraints,the more obscure becomes the problemof what resources should be made avail-able, and deepest of all, the more difficultbecomes the problem of the legitimatevalues of the system » (6).

19. A system that performs a certainway will continue to operate in that wayregardless of the need or of changedconditions.

The inertia of large bureaucracies is awell-recognized phenomenon. This doesnot prevent their advocates from believ-ing that such agencies are well able toadjust rapidly to changing circumstances-to a crisis of multiple crises, for exam-ple. Donald Schon has drawn attention tothe fact that many organizations arememorials to old problems.

20. Systems develop goals of their ownthe instant they come into being.And such goals can be only indirectly re-lated to those for which the system wasestablished. This is a reason to be con-cerned with plans to create a world gov-ernment to solve problems we have notbeen able to handle nationally. Biggersystems do not necessarily lead to bettersolutions.

21. Intrasystem goals come first

Gall notes: «The reader who mastersthis powerful axiom can readily compre-hend why the United Nations recently su-spended, for an entire day, its efforts atdealing with drought, détente, and desertoil, in order to debate whether UN em-ployees should continue to ride first classon airplanes ». There are other, and morebiting, examples of this point.

22. Complex systems usually operate infailure mode

Clearly the more complex the system, themore probable it is that some parts willbe under repair, « unavailable », or onholiday. The appropriate question is thennot how an international agency ought tofunction, but how it actually functions inthe normal absence of some parts (espe-cially during the holiday months June toSeptember, for example, or before theend of the post-prandial coffee break).This corresponds to the reviewer's in-sight, following a recent visit to a deve-loping country, that we should primarilybe concerned with inter-system condi-tions, namely those not covered by work-ing systems for whatever reason. Organ-ized chaos can be most instructive, parti-cularly as a model for the post-petroleumepoch.

23. A complex system can fail in an infi-nite number of waysThose who recognize the possibility offailure cannot hope to design effectively"against it as has been shown time andagain. It might almost be said that suchsystems generate new methods of failure

and educate people into increasing ac-ceptance of them. In fact the internationalsystem may be characterized by the con-trast between the extraordinarily high ex-pectations of those who do not know itslimitations and the extraordinarily low ex-pectations of those who do.

24. The mode of failure of a complex

system cannot ordinarily be predicted.Donald Schon pointed out that the insti-tutional complex that is supposed to con-tain the problem complex is in fact al-ways out of phase with it. The implicationis that a completely new approach is re-quired, relying heavily on a network ofbodies so constituted that it can rapidlyrestructure itself in response to any newproblem configuration. The current insti-tutional heavy artillery is just not suffi-ciently manoeuverable in a moving battlein difficult terrain.

25. The crucial variables are discoveredby accident

Gall points out that the moment an insti-tution is established to research into anew problem we are immediately facedwith all the systems characteristics notedabove. It is seemingly impossible for thesystem to achieve its goal - unless thereis a « happy accident » of which there aremany well-known examples (e.g. the dis-covery of nylon). In fact the crucial var-iables tend to be discovered by thosewith the » wrong » education, the« wrong » institutional framework and us-ually without intending to do so. Perhapsthis is a good reason for encouraging aproliferation of organizations withstrange preoccupations.

Hazards of system building

1. You identify with your system. It cost you blood to build it, and il it is attacked, it is your blood that Isbeing shed.You cannot tolerate tentative ness, suspension of judgment, or anything that does not (it the system.

3. You cannot apprehend anyone else's system unless It supports yours.4. You believe that other systems are based on selected data.5. Commitment to systems other than your own is fanaticism.

6. You come to believe that your system entitles you to proprietorship of the entities within it.7. Since humor involves incongruity, and your system explains all seeming Incongruities, you lose your

8. You lose you humility.

9. You accept all those points - Insofar as they apply to builders of other systems.10. So do I. (P.S. I hope I believe in the cult of fallibility)

MATTHEW MELKO, SYSTEM BUILDER(Offered to participants at the Foundation for Integrative Education Conference, Oswego, New York, Au-gust 1969; reproduced in Main Currents in Modem Thought, vol. 26. no. 2)

26. The larger the system, the greaterthe possibility of unexpected failureThose concerned with a new world order,or the possibility of world governmentmust face up to this.

27. « Success « or « function » in any sys-tem may be failure in the larger or small-er systems to which it is connected

This is a most important point for thosewho rely on the indicators designed, andprovided, for the system they work in.However successful it may appear, orhowever much progress is regularly re-ported, the system may in fact merely befunctioning as a problem reprocessingmachine. Such machines take in prob-lems of one type and transform them intoproblems of another type (by « solving »them). The new problems are not per-ceived as such, however, because theyare carefully designed to be undetectableto the indicators of significance to thesystem. Alternatively they may be so wellpackaged and labelled that they are evenclaimed as positive contributions to so-ciety.

28. When a fail-safe system fails, it failsby failing to fail safe.This is of course a point which has beenwell-recognized by those involved in theinternational campaign against nuclearenergy and weaponry. But it can also ap-ply to bureaucratic procedures with spe-cial escape clauses to safeguard againstfailure to deal with (urgent) humanitariancases.

29. Complex systems tend to producecomplex responses (not solutions) toproblems.

World problems have given rise to verycomplex legal and instrumental re-sponses, but it is certainly not clear thatremedial action is achieving its aims - atleast if one looks beyond the literatureput out by public relations departmentsor the documents governed by the bu-reaucratic « positive/optimistic » stand-ard of reporting (with appropriate sup-pression of inconvenient facts).

30. Great advances are not produced bysystems designed to produce great ad-vances.This follows from point 25. Gall pointsout : « Systems can do many things, butone thing they emphatically cannot do isto solve problems. This is because prob-lem-solving is not a systems-functionand there is no satisfactory systems-ap-proximation to the solution of a problem.A system represents someone's solutionto a problem. The system does not solve

Photo C.G.T./Esterhazy

the problem. Yet, whenever a particularproblem is large enough and puzzlingenough to be considered a capital « P »Problem, men rush in to solve it by meansof a System ». The international problem-solving institutions, existing or proposed,cannot be taken seriously until the impli-cations of this point are examined. Gallnotes that the solutions usually comefrom bodies whose qualifications wouldnever satisfy a selection committee. Ifthis is the case, and many examples areavailable, what sort of international ne-twork of bodies is required ?

31. Systems aligned with human motiva-tional vectors will sometimes work; sys-tems opposing such vectors work poorlyor not at all.

There are already a number of examplesof powerful international agency informa-tion systems that have failed becausethey ran up against the real priorities andinterests of those they were designed toserve.

32. Loose systems last longer and workbetter

Gall points out that efficient systems aredangerous to themselves and to otherswhether they survive, attempt to survive,or fail. The notion of a « loose system » ofcourse approximates the current tenta-tive understanding of a network. How tofacilitate network action and networkbuilding is something that is regularly ex-

plored in these columns. A breakthroughis needed.

In conclusionThe book is fun but also challenging tothe reader who is constantly faced withthe question «Just how true is this infact? -, given the examples cited by theauthor or known to the reader. That thereis an underlying profundity is difficult todeny.Having been engaged in the productionof a Yearbook of World Problems andHuman Potential (7), this consequentlyprovoked reflection on the difficulties ofdesigning an adequate response to suchproblems. This resulted in the productionof a document on The Limits to HumanPotential (1 ) which also attempted tograpple with some of the issues so suc-cessfully itemized by Gall. Further workon the constraints to action by the inter-national community is required so thatless reliance is placed up on out-datedstructures, and more adequate ones canbe designed.

(*) Unidentified Flying Objects (e.g. « flyingsaucers »)(**) Nongovernmental Organizations.

1. Limits to Human Potential. Brussels, Makind 2000, 1976. (Partially reproduced in

International Associations, 28, 1976, 1O, pp. 444-6; 29, 1977,4, pp. 147-150).

2. Hasan Ozbokhan, Toward a general theory of planning. In : Perspective of Plan-ning. Paris, OECD, 1969, pp. 83-84.

3. R.L Ackoff. Systems, organizations, and Interdisciplinary research. General Sys-tems, 1960, vol. 5.

4. Stafford Beer. The cybernetic cytoblast - management itself. Chairman's Addressto the International Cybernetics Congress, September 1969,

5. Kenneth Boulding. The Image. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 1956.

6. C. West Churchman. The Systems Approach. New York : Dell Publishing Co, 1968,P. 77.

7. Yearbook of World Problems and Human Potential. Brussels, Union of Internation-al Associations and Mankind 2000, 1976,1136 pages.


References

To complement the « Systemantics » pers-pective of Gall, it is appropriate to note theexistence of a charming publication by aprofessor of international economics. CarloM Cipolla (Via Montebello Delia Battaglia 4,27100 Pavia, Italy). The editors are indeb-ted to the network of the Association for thePromotion of Humour in International Affai-res for informing us of its existence. It hasbeen privately printed under the followingtitle:

The Basic Lawsof Human Stupidity (1)« Human affairs are admittedly in adeplorable state. This, however, is nonovelty. As far back as we can see,human affairs have always been in adeplorable state... After Darwin we knowthat we share our origin with the lowermembers of the animal kingdom, andworms as well as elephants have to bear

their daily share of trials, predicaments,and ordeals. Human beings, however, areprivileged in so far as they have to bearan extra load - an extra dose of tribula-tions originated daily by a group of peo-ple within the human race itself. This... isan unorganized unchartered group whichhas no chief, no president, no bylaws andyet manages to operate in perfect unison,as if guided by an invisible hand, in sucha way that the activity of each memberpowerfully contributes to strenghten andamplify the effectiveness of the activity ofall other members. The nature, characterand behaviour of the members of thisgroup are the subject of the followingpages » (p. 5).Cipolla's Five Basic Laws are :1. Always and inevitably everyone unde-

restimates the number of stupid indi-viduals in circulation.

2. The probability that a certain personbe stupid is independent of any othercharacteristic of that person (2).

3. A stupid person is a person who cau-ses losses to another person or to agroup of persons while himself deri-ving no gain and even possibly incur-ring losses.

4. Non-stupid people always underesti-mate the damaging power of stupidindividuals. In particular non-stupidpeople constantly forget that at all-times and places and under any cir-cumstances to deal and/or associatewith stupid people infallibly turns outto be a costly mistake.

5. A stupid person is the most dange-rous type of person.

Unfortunately, Cipolla fails to considerhow the world would function without« stupid people «. For without the pro-blems they create, there would benothing for the « non-stupid » people todo. Every action requires an equal andopposite reaction ! •

(1) Carlo M Cipolla. The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity. Bologna, The Mad Millers(Imola, Italy, Grafiche Galeati) 1976, 30 p. (contact author at address above).

(2) The author demonstrates that stupidity is an Indiscriminate privilege of all humangroups, irrespective of race, class, creed or level of education (including Nobellaureates). It Is uniformly distributed according to a constant proportion. Henotes : " The underdeveloped of the Third World will probably take solace at theSecond Basic Law as they can find in it the proof that after all the developed are not so developed".


ADDENDUM

Photo ACL

La position de la Commission internationalede juristes

Nous continuons ici la publication du dossier des diverses interventions au Comité du Conseiléconomique et social des Nations-Unies chargé des organisations non-gouvernementales, enprésentant l'exposé de la Commission internationale de juristes dont un des enquêteurs, M.Rodolfo MATAROLLO a été récusé par le gouvernement argentin dans sa mission ayant trait àla violation des Droits de l'Homme en Amérique latine en général et en Argentine en particulier.Nous reviendrons à cet important sujet associatif dans notre editorial en ce qui nous regarde, àsavoir, en dehors du fond de la question, le droit de critique des associations (OING) dansl'exercice du statut consultatif, un droit qui sera considéré au chapitre de la participation denotre Forum de 1980.

En ma qualité de Président du Comitéexécutif de la Commission internationalede juristes (CIJ), j'ai l'honneur de sou-mettre le présent exposé en réponse àune lettre adressée au Secrétaire géné-ral par le Gouvernement argentin deman-dant que le Comité chargé des organisa-tions non gouvernementales (du Conseiléconomique et social) détermine « si laCommission internationale de juristess'est rendue passible du retrait ou de lasuspension de son statut consultatif ».

Inquiétudes dont le Gouvernementargentin a fait part au Secrétairegénéral

1. La CIJ a autorisé M. Rodolfo Matta-rollo à parler en son nom à la séance dela Sous-Commission de la lutte contreles mesures discriminatoires et de la pro-tection des minorités qui s'est tenue le19 août 1976 à Genève. La lettre del'Argentine prétend que M. Mattarollo,« inspiré par des motifs politiques, a déli-bérément attaqué le Gouvernementargentin, comme on peut le constater enlisant le compte rendu de son interven-tion ». La lettre ajoute que M. Mattarollo aprononcé « un discours plein d'allusionspolitiques qui visait... à obtenir unecondamnation du Gouvernement argen-tin » et que la CIJ ne pouvait ignorer « àquel groupe terroriste appartient l'ora-teur».2. Il est également dit dans la lettre que- la CIJ... présente un commentaireinexact de la décision 227 (LXIl) duConseil économique et social selonlequel celle-ci aurait été proposée par

* Toutes les pièces jointes se trouvent àla Section des organisations non gouver-nementales (économique et social) duSecrétariat de l'ONU

l'Argentine et adoptée avec l'appui decertains pays de l'Est ».

L'intervention de la CIJ devant laSous-Commission a été faite à unmoment où les violations flagrantesdes droits de l'homme dans le trian-gle méridional de l'Amérique latinesuscitaient une grave préoccupa-tion

Avant de répondre à chacune de cesallégations dont, soit dit en passant, lebien-fondé n'a pas été établi et qui nereposent nullement sur des faits réels, ilconvient de signaler à l'attention duComité le vif intérêt que la CIJ portedepuis 1974 aux violations des droits del'homme dans le triangle méridional de*l'Amérique latine.Depuis ses dernières interventions, la CIJa décrit dans le rapport sur ses activités(E/C.2/R.49/Add.48) les missionsenvoyées dans cette région et les étudess'y rapportant, dont la liste est la sui-vante :1. « Repport final de la mission au Chilid'avril 1974, chargée d'étudier le régimejuridique et la protection des droits del'homme »; mission de la Commissioninternationale de juristes au Chili, endate du 29 janvier 1975, et supplémentau rapport susmentionné intitulé « Arres-tations et détentions, et liberté de l'infor-mation au Chili »; septembre 1976. PièceA*.2. Rapport de la mission de la Commis-sion internationale de juristes en Uru-guay, avril-mai 1974; suppléments aurapport susmentionné sur l'Uruguaydatés de janvier 1975 (non disponible) etjanvier 1976. Pièce B.3. « La situation des conseils de ladéfense en Argentine »; mars 1975.Pièce C.4. « L'application en Amérique latine des

déclarations et des conventions interna-tionales sur le droit d'asile »; septembre1975. Pièce D.

Inquiétudes exprimées par la Sous-Commission à sa vingt-neuvièmesession

On se rappellera qu'en août 1976, laSous-Commission a pris plusieurs initia-tives d'un type nouveau pour la protec-tion des droits de l'homme. La questiondes réfugiés était encore une fois au pre-mier plan des préoccupations des mem-bres de la Sous-Commission, comme ellel'a été pour nous depuis de longuesannées. Dans le numéro de décembre1976 de The Review (No 17), nous avonsfait les remarques suivantes:" C'est aussi sur les réfugiés qu'a portéessentiellement une résolution relative àl'Argentine. La Sous-Commission, quiavait exprimé sa profonde inquiétudedevant les rapports concernant la situa-tion générale en matière de droits del'homme en Argentine, a recommandé enparticulier que le rapport de 1976 duHaut Commissaire pour les réfugiés soittransmis à la Commission des droits del'homme à sa prochaine session enmême temps que tout renseignementsupplémentaire que le Haut Commissairepourrait avoir sur des faits nouveauxintéressant les questions mentionnéesdans la résolution. La résolution, bienque fort brève et évitant toute forme decondamnation, a causé semble-t-il pas-sablement d'inquiétude au Gouverne-ment argentin; des membres de la Sous-Commission se sont plaints d'avoir étésoumis à des pressions diplomatiques dela part de représentants argentins ausujet de la résolution et ils ont annoncéqu'ils prendraient des mesures à la ses-sion suivante pour empêcher que cela nese reproduise à l'avenir».


Dossier ONU-ONG

Dossier ONU-ONG UN-NGO dossier

Convergence des préoccupationsde la CIJ et de celles du Haut Com-missaire des Nations Unies pour lesréfugiés

Pendant la période considérée (1974-1976), le Haut Commissaire des NationsUnies pour les réfugiés a fait état, dansplusieurs rapports destinés à son comitéexécutif et à l'Assemblée générale desNations Unies, de la gravité des viola-tions des principes de l'asile et du non-refoulement qui se produisaient dans denombreuses régions du monde.Eu égard à l'existence de ces rapports età d'autres encore, le Comité exécutif dela CIJ a entrepris, en mars 1975, l'étudede la manière dont les conventions relati-ves à l'asile sont appliquées en Amériquelatine. Ce rapport contenait de nombreu-ses références à la situation qui régnaitalors en Argentine (voir pièce D, p. 19).

M. Rodolfo Mattarollo devant laSous-Commission à sa vingt-neu-

vième session

C'est dans cette atmosphère caractéri-sée par les inquiétudes ressenties auniveau de la communauté internationaledevant la situation concernant les droitsde l'homme en Amérique latine que laCIJ, en 1976, a autorisé M. Rodolfo Mat-tarollo à prendre la parole en son nomdevant la Sous-Commission sur la ques-tion de la répression légale et illégaledans le triangle méridional de l'Amériquelatine.M. Mattarollo, eminent juriste argentin,était et est encore membre de la Com-

mission argentine pour les droits del'homme, organisation non gouverne-mentale respectée, à but non lucratif, quiœuvre pour la défense des droits del'homme en Argentine (pièce E). Cettecommission a maintenant des représen-tants permanents à Genève, Rome, Paris,Mexico et Washington, D.C.Le secrétaire général de la CIJ et ses col-laborateurs ont soigneusement établi al'avance avec M. Mattarollo le texte deson intervention. Celle-ci reflétait parfai-tement les vues de la position de la Com-mission internationale de juristes.

Commentaire concernant la décla-ration de M. Mattarollo et son droit àprendre la parole au nom de la CIJ

Après avoir relu ces derniers jours ladéclaration de M. Mattarollo, je suisamené à faire les observations suivantes:

1. La déclaration elle-même est une des-cription des violations des droits del'homme, en termes très généraux, tellesqu'elles se sont produites en 1976 dansl'ensemble du triangle méridional del'Amérique latine,2. Elle n'accuse aucun pays particulierde violations des droits de l'homme.3. Les faits et les allégations qui y figu-rent coïncident exactement avec nosimpressions en ce qui concerne les droitsde l'homme, ou leur absence, dans cettepartie du monde à ce moment-là.4. Il convient de signaler que la déclara-tion elle-même révèle clairement que M.Mattarollo était membre de la Commis-

sion argentine pour les droits de l'hommeet qu'il a parlé, en cette occasion, au nomde la CIJ.La CIJ n'a pas coutume de demander àdes experts indépendants de la repré-senter devant la Sous-Commission. Jecrois que la vingt-neuvième session de laSous-Commission a été la seule occa-sion où nous ayons désigné commeporte-parole quelqu'un qui n'était pasmembre de notre personnel. Pour autantque nous le sachions, il n'existe pas derègle exigeant qu'un porte-parole soitmembre du personnel de l'organisationen cause, mais si une telle règle est éta-blie nous sommes tout à fait disposés àla respecter.Comme personne n'a fait objection àl'époque à l'intervention de M. Mattarollodevant la Sous-Commission, nous trou-vons très surprenant que cette questionsoit soulevée à l'heure actuelle. La seulepreuve à l'appui de l'allégation selonlaquelle M. Mattarollo serait membred'une organisation terroriste internatio-nale est une déclaration vague d'un quel-conque journaliste rapportant des oui-dire que rien ne vient confirmer, déclara-tion qui a paru dans un article publié septmois plus tard (mars 1977) dans unmagazine ayant pour titre « EconomistLimited - Foreign Report ».Nous répétons que nous n'avions pasalors, pas plus que nous n'avons mainte-nant, connaissance de ce que M. Matta-rollo soit un terroriste ou qu'il soit affilié àune organisation terroriste comme le pré-tend le Gouvernement argentin, En fait,nous confirmons la décision que nousavons prise à l'époque et nous donnonsnotre appui à l'œuvre de la Commissionargentine pour les droits de l'homme àlaquelle M. Mattarollo est de toute évi-dence encore affilié (voir communicationrécente avec M. Mattarollo, datée du 23décembre 1977). Pièce F.Selon une autre allégation du Gouverne-ment argentin, M. Mattarollo auraitessayé de demander l'application desConventions de Genève de 1949 «àl'égard d'une bande de malfaiteurs quiont pris le maquis ». Il suffît de dire quel'application des Conventions de Genèvedans les pays où sévit un grave conflitinterne a été acceptée par de nombreu-ses nations du monde, y compris le Chili.

Commentaires de la CIJconcernant la décision 227 (LXIl)du Conseil économique et social

L'autre point soulevé par le représentantde l'Argentine dans sa lettre appelle deséclaircissements. Selon lui. en effet, laCIJ aurait présenté dans sa publicationThe Review (Bo 18) un commentaireinexact de la décision 227 (LXII) duConseil économique et social. Nous pré-sumons que le représentant de l'Argen-


Photo : French Embassy, Brussels - Saint-Vincent de Paul " La Salpetrière »

Dossier ONU-ONG UN-NGO dossier

Photo : International Communications Service

tine se réfère au paragraphe qui figure àla page 27 du No 18 de The Review etqui se lit comme suit :« Au cours du débat général sur les viola-tions flagrantes des droits de l'homme,un certain nombre d'organisations nongouvernementales ont présenté commetémoins des personnalités qui ont fait enleur nom des interventions oralesconcernant les violations qui se seraientproduites dans leurs pays, en particulierau Chili et en Argentine. Ceci a amenél'Argentine à protester devant le Comitésocial de l'ONU à New York, ces inter-ventions manquant à son avis de l'objec-tivité que l'on devait attendre d'interven-tions d'ONG.Cette pratique a été lancée il y a quel-ques années lorsque Mme Allende a fait,devant la Commission, à New York, uneintervention qui a été bien accueillie.Toutefois, dans le cas présent, la protes-tation de l'Argentine a été appuyée pardes pays d'Europe orientale et d'Améri-que latine notamment, et il sembleraitque l'objection formulée ait été assezconvaincante ».Toutefois, rien dans cet article ne corres-pond à ce qui a été avancé par le Gou-vernement argentin, à savoir que la déci-sion aurait été « proposée par l'Argentineet adoptée avec l'appui de certains paysde l'Est ».Apparemment, le Gouvernement argentin

n'a pas du tout compris te sens de ceparagraphe. Notre article relate simple-ment les commentaires qui ont été faitsau cours du débat général sur l'objecti-vité des ONG et ne se réfère pas àl'adoption de la décision du Conseil éco-nomique et social en la matière. En fait,nous ne sommes pas sans savoir que ladécision 227 (LXII) du Conseil économi-que et social a été adoptée par consen-sus.

Appui apporté par la ClJ aux princi-pes et aux activités des NationsUnies et à la primauté du droit

Dès ses débuts, la Commission interna-tionale de juristes a pris position enfaveur de la Déclaration des droits del'homme et de tous les autres instru-ments internationaux et régionaux inté-ressant les droits de l'homme. Les activi-tés que nous avons déployées au coursdes années montrent que nous noussommes attachés avec persistance àconsidérer la doctrine de la primauté dudroit comme étant la meilleure protectionde la liberté humaine. La description desactivités de la ClJ au cours des quatredernière années, qui a été présentée parnotre secrétaire général au Comitéchargé des organisations non gouverne-mentales du Conseil économique etsocial (Pièce I) illustre amplement la pro-

fondeur et l'envergure de l'intérêt queporte la ClJ à la doctrine de l'équité et del'objectivité et la manière dont elle a sou-tenu cette doctrine.Ses études spéciales, ses communiquésde presse, ses interventions, les obser-vateurs qu'elle a envoyés à diverses réu-nions, les pactes internationaux à larédaction desquels elle a participé, sapublication « The Review» et les nom-breuses fois où elle a prononcé des inter-ventions Ou présenté des mémoiresdevant des organisations nationales etinternationales font de la ClJ une organi-sation bien connue dans le monde entier.En outre, son secrétaire général est Pré-sident du Comité spécial des droits del'homme des ONG à Genève, qui a pré-senté à de nombreuses reprises des étu-des sur diverses questions touchant auxdroits de l'homme dans le but de soutenirl'œuvre de la Commission des droits del'homme et de son secrétariatNous réaffirmons l'appui inébranlableque nous portons à la Charte, à la Décla-ration des droits de l'homme, aux Pactesinternationaux et à tous les autres instru-ments qui concernent la protection desdroits de l'homme et nous sommes prêtsà aider et à informer l'Organisation desNations Unies et ses commissions etautres organes compétents, conformé-ment à la résolution 1296 (XLIV) duConseil économique et social. •


Networks inpublic administrationsome comments on the use of a term

by John Friend and Peter Spink*

This contribution discusses the growing popularity of the idea of « network », especially in publicadministration. A distinction is drawn between the idea of network and the idea of linkage, andit is suggested that ideas such as these should be used with care if they are to be helpful ratherthan misleading in understanding how inter-organisational relations work.

* This article originally first appeared in « Linkage » 3rd edition, July 1978, published by theInstitute for Operational Research, part of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations withwhich the authors are associated.Further information about the « Linkage « Newsletter, may be obtained from : Mrs B.P. Fox,IOR, 4 Copthall House, Coventry CV1 2PP (T. 203/20201).

Networks : An Idea in GoodCurrency

In the world of public administration, theidea of the network has been becomingincreasingly fashionable in recent years.This trend has indeed become an interna-tional one : an observation which one ofus had the chance to confirm, when invi-ted recently to spend a few days takingpart in a conference in the United Stateson the theme of « Administration in thePublic Domain : Issues, Ideas, Inven-tions ». The event was sponsored by theFederal Executive Institute,1 in associa-tion with two North American Universitiesand with the International Institute ofManagement in West Berlin - a bodywhich was able to provide a link with cur-rent thinking in a number of Europeancountries. At this event, il quickly becameapparent that one of the main points ofcommon interest and concern was therole of inter-agency networks in the pro-cesses of government.

Interest in networks has also been strongin general organisational theory, followingsome recent thinking about ways in whichorganisations can respond to turbulentenvironments 2/3 and a consequent growthof interest in inter-organisational rela-tions.4 Donald Schon, in developing thetheme of social innovation in his influentialReith Lectures of 1970,5 has expanded onthis topic by talking of various kinds of" network role " which can facilitate thebuilding of inter-organisational linkage -the facilitator, the network manager, thebroker, the manœuvrer, the undergroundmanager and the systems negotiator.

But what, in the inter-organisationalcontext, does the idea of a « network »imply ? And what are is uses, limitations,pitfalls?

The Idea of a Social NetworkThe current vogue in the use of the word« network », in referring to more fluidforms of relationships in the inter-organi-sational field, can be traced back to theefforts of social anthropologists6 to find away of viewing social relationships at alevel above that of the interaction of oneindividual with another, yet below that of,the wider social configurations of whichthe individual forms a part. In developingthis line of thinking, they were concernedto distinguish between the way in whichthe idea of a network is often invoked asa metaphor, to convey a sense of the com-plexity of social relationships, and themore precise use of the term social net-work to refer to a specific set of linksamongst a defined set of people, with aview to using the characteristics of theselinks, as a whole, to interpret the socialbehaviour of the individuals concerned.The study of such networks, the exchan-ges and transactions which support themand the uses to which they are put, wasseen as an essential step in gettingunderneath the formal description ofsocieties, in order to examine how com-munities function in the day-to-day, andhow patterns of behaviour and socialaction emerge and change.In their essence, social networks are setsof links are sets of links amongst indivi-duals that cut across the boundaries ofthe various categories - such.as groups,families or organisations - within whichthose individuals are usually viewed.Such networks are capable of being des-cribed in terms of characteristics such asthe density of links; the number of linksnecessary to get into contact with some-body (« reachability »); and the number ofdifferent role relations between one per-son and another - sometimes called« multi plexity ».7 The resultant social net-work can be looked on as a scattering of

points connected by lines, where thepoints are persons and the lines are socialrelationship. Within these wider networks,it is possible to view what have been cal-led the « egocentric » or personal net-works of each of the members - the imme-diate links each person has with others,and the links to which he or she hasaccess via contacts of contacts or« friends of friends ».8

The Use of Networks inDecision-MakingIn this newsletter, we have chosen as ourcentral theme the idea of linkage. In usingthis term, we have sought to refer to ageneral phenomenon which shows itselfin many ways. The phenomenon of linkagebetween organisations and between peo-ple - like such physical phenomena asgravity or molecular structure - can bediscovered wherever one chooses to look.It is pervasive; the cumulative outcome ofa process in which people engage formany different purposes and in a variety offorms. At this level, however, the use ofthe term is mainly metaphoric, and in orderto make any more analytical use of theidea in any one setting - such as that ofproviding local community services - it isimportant to develop more detailed para-meters about what one is looking at, whatforms it takes and how these differentforms support, enhance or contrqdict oneanother.In the field of public administration, struc-tural linkage between one organisationand another can be considered as a wayof life. Inter-authority liaison committees,joint planning bodies or project teams arejust some of the more readily identifiablemechanisms which are proliferating in thearena of public decision-making. Theyarise from concerns about issues of co-ordination and joint planning, which in turnreflect a realisation that social and envi-


nonmental concerns themselves have ahabit of being interconnected; a point wehave sought to reflect in our cover designfor this newsletter.

In earlier stages of lOR's work on complexdecision processes, a network techniquewas developed known as AIDA9 to help inexploring the relationships between diffe-rent fields of decision-making concern,expressed as opportunities for choice indecision areas. In practice, it has beenfound that the main value of this kind ofanalysis has been in the way it can focusdebate on the differences of perception tobe found between one person and ano-ther about the nature of the problems theyface, and the extent of the relationshipsbetween them. From an operationalstandpoint, our present research can beseen as an extension of this analysis ofinterdependencies, towards an unders-tanding of the patterns of relations bet-ween people and organisations throughwhich the complex and interrelated pro-blems are addressed.In this process, we have found ourselvesreaching for the concept of social networkas a means of understanding how the lessformal elements of inter-organisationallinkage evolve. We have been able to seehow many of the more formal types of lin-kage between citizens, representatives,administrators and service professionalscan be both helped and hindered, bypas-sed and facilitated, by networking activityin, around and between the more formali-sed structures of linkage within whichpeople work. The idea of network has, inother words, provided us with a form ofmapping which we can place on top of thepattern of organisations upon which themore formal machinery is built. In this way,we have been able to use the analysis ofsocial networks in the inter-organisatio-nal arena as a complement to more tradi-tional methods of organisational analysis- and one which has frequently providedus with the missing element in understan-ding how events have taken certain cour-ses and how individuals have dealt withthe complexities facing them.

Mapping Decision Networks :the Droitwich StudyIn an earlier IOR study of inter-agencyrelations, which focused on the plannedexpansion of the small English town ofDroitwich, we introduced and applied theconcept of a decision network, seen as aspecial form of social network. This wasdefined by focusing on a selected arena ofdecision-making, and then asking keyindividuals certain questions about thoseother « actors » with whom they had inter-acted directly in the course of makingdecisions in this field over a relevantperiod of years. For instance, a Commu-nity Development Officer was asked toidentify those people he had related to inhis concern with mobilising social facili-ties in the town, while an architect wasasked to identify in similar terms his per-

sonal « decision network » in relation tocentral area development, and a housingmanager in relation to the allocation oftenancies. For each other person mentio-ned, the respondent was asked to saywhether the link was on a structural rela-tionship, in the sense that it formed part ofthe expected pattern of formal connec-tions between rotes within the set of orga-nisations involved in the Droitwich expan-sion scheme; or whether, on the otherhand, the making of the link involved someelement of discretion from either side.Each respondent was also asked to iden-tify which of these people were thought toplay an important part in shaping (or res-tricting) the changing mattern of linkswithin the selected arena of concern.In the Droitwich study, the concept of net-work on which the analysis was basedwas not particularly sophisticated, ascompared to some of the studies underta-ken by social anthropologists. The dataobtained from individuals was mainlyconcerned with immediate personal links,and did not include any systematic dis-tinctions between modes or channels ofcommunication, or any structured infor-mation about the key « political resour-ces » of influence, authority or informationon which transactions were seen to bebased. This meant that we were not ableto aggregate the information gleaned onpersonnal networks into pictures of sha-red social networks in any structured way.The information was, nevertheless, extre-mely valuable in allowing us to convey a

crude composite impression of the verycomplex patterns of personal linkage thathad developed within a specific localconfiguration of interacting organisations.This in turn allowed us to illustrate a keydistinction which emerged between theconcept of the decision network - as adevice for describing the more adaptiveaspects of public decision processes -and the complementary idea of the« policy system » - as described morefully on page » of Linkage Two - providesa useful means of mapping the more sta-ble and enduring aspects of decision-making procedure within and betweenorganisations.The results of the Droitwich analysis -which were later tested against compara-ble evidence from other local settings -provided strong support for the proposi-tion that decision networks, with theirinherent flexibility, provide an importantcounterpart to the more stable characte-ristics of formal policy systems; especiallywhen the patterns of relationships bet-ween the problems encountered becomecomplex and unpredictable. However, inthe course of our present research pro-gramme, we have come to make somemodifications to this view; it has becomeincreasingly apparent that such personalnetworks, and the mutual expectationswhich evolve within them, can themselvesprovide important elements of stabilityand continuity when dealing with succes-sive problem situations. They can operatewithin and around the more visible struc-


ture of formal organisational links, in sucha way as to provide individuals with ano-ther, more personal frame of reference ingrappling with a succession of specificproblems which may be unfamiliar, com-plex and difficult to codify in any realisticway. This is a point which is developedmore fully in a later article in this issue ofour newsletter, in which some of the mainfindings from our current programme aredistilled.

Behaviour in NetworksWhile personal networks clearly play animportant role in public decision proces-ses, it is however important to avoid thehasty conclusion that networks whichoperate within and around the more visi-ble mechanisms of linkage should neces-sarily be thought of as a positive supportin seeking more sensitive decisions onmatters of public importance. They arecertainly real- in the sense that they haveeffects-but they can function variously tofacilitate, obstruct, bypass; to create newformal links, destroy old links, build allian-ces, break rules, amend policies, supportfriends, cut off enemies, encourage expe-riment, and obstruct change. They are, inother words, just as much to do with thepractice of power in everyday life as theyare to do with effective communications.The acquisition and management of per-

INBEL

sonal links is an activity which is pursuedby all kinds of people lor all kinds of diffe-rent purposes - each seeking to make hisor her own investment in a developing pat-tern of personal contacts, but workingwithin a wider « market » in which ques-tions of reciprocity are all important. Ifthere is no sense of reciprocity, of mutualexchange, underlying the transactionsbetween the parties, then links are morelikely to wither than to flourish. Someti-mes, however, the exchanges or trade-offs may be subtle and long-term : assis-tance may be offered in current situationagainst an expectation of accumulatedcredit in future. The values of the favoursexchanged may be viewed differently byeach of the people concerned; and theremay be substantial risks or uncertaintiesinvolved in assessing the balance ofmutual advantage. And, especially in thepublic sector, some of the more importantinfluences may be negative : for example,people may be chiefly concerned with thepenalties of being seen not to link withpeople in other organisations with whichcollaboration is publicly valued.It can be the case that pressure for lin-kage leads people to seek to build new,and more widespread, networks throughcomparatively formal initiatives - a trendwhich we shall discuss further in a latersection. At a more local level, it can also

happen that this pressure leads toattempts to recognise formally, and to« institutionalise » the work carried out byexisting networks. Such formal recogni-tion can frequently be counter-productive,for it can have the effect of placing a boun-dary round the net work's membership,thus straining relationships with thoseexcluded. Indeed, it has to be recognisedthat such a move can in turn lead to thedevelopment of new links that can weavein and around those which have nowbecome part of the recognised linkagestructure.Networks are therefore always likely toremain personal things. At the same time,they tend to develop certain propertieswhich can be studied from outside thenetwork itself - and it would be quite mis-leading to think of personal networks asthings which people personally possessor own. Individuals have links with otherswhich they acquire or sometimes inherit,and each of the others also has links -some of which may be in common, somenot - with other « others » and so on.While it is the structure of these linkswhich forms the basis of the network forthe purposes of analysis, it is importantalso to recognise that individuals will holddifferent personal images of what thatstructure of links is and, depending ontheir position in relation to others, of howpeople can be useful or helpful, and howothers can be contacted through them. Itis in this sense that we find the use of theterm personal network helpful in ourresearch studies - it allows us to refer tothe individual's own « map » of the net-work of relations to which he has access,either directly or indirectly.

The Analysis of NetworksThe concept of network can therefore pro-vide an understanding of a particular formof linkage texture; and, through its analy-tical use, it can provide a richer unders-tanding of why certain events may takecertain courses. At the same time, it is aconcept which, we suggest, should beused sparingly and with great care if it isnot to be confused with other forms of lin-kage structure, for which the use of diffe-rent terms may be more appropriate.In this article, we have sought to limit ourown analytical use of the term network tothat element in the wider texture of inter-organisational linkage which consists ofindividual people and the personal rela-tionships they build, through communica-tion and other forms of transactions, withother individuals with whom they share aninvolvement in some specified field ofdecision-making concern. Whether thisfield be broadly or more narrowly definedis a judgement for the researcher, whofaces the difficult task of eliciting informa-tion from a number of individuals - who willoften bring a rich variety of perceptions tobear - and the piecing this informationtogether to form a wider composite pic-ture.


To embark on this kind of process, theresearcher must first establish his or herbearings in relation to the definition of theentities being studied - whether indivi-duals, organisations or roles - and also inrelation to some definition of the forms ofrelationship which are to be consideredrelevant. Then there has to be a strategyfor choosing both where to start the ana-lysis - which individuals to approach forinformation - and also where to stop;should a limited set of people who are ofinterest be identified at the outset of theanalysis, or should the process of inquiryitself define the limits of the search - reco-gnising that no such search can continuefor ever? Inevitably, too, the more theresearcher wishes to build up a compositepicture of the network structure in a rigo-rous way, the more he or she must sacri-fice something of the richness of differentindividual perceptions. A balance there-fore has to be struck - as we found in theDroitwich study - but it is one which willvary from case to case, depending on thefocus of study.

The Growth of LinkageAssociations

Although we find it useful to restrict ourown use of the word network to this morepersonal level of linkage, there are ofcourse many different ways in which theterm is used by others at both the meta-phorical and analytical levels. In particu-lar, one growing form of usage has beenbrought to our attention through the distri-bution of Linkage; this is the use of theterm « network » to describe a new gene-ration of initiatives which are specificallydesigned to transcend particular localsettings of decisionmaking, and toconnect people from different settingswho share a broader interest in learningfrom each others' experiences and expe-riments, in order to equip themselves bet-ter in dealing with the problems of anuncertain and perhaps threatening future.People have, of course, always soughtboth social and psychological supportthrough subscribing to associations ofone kind or another, for example, the pro-fessional society. What appears to be dif-ferent about this new generation of initia-tives is their explicit use of loose structu-ral forms, and their emphasis on inclusionand connection rather than exclusion orprotection.

We ourselves, in publishing Linkage, havebecome involved in an initiative of thiskind. In distributing the newsletter, andgiving readers the opportunity to nomi-nate other recipients, we have embarkedon a process in which we ourselves havehoped to gain in extending the field ofexperience on which our research candraw, while hoping that readers can alsogain in learning something useful in rela-tion to their own various concerns. But we

are by no means the only people involvedin this kind of enterprise : and it is interes-ting to quote from some of the statementsof aims made by others engaged on simi-lar endeavours, with whom the distribu-tion of Linkage has brought us intocontact.

First, we can consider a recent British ini-tiative to launch a loose association ofpeople who share a concern about thestudy of alternative futurs. To quote froman interim constitution of the « FuturesNetwork » published in 1977 :

« The Futures Network is an informalassociation of people interested inexchanging information and views aboutFutures studies and the use of Futuresthinking. There is no restriction on mem-bership. The association has no legalstatus or personality. The aim of the net-work is simply to facilitate the growth ofknowledge and extension of the range ofthought of its members, so as to assistthem in their daily work. The main activi-ties of members are to meet each other orto exchange information and views bycorrespondence... »10

There are other such initiatives into whichwe have found ourselves drawn in thecourse of our work, in which a more spe-cific focus of concern has emerged. Forinstance, one international grouping ofscientists concerned generally with

concepts of long range planning has gra-dually narrowed its focus to comparativestudies of the making of national energypolicies in different countries;11 while aninformal association of officers, politiciansand researchers in North West Europehas focused on comparative studies ofmanagement processes in large metropo-litan areas. In the field of social scienceresearch, one of the most recent develop-ments has been the formation of a newInternational Network for Social NetworkAnalysis12 - an initiative which manyindeed might consider the ultimate refine-ment in the art of network building.What are the uses to which such initiati-ves can be put ? We can ourselves offer agood example by quoting the case of ourown recent involvement with the O.D.(Organisation Development) Network inBritain.13 During the closing stages of ourresearch programme, we were keen tofind a forum in which we could test howrelevant some of our own ideas about lin-kage might be to people working in indus-trial rather than public service organisa-tions - and it was the existence of the O.D.Network which offered a means of accessto the right kinds of people at an oppor-tune time, through mobilisation of a one-day meeting for an informal interchange ofideas.

The use of the term « network » to refer tosuch initiatives captures well the wides-pread currency of the idea in its metapho-

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 11 -1978 503

rical sense-yet at the same time it carriesrisks of adding to the confusion betweenmetaphorical and analytical uses of theterm. This is brought out by the initiator ofanother recent international experiment -Robert Theobald14 - who has recently builtup a loose association of individuals whoshare a concern for the adjustments inthinking and organisation called for in, facing up to an uncertain future, focusingin particular on the possibilities for lesscentralised decision-making opened upby recent advances in communicationstechnology. Theobald draws a careful dis-tinction between a network and a « lin-kage system », as follows :

« There is a/so, / believe, a growingunderstanding of the difference betweena linkage systeem and a network. The lin-kage systeem is essentially a supportsystem for networks : the primary requi-rement for its effective function is its abi-lity to be selective. The measure of itssuccess is not the intensity of interactionwithin it but the discovery of people whocan help when particular skills are nee-ded".

Quoting in translation a member of his« linkage system » who writes fromFrance, Theobald goes on to talk in aninteresting way about some of theconcepts of exchange and risk involved,by refering to the idea of a « living library »in which :

« ...the person making the enquiries nee-ded to be sufficiently serious and motiva-ted that the conversation was useful toboth sides. In other words, the personbeing questioned needed to value thequestioner, in addition the questionerneeded to be able to clarify his reasonsfor the encounter in such a way that acreative process was started during theencounter... The problem is to obtain areasonable probability that such encoun-ters will be creative rather than solelyinformative ».

Along with Theobald, we would agree thatit is important to distinguish the essen-tially passive and supportive nature ofsuch associations from the more subtle,dynamic nature of the personal networkswhich they serve. Our own preferencewould be for use of the term « linkageassociation » as opposed to " linkage

system », recognising that the word « sys-tem " lends itself to various theoreticalinterpretations to which not everyone maysubscribe.By subscribing to linkage associations,people can therefore enrich their personalnetworks, and thereby draw importantforms of support in going about their dailytasks. But each would-be member of anew association has to weigh the advan-tages of subscribing against the inputs ofenergy, time or money which may appearto be called for. For, as in other contexts,the accumulation of too many personallinks may easily lead to a state of « net-work overload » - a state which is all toofamiliar to many people working in thepublic service. In judging whether or not tojoin a particular linkage association, othermore subtle considerations may wellarise : for instance, some may feel that theobligations of reciprocity involved may bemore public than they are prepared toaccept. And it is all too easy for the initia-tor of any new association to appear to besaying « I am taking up a position at thecentre of a new network : please comeand join my periphery ». Yet, to the personapproached in this way, it must be reco-gnised that the positions of centre andperiphery will be reversed : the initiatorarrives at the periphery of an establishedpersonal network which, in many instan-ces, may already be severely overstret-ched.Selectivity, therefore, becomes essential :and there are many different perspectives,some more personal than others, fromwhich the problem of selectivity can beviewed. Those involved in inter-organisa-tional activities must choose how to dividetheir energies between participation informal representative structures; informalliaison meetings; personal links whichrelate directly to their own decisionma-king structures; and various other forms ofloose association which may offer impor-tant forms of personal support.

Putting Linkagein PerspectiveIn conclusion, we can say that the conceptof network seems to be in the ascendancyas an « idea in good currency » in thedomain of public administration; and, tothose engaged in exploring the field of

inter-organisational linkage, it clearly hasmuch value as a counterweight to morestatic, formal concepts of organisationalstructure and management processes.Yet, so long as the idea of networkremains in good currency, and so long asits metaphorical associations continue tobe invoked, there will be a danger thatconfusion will abound between differentinterpretations - to the extent that theconcept itself may well, in time, becomesubject to such strain as to fall into discre-dit.In our research, we find it helpful to limitour own use of the term to the descriptionof person-based networks, and to seekother terms to describe those alternativetypes of inter-organisational structurethat are emerging to facilitate lateral lin-kage between one organisation and ano-ther.15.In public administration, as in other fields,there is a clear trend towards a search foralternative forms of linkage which mayoften be complementary - yet sometimesmay be contradictory - to other more well-established or publicly-recognised forms.Whether this trend reflects an underlyingshift in values, arising from a frustrationwith traditional forms of organisation, istoo early to judge. At the same time, itwould be over-hasty to conclude that aricher linkage between public sector orga-nisations is necessarily a desirable thing,without consideration of the consequen-ces for the communities which thoseorganisations serve and govern; for exam-ple, the more subtle the patterns of inter-organisational linkage become, the lessvisible becomes the accountability fordecisions on important matters of publicconcern.Any kind of organisational change bothsupports and constrains: it both actsupon, and is acted on by, establishedstructures and power relationships. Forthis reason, the idea of network - like allideas in good currency - must be rigo-rously and repeatedly challenged in thepractical uses to which it is put. If not, itwill all too easily become a barrier tounderstanding and the sharing of expe-rience : a form of shorthand which hideswhat is taking place, rather than illumina-tes, as was intended by those who firststressed the importance of the idea, theform of the informal.

1 FEI is a US Federal Centre for the In-service training of senior civil servants.

2 Trist E L. and emery F. The Causal Texture Of the OrganisationaI Environment,

Human Relations.

3. Metcalfe J.L. Organisational Strategies and Inter-Organisational Networks,Human Relations 1976.

4 Evan W.M.(ed). Inter-Organisational Relations, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Pen-guin Books 1976.

5 Schon D. Beyond the Stable State, Temple Smith, London 1971.

6 For examples see : Mitchell J.C. (ed). Social Networks in Urban Situations, Man-chester University Press, 1969.

7 White, H.C., Boorman, S.A. and Breiger, R.L. Social Structure from Multiple Net-works. I. Blockmodels of Roles and Positions. American Journal of Sociology, Vol.81, No. 4, pp. 730-780; and Boorman. S. A. and White, H. C. Social Structure from Multiple Networks. II. Role Structures - American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 81. No. 6 pp. 1384-1446.

8 Boissevaln, J. Friends of Friends, Oxford; Blackwell, 1974.

9 AIDA stands for Analysis of Interconnected Decision Areas ; an out line of the basicideas and their use will be found in Alien Welding's booklet Managing Decisions :The Strategic Choice Approach. Mantec Publications, Rugby, 1974. (Obtainablefrom 1OR Coventry at a cost of 11.50 including UK postage).

10 Further information can be obtained through J M Williamson. Futures Network,Inter-Bank Research Organisation, Moor House, London Wall, London, EC27 5ET.

11 inlLindberg L N The Energy Syndrome. Lexington Books. 1977.12 Principal Co-ordinator: Barry Wellman, c/o Centre for Urban and Community Stu-

dies. 150 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S IAI. Canada.13 The OD Network was formed in 1971 so that "people who are interested in Orga-

nisation Development can meet, set to know each other, find out what OD peopleare doing and in many other ways gain from the living contacts a network provi-des». The Secretary of ODN Is Ms Paddy Coteman-Smith, Latchetts, ButchersLane, Preston, Hitchin, Herts. SG4 7TR.

14 Robert Theobald, Box 2240,1531 /2 Jefferon Street, Wickenberg, Arizona 85358,USA.

15 A form of structure which, In general terms, might be described as laterarchy asopposed to hierarchy.


Footnotes :

Les ONG de la Francophonie

L'assemblée de l'A.I.P.L.F.

à Libreville

« une solidarité qui s'exprime en français »

Une trentaine de délégations francopho-nes ont pris part aux travaux de la IXêmeAssemblée générale de l'AssociationInternationale des Parlementaires deLangue Française réunie à Libreville du11 au 16 septembre 1978.

A l'ouverture de la session, à laquelleassistait le Président gabonais OmarBONGO, étaient représentés vingt-cinqparlements dont l'Assemblée du peupleégyptien et l'Assemblée nationale de Dji-bouti qui faisaient leur entrée officielle ausein de l'Association. S'étaient jointségalement de nombreux observateursparmi lesquels on remarquait le Maroc.les Nouvelles Hébrides et Pondichéry,nouveaux venus.

Une « session » laborieuseLes thèmes au sein des commissionsrépondent aux objectifs culturels del'Association, à sa volonté de contribuerà une véritable coopération entre lesEtats et enfin, à l'esprit parlementaire quil'anime.

- La Commission culturelle a examiné laquestion des Centres d'Etudes franco-phones et la coopération artistique entreles pays francophones.

Les parlementaires ont unanimementreconnu que l'objectif des centres d'étu-des francophones devait porter non seu-lement sur l'étude des littéraires, maisaussi sur les influences réciproquesentre cultures d'expression française,comme sur la place des cultures et deslangues nationales dans la francophonie.Il s'agit en fait de donner à la jeunessefrancophone, aujourd'hui attentive, lamesure exacte des enseignements etdes richesses mais des problèmes aussi,que traduit cette littérature si diversifiée.Parallèlement à cet enseignement deslittératures, les centres d'études franco-phones doivent dispenser un enseigne-ment du français, ont déclaré les parle-mentaires; car la maîtrise de la langue

française,, ne peut plus être considéréecomme une force aliénante mais commeun élément d'épanouissement, la languefrançaise étant libératrice des diversesformes d'expression culturelle qui carac-térisent de façon si originale la franco-phonie. Néanmoins, dans tous les paysd'Afrique, différents des pays de culturefrançaise, où la promotion des languesnationales, constitue l'un des élémentsfondamentaux de la politique d'éduca-tion, de formation et de communicationnationales, la langue française se doit deprendre sa vraie place, seconde par rap-port aux langues maternelles. Et là où,sur le plan national, elle sert l'unité, elledoit le faire dans le respect des coutu-mes et des traditions.

En conclusion les délégués ont unanime-ment recommandé « la création d'orga-nes multinationaux qui auraient pour butl'enseignement à tous les niveaux des lit-tératures et civilisations des Etats fran-cophones » mais aussi l'enseignementdu français par des méthodes et destechniques nouvelles.

La commission culturelle a encore exa-miné la nature des obstacles que rencon-tre la coopération en matière de créationartistique. En dépit des efforts déployéspar l'ACCT et l'Institut culturel africain enparticulier, les accords multilatérauxsignés en ce domaine restent bien sou-vent lettre morte.

Si des accords bilatéraux se concrétisentquelquefois par des expositions, desmanifestations théâtrales ou parl'échange de publications, si donc ilexiste une certaine volonté politique decoopération culturelle et artistique entreles pays francophones, il conviendrait,ont reconnu les parlementaires de lan-gue française, que ces accords soientmieux honorés afin que cesse le divorceentre ta pratique et la seule théorie.

L'A.I.P.L.F. a donc préconisé, dans unerésolution votée à l'unanimité, l'instaura-

tion effective d'un « marché commun desbien culturels » même si, en matière d'art,intérêts et appréciations paraissent com-plexes.

- La Commission des affaires généralesa inscrit a l'ordre du jour de ses débats ledéveloppement des relations parlemen-taires entre pays francophones.

La coopération que les délégués ontdécidé d'instaurer entre Parlements utili-sant la langue française pourrait se tra-duire par la formation de personnels spé-cialisés, une assistance technique enmatière d'organisation (production etarchivage des comptes-rendus deséance, constitution de bibliothèquesetc.) ou encore par l'échange de texteslégislatifs.

Cette coopération qui s'effectuera sur lesplans bilatéral et multilatéral par le biaisde l'A.I.P.L.F. ne peut que renforcer ladémocratie et l'institution parlementairequi en est le soutien.

L'Assemblée de Libreville a égalementété l'occasion d'une importante réformede structures, à savoir l'internationalisa-tion du Secrétariat général.

Sous l'autorité de M. Xavier Deniau,Secrétaire général parlementaire del'Association, des chargés de missionsparlementaires assureront la coordina-tion des activités des sections, selontrois grandes régions géographiques:Europe, Afrique, Amérique,

II reviendra à ces chargés de missions dereprésenter I'A.I.P.L.F. dans les conféren-ces internationales, de suivre l'exécutiondes résolutions, de préparer les réunionsdes organes de l'Association et d'entre-prendre surtout des enquêtes sur dessujets spécifiques à la région. Le Chargéde mission parlementaire sera assisté


Les ONG de la Francophonie

dans ses fonctions d'un secrétaire régio-nal administratif. Il s'agit là « d'un progrèspolitique considérable » a déclaré M.Amadou Cisse Dia, Président del'Assemblée Nationale du Sénégal élu àla présidence de cette Assemblée géné-rale, en l'absence du Président CharlesHèlou, empêché, en raison de la situationdramatique que traverse le Liban. C'estune évolution vers une meilleure coopé-ration, c'est en réalité une assurancepour l'avenir à un moment surtout où lemonde francophone tente de s'organiserau niveau le plus élevé.

- La Commission de coopération et dedéveloppement, a examiné plus particu-lièrement la lutte contre la desertificationet les problèmes liés aux transferts detechniques en direction des pays duTiers-Monde.

La sécheresse n'est pas un thèmed'étude nouveau pour l'Association.L'A.I..P.L.F. fut en effet la première organi-sation non gouvernementale à saisir lesNations Unies de la gravité de la situationdans laquelle se trouvent les pays duSahel; depuis 1975. L'Association, atten-tive à ce drame, n'a cessé d'apporter sacontribution aux diverses actions entre-prises. Quant aux décisions votées dansle domaine du transfert des techniques,elles seront versées à la somme des tra-vaux de la Conférence mondiale desNations Unies sur la science et la techni-que au service du développement qui setiendra à Vienne en août 1979. Les parle-mentaires ont proposé notamment « lacréation, sous l'égide des Nations Unies,d'un centre de transfert des techniquesdans tous les pays en voie de développe-ment». Ce centre aurait essentiellementun rôle d'information pour que les tech-nologies à transférer soient, d'une part,mieux connues et, d'autre part, mieuxadaptées aux besoins des Etats bénéfi-ciaires. Ils ont reconnu en outre, que lestransferts devaient être opérés en tenantcompte expressément de l'environne-ment socio-culturel, sous peine d'êtreinadaptés et de ne pas favoriser le déve-loppement souhaité.

- La Commission spéciale chargée desrelations entre l'Agence de Coopérationculturelle et technique et I'A.I.P.L.F. a faitressortir les résultats positifs de cesrelations. Cependant désireuse d'intensi-fier entre les deux organisations la per-manence d'une concertation, régie d'ail-leurs par la convention de 1975, elle a«souhaité que le Conseil consultatif resteen fonction et que dès à présent, soittrouvée la formule la mieux adaptée pourassocier les organisations à l'action del'Agence.

Elle s'est, en outre, déclarée disposée àintervenir comme elle l'a déjà fait dans le

passé, à la demande de l'Agence, pourque certains Etats puissent s'associertotalement ou partiellement à ses pro-grammes ».

En revanche, l'A.I.P.L.F. a souhaité que« les chefs d'Etats et de Gouvernementsdes pays membres réexaminent les structu-res de l'Agence, trop lourdes et trop com-plexes pour lui permettre de prendre, dansle concert des organisations internationalesde coopération, la place originale et appré-ciée que la réalisation de programmes pré-cis serait en droit de lui donner ».

On peut affirmer que les travaux de Libre-ville et les résolutions qui ont été votéesà l'issue de cette Assemblée généralerépondent à la préoccupation essentielledes Parlements de langue française : ins-taurer un meilleur équilibre culturel socialet économique entre les pays francopho-nes.

Mais cet équilibre, pour eux, ne peuts'établir que par la force d'une solidarité- d'une solidarité qui s'exprime en fran-çais - et unit les membres de cette vastecommunauté francophone.

Aujourd'hui, cette communauté s'élargitencore. Aux 25 sections déjà créées,sont venues en effet s'ajouter les sec-tions de la Haute-Volta, de la République

de Djibouti et celle de l'Assemblée duPeuple Egyptien.

« Nous ressentons le besoin de consolidernotre appartenance à la francophonie" adéclaré M. Mohamed Kamil, Président dela Commission Permanente de l'Assem-blée Nationale de Djibouti.

«Entouré de pays qui croient à d'autresprincipes qu'à celui du dialogue, nousvivons dans un climat d'insécurité et deconflit qui nous engage plus que d'autres àresserrer les liens d'amitié et de solida-rité ». Quant à M. Gamal el Oteifi, Vice-Pré-sident de l'Assemblée du Peuple égyptien,il déclarait « nous croyons ensemble que lalangue est la forme vivifiante de chaqueculture. La langue arabe rencontre l'idéal.d'universalisme de la langue française ».

«C'est dire qu'à l'époque tourmentée oùnous vivons en ce moment où s'exacerbentles tensions entre blocs antagonistes,l'action menée par l'A.I.P.L.F. apparaît plusque jamais nécessaire et de nature àconsolider les liens existant entre les mem-bres d'une communauté politique linguisti-que » a déclaré M. Amadou Cisse Dia, éluà la présidence de cette IXème Assem-blée générale. Elle doit en outre faireéclore de nouvelles cultures respectueu-ses des traditions et de l'histoire despeuples; c'est à ce prix que la francopho-nie donnera aux hommes cet esprit deliberté «qui conditionne leur épanouisse-ment et leur progrés ». •


MM. Baudson, président de la section belge de I'A.I.P.L.F.. Xavier Deniau, secrétaire général parlementaire de l'Asso-ciation et Pierre Messmer, chef de la délégation française, au cours de la IXe Assemblée générale de Libbreville.

De l'international an transnational From international to transnational

Forum Mondial 1980 - World Forum 1980Sous le haut patronage de S.M. le Roi des Belges

Ordre du jour provisoireProvisional agenda

Le Forum mondial des associations (OING), annoncé à nos lecteurspour 1980 et commenté d'autre part en editorial, répartira ses tra-vaux en quatre grands commissions pléniéres dont nous avons déjàdonné les principaux thèmes dans le numéro précédent de notreRevue. En résumé : l'identité transnationale du fait associatif; la par-ticipation des associations à l'ordre mondial ; ta communicationtransnationale ; la sociologie, la dynamique et la pratique des réu-nions internationales. On trouvera ci-après un ordre du jour provisoireen un texte revisé qui en précise la matière :

Commission 1 : Le fait associatif, son identité, saportée transnationale

• Les libertés associatives de création, d'opinion, de réunion, decommunication.Indépendance et statut des associations (OING).

• Les intérêts communs aux associations internationales. Leurdevoir social de solidarité.

• La tendance à l'universalité.• L'extension géographique aux régions en développement.• La diversité et l'élargissement social des milieux associatifs, y

compris le mouvement féminin et le mouvement de la Jeunesse.• Les limites de la souveraineté des Etats.

Commission 2 : La participation des associations àl'ordre mondial

• La contribution active des forces associatives à un ordre écono-mique, social et humain.

• L'évolution du « statut consultatif » vers des formes universelles,spécialisées et régionales de participation.

• La place des associations dans la réforme de la structure éco-nomique et sociale des réseaux de la coopération internationale.

• L'adaptation des conditions et des moyens d'action des asso-ciations.

Commission 3 : La communication transnationaledans le monde contemporain

• Le langage : équivoques, interprétation et traduction.• L'information et la documentation

- rassemblement, synthèse, accès et distribution- crise, coût, danger de monopoles, etc...

• Les problèmes mondiaux : perception, interrelations, descriptionet action.

Commission 4 : Sociologie, dynamique et pratiquedes réunions internationales

• Au-delà des « relations publiques » : promotion de l'interaction" participant-participant ».

• Les dangers de stérilité : procédures classiques; méthodes im-productives; problème des rapports et des recommandations.

• Des nouveaux rôles et du savoir-faire : modérateurs, anima-teurs, aide interdisciplinaire, etc...

• Les réalités cachées : types de participants et motivations, pré-férences de style de communication, action de coulisse.

• Le gaspillage des ressources humaines : monopole de mobilisa-tion des participants; au-delà du « participant-consommateur ».

• La flexibilité dans l'organisation et le regroupement des parti-cipants partageant des intérêts communs non programmés.

• Les nouveaux équipements techniques.• Les contraintes naissantes : administratives, fiscales, politiques

(visas), etc...

The World Forum of associations ( INGOs ). 1980, which we announ-ced to our readers in September, and which we discuss in the currentEditorial, pp 414-415. It will take the form of four plenary commis-sions, whose overall themes where described in last month's review.As a brief summery these themes include : the transnational identifyof the Association phenomenon ; the participation of associations inthe world order; transnational communication ; the sociology, dyna-mics and practicalities of international meetings.You will find bellow a revised version of the provisional agenda :

Commission 1 : The association phenomenon, it'snature, it's significance.

• Freedom to create associations, to express opinions, and to holdmeeting; freedom of communication; the independence and sta-tus of associations (INGOs).

• Common interests of international associations; interdependen-ce and its associated duties.

• Trends towards universality in its different interpretations.• Geographic extension of the association movement to develo-

ping regions.• Diversity of INGOs and extension of the social basis of associa-

tion, including the movements of women and youth.• Limitations to the sovereignty of States.

Commission 2 : Participation of associations in theworld order

• Contribution of associations to an economic, social and humanorder.

• Role of associations in the reform of the economic and socialstructure of the international networks of cooperation.

• Evolution of « consultative status « towards universal, speciali-zed or regional forms of participation.

• Adaptation of conditions and means of action of associations.

Commission 3 : Transnational communication in theworld today

• Language : the problem of ambiguity.• Information and documentation -

- collection, synthesis, access and distribution- crisis, cost, danger of monoply, etc.

• World problems: detection and description, interrelationshipand action.

Commission 4 : Meeting sociology, dynamics, prac-ticalities

• Beyond « public relations » : facilitating participant-participantinteraction; participant needs and frustrations.

• Overcoming sterility: unproductive «standard» procedures,communication processes, token recommendations.

• Nez roles and skills : process observer, jargon interpreter, etc.• Facing the hidden realities: types of participant, varieties of

communication preferred, participant objectives, corridor poli-tics.

• Wastage of human resources : monopolies of participant atten-tion, passive « consumer-participation ».

• Flexible meeting organization; regrouping of participants, sha-ring unprogrammed common interests.

• New equipment: specially to facilitate alternative communica-tion patterns.

• Emerging constraints : administrative, fiscal, political (visas),etc...


ICC Berlin

A proximité du Parc des Foires et desExpositions de Berlin se construit actuel-lement le Centre International desCongrès de Berlin (ICC).

Dès le 2 avril 1979, ce nouveau Palais desCongrès sera mis en service.

Les 80 salles qui le composent ont unecapacité allant de 5000 à 20 places :1 salle de 5000 places avec traductionsimultanée en 8 langues1 salle amovible pouvant contenir soit

5000, 3160, 2000 ou 450 personnes - 8langues

1 salle de 850 places - 8 langues2 salles de 225 à 300 places - 7 langues

2 salles de 200 places - 5 langues1 salle de 150 places - 5 langues2 salles de 125 places - 3 langues20 salles de 50 à 100 places45 salles de 15 à 50 places

Les architectes de ce prestigieux centre,Ralf et Ursilina Schuler - Witte ainsi quel'ingénieur Bartels, nous ont donnés desdétails concernant les principaux équipe-ments techniques qui seront disponibles.

Les installations électro-acousti-ques

« Les nombreuses installations électro-acoustiques remplissent diverses fonc-tions. Pour des représentations de hautequalité, ces installations sont équipéesavec un dispositif permettant l'effet de laréverbération. Celui-ci provoque unemodification des durées d'évolution duson dans les grandes salles, afin que leson direct de scène et le son électro-acoustique d'autres groupes de haut-par-leur parviennent simultanément aux oreil-les de l'auditeur au fond de la salle.


Ouverture avril 1979.

En outre, l'acoustique équipée dans lessalles pour la retransmission de parolespeut être modifiée pour la retransmissionde musique.Pour des transmissions de paroles, aucours de discussions dans la salle, lesgroupes de haut-parleur sont réglés avecun dispositif pour une écoute direction-nelle, de sorte que chaque participantpeut localiser acoustiquement les prota-gonistes de la discussion.Grâce aux équipements d'écoute, quisont installés par exemple dans lesbureaux de conférences ou les vestiairesd'artistes, des manifestations peuventégalement être retransmises des sallesdans ces locaux.Le restaurant est également branché surces dispositifs d'écoutes.Les dispositifs installés peuvent égale-ment être utilisés comme amplificateurautonome des paroles d'un orateur dansles différents locaux. Les haut-parleursinstallés dans les zones ouvertes augrand public sont utilisés pour la recher-che de personnes ou pour la diffussiond'informations d'intérêt général.

Les salles sont en outre équipées de dis-positifs d'interprétation simultanée et dediscussion. Les équipements d'interpré-tation simultanée sont installés, selon lesdimensions des salles pour trois ou huitlangues, en plus de celle de l'orateur.Une installation pour mal-entendantspeut être utilisée à chaque place dans lessalles ».

« Dispositifs de télévision

« II s'est avère nécessaires dans l'ICCBerlin d'utiliser des dispositifs de télévi-sion pour diverses tâches.On a prévu, pour pouvoir réaliser une pro-duction télévisée autonome dans l'ICCBerlin, tous les branchements de caméranécessaires répartis dans l'ensemble dubâtiment.Grâce à une cabine centrale de commuta-tion et de régie la diffusion de ces produc-tions autonomes est possible de salle ensalle.

On dispose d'appareils mobiles de prisede vue et de retransmission.Pour l'observation de flux de la circulationon a installé dans la zone publique descaméras de télévision fixes. Les imagessont retransmises sur un écran de moni-teur dans la salle de commande du bâti-ment.

Pour des manifestations de scène dansles salles 1 et 2, on dispose, comme celaest courant, de nos jours, pour des équi-pements de scène, de moniteurs de télé-vision afin d'avoir une relation optiqueentre la scène et les techniciens de larégie.

Pour des congrès internationaux, on dis-pose également de moniteurs pour unmeilleur contact visuel entre la cabined'interprète et l'orateur.Les textes sont ainsi visibles pour lesinterprètes.

Pour la réception des chaînes publiquesde télévision et pour la retransmissiond'enregistrements internes dans les sal-les on utilise le système d'antennes col-lectives ».

Les sièges de congrès

Le fauteuil de congrès conçu par les soins de l'ICC constitue l'un des éléments les plusimportants contribuant au sentiment de bien-être des invités du Centre des Congres.Les facteurs suivants déterminent la qualité de ce fauteuil. La possibilité d'adaptationcorrecte sur le plan physiologique du fauteuil aux différentes tenues du corps au coursd'activités diverses,

Une disposition claire et logique des instruments techniques devant être utilisés parle participant et un maniement simple et facile de ces instruments.

Un fonctionnement permanent et sûr de tous les équipements mécaniques et techni-ques concernant la climatisation, les éclairages et les techniques électroniques decommunication et, bien entendu, des formes, des matériaux et des couleurs agréables.Chaque fauteuil dispose d'une table de travail, d'un éclairage individuel, d'un pupitrede commande pour les cabines de traduction simultanée avec un sélecteur de langueet un dispositif de réglage de la puissance, un branchement pour casque d'écoute -pour certaines rangées de fauteuils également un branchement pour un microphonede table-, dispositif de suspension pour les sacs à main ou les serviettes et un dispo-

sitif de rangement pour des prospectus ou des documents écrits; il y a en outre un ser-

vice pour les cendriers, les verres et les bouteilles de boissons.

Un dispositif d'auditorium, comprenant des rangées de siège l'une derrière l'autre, doit,

être transformé pour ce qu'on appelle un congrès de travail, de façon à ce qu'une ran-

gée sur deux de fauteuils devienne une rangée de tables.

On obtient ainsi un prolongement de la petite plaque servant de table de travail déjàexistante pour disposer en fin de compte d'une table de travail de 50 x 73 cm. Afin depouvoir bien travailler dans une tenue assise confortable, tes fauteuils devant lestables permettent de s'avancer facilement en avant, afin d'Obtenir une position confor-table pour le travail à la table. On peut également tout aussi facilement reculer le siègede nouveau pour une audition confortable.

Un fauteuil sur cinq dans une rangée, qui peut être transformé en table de travail a étéconçu de façon à pouvoir être enlevé de la rangée, créant ainsi des passages commeceux que l'on connaît dans les parlements.

Cela présente l'avantage d'une liberté de mouvements pour des rencontres, deséchanges d'informations et de notes -chacun pouvant faci lement joindre dans l'Audi-torium n'importe qui, sans devoir jouer des coudes à travers les rangées de sièges.


Congressalia

Le système d'information et de guidagede l'ICC Berlin

1. Tâches

Le système d'information et de guidage (SIG) sert à transmettre des informationsd'une clarté optimale sur le contenu et le déroulement dos manifestations, sous laforme d'un moyen d'orientation et de décision sûr, pour les personnes cherchant lessalles utilisées pour le déroulement d'une ou de plusieurs manifestations.Il en résulte :

a) des informations sur les manifestations se deroulant et les differentes satles utilisées.b) le guidage du public vers les salles où se déroulent les manifestations,c) le guidage du public vers les installations de prestations de service de l 'ICCBERLIN.

tanement, en tenant compte do ces trois fonctions principales.

2. Les critères de l'étude

les critères principaux suivants :a) Le système doit fondamentalement permettre une réduction des situations com-plexes, auxquelles est confronté le visiteur, quand il entre et utilise le bâtiment. C'estta raison pour laquelle on s'est efforcé de ne réduire les possibilités de décision qu'ades solutions binaires (par exemple à droite ou à gauche).b) On a étudié l'emplacement des supports d'informations en fonction des besoins enInformations des divers groupes de visiteurs de manifestations les plus diversifiées(selon des études de cas). Ils sont placés aux endroits décisifs des passages princi-paux et offrent aux différents groupes de visiteurs des informations et des indications

d'ordre général que des informations spéciales ne concernant que quelques visiteurssur les différentes salles de manifestation.

sente un processus d'apprentissage, on a accordé une valeur importante, au niveau dela conception du système à une facilité de reconnaissance et de repérage. Les différents elements d'information ne contiennent que les informations qui sont nécessaires sur le moment et a cet endroit.

d) Le système est, sur le plan conceptuel, intégré dans l'image de présentationd'ensemble de l'ICC-BERLIN et contribue grâce à sa réalisation sur le plan plastiqueet au niveau du choix des couleurs de ses différents éléments, à l'accroissement del'effet de ce bâtiment sur le plan de l'espace et de l'image de marque.Cela signifie que les différents éléments du système sont conçus de telle façonqu'outre leurs tâches fonclionneles pour le déroulement de l'information pour desmanifestations, ils agissent également en tant qu'objets esthétiques, faisant ainsi del'ensemble du bâtiment une « œuvre d'art technique totale ».

3. Le système et ses différents éléments

La bande de guidage représente le lien visuel entre les différents éléments d'informa-tion du hall d'entrée. Elle est constituée de jeux de 6 tubes à hautes tension courbésprenant la forme d'un double cercle et d'un tube à haute tension droit continu, qui estplacé sous le plafond du hall d'entrée en forme de voûte abaissée. L'orientation debase est obtenue grâce à l'utilisation des couleurs rouge et bleue pour respectivementla bande de guidage gauche et rouge du hall d'entrée. La bande de guidage constitueavec les chiffres illuminés de même couleur sur les façades des éléments d'informa-tion, un important élément dans la conception de la zone de passage du hall d'entrée.

Eléments d'information et d'indication des halls d'entrée

Le visiteur reconnaît dés l'entrée, grâce au chiffre donné à sa manifestation, une foispénétré dans le hall d'entrée l'élément d'information concernant sa manifestation, quilui indique immédiatement comment s'y rendre et tes comptoirs, vestiaires et toilet-

tes se trouvant à proximité. Cet élément d'information encore situé dans la zone« publique » du passage sera pour toute la durée du congrès l'élément de référence dechacun des participants et assume la subdivision des différentes manifestations enfonction des thèmes.Le dispositif technique d'information est un système électronique de panneaux auchangement commandé par de façon centrale par ordinateur.

l'information sur les thèmes, les orateurs etc. des manifestations sont emmagasinésdans un mémoire selon un plan de déroulement donné. L'appel s'effectue selon lesbesoins des horaires et peut être modifié par une intervention spontanée.


Congressalia

INTERNATIONALCONGRESSCALENDAR

1978

9th Supplement

1978 Nov 1-17 Zurich (Switzerland)Int contracts conference.

Seminar Services S A. 1 Passage Perdonriet, CH-1005 Lausanne.

1978 Nov 1-22 Amsterdam (Netherlands)Int tax planning symposium.

Seminar Services SA.1 Passage Perdonnet, CH-1005 lausanne.

1978 Nov 20-22 Mohammedia (Morocco)Int Chamber of Commerce. Séminaire : L'investissement et les industries d'exportationdans les pays en développement. (YB no A 1490)CCI. 38 Cours Albert Ier. F-75008 Paris.

1978 Nov 22-23 London (UK)Int symposium of the rheumatoid-arthritis conference.Dr G S Panji. Guy's Hospital. London SE1.

1973 Nov 22-24 Brussels (Belgium)IFIP Applied Information Processing Group. Int seminar: Performance evaluation of

computer systems. (YB no A 1828)IAG Headquarters, 40 Paulus Potterstraat, 1071 DB Amsterdam. Netherlands.

1978 Nov 26-29 San Francisco (Cal, USA)National Science Foundation/UNESCO. 2nd Int conference on microzonation for safer-construction research and application. (YB n° A 3383)M A Sherif Conference Chairman. 132 More Hall, FX-10.

1978 Dec 6-8 Brighton (UK)2nd Container technology conference.

CS Publication Ltd. 201-205 High Street. New Maiden. Surrey. UK KT3 4BH.

1978 Dec 29-1979 Jan 6 Colombo (Sri Lanka)World Constitution and Parliament Association. 3rd Session of the World Constituentassembly. P : 220.300. (YB no A 3495)WCPA. 1480 Hoyt Street Suite 31. Lakewood. CO 80215. USA.

1979 Jan 3-6 Houston (Texas)Society for General Systems Research. 23rd Annual meeting. (YB n° A 4167)

Dr H R Porter III. Secretary Treasurer. Systems Science Institute. University of Louis-ville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA.

1979 Jan 9-23 Montreal (Canada)Int Civil Aviation Organization. Limited European/North American/North Atlantic Com-munications (Aeronautical Fixed Services) regional air navigation meeting.

(YB no A 1505)ICAO, Int Aviation Square, 1000 Skerbrooke Street W. Montreal PQH3A 2R2 Canada.

1979 Jan 21-28 Singapore (Singapore)Int Council of Scientifc Unions. Symposium on sciences and technology for develop-ment (YB no A 1752)51 Boulevard de Montmorency, F-750 16 Paris.

1979 Jan 25-29 Geneva (Switzerland)Common Market Travel Association. Congress.

Case Postale, CH - 4000 Basel 12, Switzerland. (YB no B 5615)

1979 Jan 29-Feb 2 Oporto (Portugal)

3rd Int meeting on digestive surgery. Mano Blanco Peres, R. Gonçalo Cristovao 116-3°. Porto. Portugal.

Le signe • indique un changement ou complement aux informations publiées précédemment.

9e Supplément 1979 Jan end Berlin (West)European Confederation of Agriculture, Groupe de Travail " Assurances Agricoles etQuestions Sociales ", reunion. (YB no A 0686)CP 87. CH-5200 Brougg, Switzerland.

1979 Feb 20-25 Lisbon (Portugal)1st Seminar on tourist marketing of the Mediterranean and Latin American countries,FIL.. Praça des Industrias, Lisboa 3. Portugal.

1979 Feb 21-23 Lisbon (Portugal)European Car Rental Association. 15th Assembly. P : 300.

ARAC-Assoc. dos Industrials da Aluguer de Automoveis sent conductor, R Dr- AntonioCandido 8-18. Lisbon 1.

1979 Mar 10 Hannover (Germany, Fed Rep)Abteilung fur Rheumatologie und Balneotogie der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover.10. Rheuma-Fortbildunsstagung : Organbeteiligungen bei chronischer Polyarthritis undankylosierender Spondilitis.

Sekretariat der Abteilung Rheumatologie und Balneologie der MHH im Nieders,Staatsbad Nenndorf. Haupsstrasse 2, 3052 Bad Nenndorf, Germany. Fed Rep.

1979 Mar 12-17 Manila (Philippines)Asian Productivity Organization. Symposium on sugarcane production.

(YB no A 0090)APO, 4-14. Akasaka 8-chome, Munato-ku, Tokyo.

1979 Mar 19-Apr 12 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations. 2nd and final session of the preparatory conference on excessivelyinjurious weapons. (YB no A 3375)Place des Nations. CH-1211 Geneva 10.

1979 Mar 28-29 Cardiff (UK)Institute of Physics. Quantum Electronics Group. Meeting on semiconductor injectionlasers and their applications.

The Meetings Office. The Institute of Physics, 47Belgrave Square. London SW1X 8Qx,

1979 Mar Sheffield (UK)BHRA Fluid Engineering. 3rd Conference on tunnel ventilation.

The Conference Secretary. BHRA Fluid Enginsering. Cranfield, Bedford MK43 OAJ.UK.

1979 Apr 2-6 Guildford (UK)Wolfson Bioanalytical Centre. University of Surrey. Workshop course : Immunology asan analytical tool.

Dr E Reid, Wolfson Bioanalytical Centre. University of Surrey. Guildford CU2 5XH. UK.

1979 Apr 9-11 Guildford (UK)Institute of Physics, Crystallography Group. Spring meeting.

Dr. D Lewis. Chemical Physics Department University of Surrey, Guitford GU2 5XH, UK.

1979 Apr 18-20 Budapest (Hungary)European Association of Editors of Biological Periodicals. (European Life ScienceEditors -ELSE). 4th General assembly. (Y8 no A 0565)

ELSE. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Famham House. Famham Royal. SloughSL2 3BN. UK.

1979 Apr 22-28 Flumet (France)Inter-University European Institute on Social Welfare. European Regional ClearingHouse for Community Work. Session do formation en travail social communautaire ; Letravail social communautaire Face à la politique. (YB n° A 4410)rue du Débarcadène 179. B-6001 Marcinelle. Belgium.

The sign • indicates supplementary information of modification to previous announcements.

18th EDITION

1979 Apr 24-26 Salford (UK)European Federation of Chemical Engineering /Institution of Chemical Engineers.North Western Branch. 3rd Int symposium on control of sulphur and other gaseousemissions, (YB no A 0725)Dr R Hughes. Department of Chemical Engineering, University at Salford, Salford M5

1979 Apr 25-26 Vaudreuil (France)European Confederation of Agriculture, Groupe de Travail " Formation Agricole ", 11

CP 87. CH-5200 Brougg. Switzerland.

1979 Apr 27-29 Hannover (Germany. Fed Rep)Abteilung fur Biomedizinische Technik speziell Krankehaustechnik der MedizinischenHochschule Hannover. 6. Fachtagung Krankenhautstechnik : Energie im Krankenhaus.

Dipl. lng. Helmut Klie, Abteilung fur Biomedizinische Technik speziell Krankenhaus-technik der MHH. Karl-Wiechert-Alles 9. 3000 Hannover 61.

1979 Apr York (UK)BHRA Fluid Engineering. 3rd European conference on mixing.

Conference Secretary. BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, Bedford MK43 OAJ, UK.

1979 May 7-12 Cascais (.Portugal)Int Committee of Sport for Everybody (Trim & Fitness). 6th Congress. P : 120.Direccao Geral dos Desportos. Av Intante Santo 65-3o, Lisboa.

1979 May 12 London (UK)Turning Point. Meeting on contributions !o an alternative future.Turning Point 7 St Ann's Villas, London Wll 4RU, UK.

• 1979 May 14-16 Paris (France)Int College of Surgeons. 11th European federation congress. P : 1000.

(YB no A 1513)Prof J. Reynier. 10, av. de l'Opéra. F-75001 Paris.

1979 May 15-18 Luxembourg (Luxembourg)Commission of the European Communities. 4th European congress on information

systems and networks' Options (or a European information society: Choosing ourfuture. (YB no B 2442)

Mr Anthony Dunning, Commission of the European Communities, Jean Monnet Buil-ding, 841029, Plateau de Kirchberg. POB 1907, Luxembourg.

1979 May 16-18 Aarhus (Denmark)Danish Centre lor Applied Mathematics and Mechanica/GAMM. Int meeting. P : 500.c/o Mathematisk Institut. Aaarhus Universitet. DK-8000 Aarhus C.

1979 May 21-23 London (UK)European Confederation of Agriculture, Groupe de Travail « Economie Forestière -,réunion annuelle. (YB n° A 0686)CP 87. CH-5200 Brougg, Switzerland

1979 May 29-31 Font-Romeu (France)European Confederation of Agriculture, Conférence Européenne pour les problèmeséconomiques et sociaux des Régions de Montagne, 15èmes journées d'éludés.

(YB no A 0686)CP 87, CH- 5200 Brougg, Switzerland.

1979 May (Netherlands)UN Economie Commission for Europe. Seminar on the utilization of tropical hard-woods. (YB n°B417S)Place des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10.

1979 May or Jun ' Alger (Algeria)Women Int Democratic Federation. World conference: For a peaceful and securefuture for all children. (YB no A 3438)FDIF. 13 Unter den Linden. DDR-108 Berlin.

1979 Jun 10-13 Rome (Italy)Rotary Int. 70th Int convention. P : 15000. C: 100. (YB no A3164)

1600Ridge Avenue. Evanston. Ill 60201. USA.or: Housing Registration Bureau. 70th Int Convention, I-00187 Rome.

1979 Jun 11-16 Hannover (Germany Fed Rep)Int Agency for Research on Cancer. 1979 Hannover protocol. (YB n° A 3549)

Sekretariat derAbteilung fur Experimentelle Pathologie im Department fur Pathologieder MHH, Kart-Wiechert-Allee 9, 3000 Hannover 61.

1979 Jun 15-Sep 15 Venice (Italy)Int Center of Photography/Unesco. 1st World convocation on photography: - Cameraas witness - : Number of retrospective exhibits of past and living masters of photogra-phy, thematic exhibits, some newly created and others already assembled, symposia,lectures and workshops. (YB no A 3383)c/o Europnot. 28 Quai des Messageries. F- 71100 Chalon-sur-Saône. France,

1979 Jun 17-20 Buenos Aires (Argentine)Int Dental Federation, Latin America Regional Organization, session; and 8th Congressof the Federacion Odontologica Latinoamericana. (YB no A 1788)Dr A O Gomez. President. COM, Azcuénaga 490-1ro C, Buenos Aires.

1979 Jun 25-29 Lund (Sweden)Int Society for the Study of Behavioural Development. 5th Biennal conference : Conti-nuity and discontinuity in behavioural development. (YB n° B 4858)

Prof Dr Ingvar Johannesson, Department of Education. University of Lund, S-22007Lund 7.

1979 Jun 26-30 Madrid (Spain)European Union of Pedopsychiatrists. 6th Congress : Diagnostic précoce et préventiondes troubles neuropsychiques de l'enfant aux six premieres années de la vie

Dr F J Mendiguchia. Hospital Psiqulatrico Infantill, General Ricardos 165. Madrid 25.

1979 Jun Uppsala (Sweden)Int Society on Family Law. 3rd World conference : Family living In a changing world.

(YB no B 5998)Mr J M Eekelaar. General Secretary, Int Society on Family Law, Pembroke CollegeOxford 0x1 10W. UK.

1979 Jul 8-12 Hannover (Germany, Fed Rep)

Sekretariat des Institutes fur Anatomie der MHH, Karl-Wiechart-Allee 9, 3000 Hanno-ver 61.

1979 Jul 17-20 Cranfield(UK)

7th Cranfield int conference on mechanized information storage and retrieval Systems-

Thé Marketing Department INSPEC, Station House. Nightingale Road Hitchin Herts

SGS 1RJ. UK. . ' '

1979 Aug 28 Guildford (UK)Wolfson Bioanalytical Centre. University of Surrey. Workshop course : Introduction toblood-drug analysis.

Dr E Reid. Wolfson Bioanalytical Centre. University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH. UK.

1979 Aug 29-Sep 7 Lisbon-Albufeira (Portugal)European Association of Hotel School Directors. Congress. P : 200. (YB n° A 0567)

Centre Nac. de Formaçao Turistica e Hoteleira, H Duque de Palmela 2-2°E, Lisbon 2

1979 Sep 3-7 Clermont-Ferrand (France)

Secrétariat 5e ISPRA, INRA, Theix, F-63110 Beaumont. France.

1979 Sep 4-7 Guildford (UK)Wolfson Bioanalytical Centre, University of Surrey, 3rd Int bioanalytical forum, on 'Aids

contaminants (sample-handling aspect) and of drugs in blood (sample preparation;automatic methods; usefulness of radio isotopes and enzymes; sources of error).

Dr E Reid, Wolfson Bioanalytical Centre, University of Surrey. Guildford GU2 5XH. UK.

1979 Sep 4-10 Lisbon (Portugal)Int Federation of Medals. 18th Congress. P: 600. (YBn°A 1955)R Dom Francisco Manuel de Melo 5, Lisbon 1.

1979 Sep 10-28 Geneva (Switzerland)

(YB n° A 3375)Place des Nations. CH-1211 Geneva 10.

1979 Sept 20-22 Lisbon (Portugal)Center for Int Research of Economic Tendency Surveys. 14th conference. P : 250.Centro de Estudos de Plariesmento, Secretari de Estado do Planeamento. Lisbon.

1979 Sep 23-27 Madrid (Spain)Int Committee for Life Assurance Médecine. 13th Congress. P : 600-700.

(YB no A 1583)Dr E Tanner, M D. General Secretary. POB 172. CH-8022 Zurich.

1979 Sep 23-29 Arion (Belgium)Fondation Universitaire Luxembourgeoise, Arion. Belgique/Comité National Belge pourle Programme MAB (Man and Biosphere)/Unesco. Colloque int sur l'environnement:Méthodes et stratégie du développement intégré. (YB no A 3363)

Colloque int. Dr Michel De Schrevel, Fondation Universitaire Luxembourgeoise, ruedes Déportés 140. b-6700 Arion.

1979 Sep 24-26 Nurnberg (Germany, Fed Rep)European Federation of Chemical Engineering/VDI-Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnikund ChemieingenieurwesenGVC by PARTEC. 2nd European symposium on particlecharacteriation. (YB no A 0725)

NMA Nurnberger Messe-und Ausstellungsgesellschaft mbH, Messezentrurn. D-8500Nurnberg.

1979 Sept 24-27 (Warwickshire, UK)

tnt conference on the riding for the disabled.

Riding for the Disabled Association, avenue -R-, National Agricultural Center. Kenil-worth. Warwickshire, CVB 2LY, UK.

1979 Sept 24-26 Aix-en-Provence (France)Int Atomic Energy Agency. Int symposium on fast reactor physics. (YB n° A 1383)Conference Service Section, IAEA. POB 590. A-1011 Vienna,

1979 Sep 24-28 Karlovy Vary (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Societies of Gastroenterology. Physiatry and Diabetology. 29th Int post-graduate medical course : Recent knowledge in gastroenterology and diabetology withregard to the diseases treated in carlsbad

J Benda, md. csc. Czech Medical Society, Sokolska 31, 120 26 Prague 2.

1979 Sep 24-29 Budapest (Hungary)

technology and biopharmacy, b) pharmaceutical chemistry end pharmacology. C) drugcontrol, d) pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. e) organization and economics of phar-macy, f) pharmaceutical history.

MOTESZ Congress Office. POB :l, H-1361 Budapest

1979 Sep 25-28 London (UK)Int Federation for Information Processing. European conference on applied informa-tion technology 79, Computer communication and coordination. (YB n° A 1828)

Euro IFIP79, Programma Committee Secretariat, IFIP Foundation, Paulus Potterstraat40, Amsterdam 1007. Netherlands.


1979 Sep 25-29 Bogota (Columbia)

Inter-American Association of Industrial Property. 6th Congress. (YB no A 1048)Casilla 4056. Buenos Aires. Argentina.

1979 Sep 26-28 Lisbon (Portugal)

Int symposium on accoustic impedance measurements. P : 250.Clinica Fono-Audiologica. c/o Dr Pizarro. R Conda Redondo 119-3°, Lisbon,

1979 Sep 26-28 Nurnberg (Germany, Fed Rep)

European Federation of Chemical Engineering/VDI-Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnikund Chemietngenieurweson GVC. Jahrestretten 1979 der Verfahrens-lngenieure : Che-mical engineering. (YB no A 0725)

Dr K Schiefer, VDI-Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnik und Chemieingenieurwesen GVC.Postfach 1139, D-4000 Dusseldorf 1.

1979 Sep 26-28 Strbske Pleso (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society lor Clinical Biochemistry. 2nd Symposium of socialist countries

tion and clinical biochemistry; rationalisation in clinical biochemistry...R Muler. MD. Slovak Medical Society, Mickiewiczova 18. 800 00 Bratislava, Czechos-lovakia.

1979 Sep Chrisllansund (Norway)

Int Council on Social Welfare. 10th Regional colloquium. (YB no A 1771)42 me Cambronne. F-74740 Paris cedex 15.

1979 Sep Canterbury (UK)

BHRA Fluid Engineering. 6th Conference on the hydraulic transport of solids in pipes.Conference Secretary, BHRA Fluid Engineering. Cranlield. Bedford MK43 OAJ, UK.

• 1979 Sep 30 oct 5 Dublin (Ireland)

Int Union of Game Biologists. 14th Int congress. P : 350. (YB no B 3769)Mr F O'Gorman, University of Dublin, Trinity College. 8 Westtand flow. Dublin.

1979 Sep Edmonton (Canada)

Int Festivals Association. Congress. (YB no B 0735)Ken Welstad. 25 S. 15th Street. Minneapolis, Minn S5402. USA.

1979 Sep Frankfurt (Germany, Fed Rep)

14th European congress on molecular speclroscopy. P : 600.F J Comes, Insi fur Physikalische Chemie der Universitat, Robert-Mayerstrasse 17. D-

1979 Sep Lisbon (Portugal)

Int Association of Transport Museums. Annual meeting : problems of display and inter-pretation. (YB no A 4614)

IATM, Dr Przemyslaw Smolarek. Directeur. Centralne Muzeum Morskie. U1 Szeroska67-63, 30-835 Gdansk. Poland.

1979 Sep London (UK)

Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region. 6th General assem-bly. (YB no A 4509)

Dr A.W. Macara. University of Bristol, Canyn Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol BS82,UK.PR.

1979 Sep . London (UK)BHRA Fluid Engineering. 3rd Pressure surge conference.

Conference Secretary. BHRA Fluid Engineering. Cranfield, Bedford MK43 OAJ. UK.

1979 Sep or Oct (Malaysia)

United Nations University, Goals. Processes and Indicators of Development (GPID).4th meeting. (YB n° B 2488)c/o UNITAR, palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10.

1979 Autumn Lisbon (Portugal)

Int Union of Forestry Research. Int meeting. (YB no A 2721)Eng. Ferreirinha, Institute dos Prodofos Ftorestais. R Filipe Folque 103, Lisbon.

1979 4th part Bucharest (Rumania)

World Tourism Organization. Séminaire int : Formation des cadres de l'industrie hôte-lière et des entreprises touristiques dans les Etats membres de l'OMT, en particulierles pays en voie de développement. (YB no A 2745)OMT, avenida del Generalisimo 59, Madrid 16, Spain.

1979 Last quarterWorld Meteorological Organization, Typhon Committee, 12th session.

( YB no A 3556)CP 54. CH-1211 Genera 20.

1979 Last quarterWorld Meteorological Organization. Technical conference on the applications of aero-nautical meteorology to operating efficiency and safety of air transport.

(YB no A 3556)CP5. CH-1211 Geneva 20.

1979 Oct 1-3 Berlin (West)

CRE- Conversion of refuse to energy. MER- Materials and energy from refuse. 2nd Intconference and trade exhibition.

Prof Dr ing Karl 3 Thome-Kozmiensky, Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 5. D-1000 Berlin 21.

1979 Oct 1-3 Manchester (UK)

Int Federation for Housing and Planning, Int In-house seminar : The rote of the electedrepresentative in urban renewal. (YB n° A 1826)IFHP, Wassenaarsewog 43, 2596 CG The Hague. Netherlands.

1979 Oct 1-4 Boston (Mass, USA)

Int Society of Chemotherapy. 11e Congrès int de chimiothérapie et 19e conférencemultidisciplinaire sur les agents antimicrobiens et la chimiothérapie. (YB no A 3915}

R W Sarber, Alorican Society tor Microbiology. 1913 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC20006.

HOTEL

M A R H A B A

CASABLANCA - MAROC

Téléphone : 22.41.99

Cable : MARHABA-CASA

Telex 218.64

*

Situé dans le centre de la ville au cœur du

quartier d'affaires, à 45 minutes de l'aéro-

port.

Hôtel de grand confort international, entiè-

rement climatisé.

Restaurant Panoramique

Bars

Boutiques

Bureau de Voyages

Location de voitures

Salle de Congrès : 25 à 300 personnes

Secrétariat et tous équipement audio-

visuels à la demande.

UTH International Hotels

19, Boulevard Malesherbes - 75008 PARIS

Tél. : 266.19.40-266.33.17 - Télex 650425

Réservation Centrale: Tél. 776.41.52

Télex. 610692


1979 Oct 1-5 Madrid (Spain)Int Confederation of Free Trade Unions. Congress. (YB no A 1667)ICFTU. rue Montagne aux Herbes Potagères 37-41. b-1000 Brussels.

1979 Oct 2-6 Bratislava (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society for Paediatry, 20th Congress of paediatrics : Problems of perina-tal medicine and neonalotogy; undesirable secondary effects of drug treatment in pea-diatry.

F Kamenicky. MD. Slovak Medical Society, Mickiewiczova 18. 800 00 Bratislava.

1979 Oct 3-6 Budapest (Hungary)Symposium on paediatric neurology and psychiatry : The significance of clinical exami-nation methods in infant and paediatric neurology; metabolic diseases in childhood;diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy of affective disturbances in childhood;dementia in childhood; the notion of nosology in paediatric psychiatry.

MOTESZ Congress Office, POB 32. FH-1361 Budapest

1979 Oct 3-11 Strasbourg (France)Council Of Europe. Parliamentary Assembly. 31st Session. 2nd part. (YB n° A 0435)

Avenue de l'Europe, F-67006 Strasbourg.

1979 Oct 5-7 Hannover (Germany Fed Rep)17. Wissenschaltliche Tagung der Norddeutschen Gesellschaft fur Lungen- und Ston-chialheilkunde.

Prof Dr Med Helmut Fabel, Abteilung Pulmonologie im Department Innere Medizin derMedizinischen Hochschule Hannover. Karl-Wiechert Allée 9.3000 Hannover 61.

1979 Oct 7-12 Tel Aviv/Jerusalem (Israel)American College of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists. Meeting.Kenes Ltd, POB 16271. Tel Aviv.

1979 Oct 8-12 Copenhagen (Denmark)int total energy conference. P ; 200.' do Mr E J Jeffs, Circle House North, 69/71 Wembley Hill Road, HA9 8BL London. UK.

1979 Oct 8-12 Paris (France)North Sea Hydrographie Commission. 12th Conference. (YB no A 3923)

NSHC. Rear Admiral D W Haslam. Ministry of Defence. Hydrographie Dept, Taunton.Somerset. UK.

1979 Oct 10-13 Budapest (Hungary)Hungarian Society of Urology and Nephrology. Congress: 1) Aetiology of urolithic

I Solteez MD, Department of Urology University Of Medicine, Debrecen. H-4012 Debre-cen, Hungary.

1979 Oct 14-17 Copenhagen (Denmark)Int ferro-alloys conference. P : 350.

C/o Mr Peter Church. Park House 3. Park Terrace. Surrey KJ4 7HY, UK. or: DISCongress Service, Knabrostraede 3. DK-1210 Copenhagen K.

1979 Oct 16-20 Budapest (Hungary)Hungarian Cancer Society. Congress : Carcinogenic effect of the nitrosocompounds.

MOTESZ Congress Office. POB 32. H-1361 Budapest.

1979 Oct 18-19 Novy Smokovec (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society for Pneumology and Phthisiology. 11th Tatra meeting on tuber-culosis and respiration diseases : Lung cancer and bronchial astma; present control oftuberculosis: bronchological examinations; clinical therapy of bronchial asthma.P Sykora, MD. Slovak Medical Society, Mickiewiczova 18, 800 00 Bratislava.

1979 Oct 19-22 Montreal (Canada)Society of Actuaries. Convention. P : 2500.

Mr William A Spare, F S A, Secretary, POB 7378, Philadelphia. PA 19191, USA.

1979 Oct 21-26 Munich (Germany, Fed Rep)American Society of Travel Agents. Congress. (YB no B 6357)ASTA. 711 Fifth Avenue. New York, NY 10022, USA.

1979 Oct 21-27 Prague (Czechoslovakia)Int Association of Gerontology, European Social Research Committee. Meeting : Pro-blems in (social) gerontological theory and method; medical and social implications ofaging populations; the medical and psychological assessment of various functions inthe aged. (YBn°A1293)H Hermanova. MD, CSe, Czech Medical Society. Sokolska 31, 120 26 Prague 2.

1979 Oct 22-24 Paris (France)Intergovernmental Océanographie Commission. Executive Council. 12th session.

(YB n° A 1118)c/o Unesco. Piece de Fontenoy. F-75700 Paris.

1979 Oct 22-26 Knoxville (Tenn. USA)Int conference on nuclear cross sections and technology.

Dr J L Fowler. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Post Office Box X, Oak Ridge. TN 37830.

1979 Oct 22-26 London (UK)British Nuclear Energy Society. Conference: Economic and commercial aspects ofnuclear power.

BNES. 1-7 Great George Street. London SW1P 3AA. UK.

1979 Oct 24 - Nov 4 Paris (France)Intergovernmental Océanographic Commission. Assembly. 11th session.

(YB no A 110)c/o Unesco, Place de Fontenoy. F-75700 Paris.

1979 Oct 28-Nov 2 Florence (Italy)Int Society of Lympholgy. 7th Int congress. (YB no A 2552)Prof E Cariati. V. le Benedetto XV. Clinica Chirurgica " R ". Genova . Italy.

1979 Oct 26 - Nov 3 Singapore (Singapore)3rd Asian and Oceanian congress on radiology. P : 800.

Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, ditra m Rood, Singapore

1979 Oct 29-31 Genova (Switzerland)Int Catholic Child Bureau. Colloque : Cot enfant qui nous eduque... (YB no A 1451)65 rue de Lausanne, CH-1202 Geneva.

1979 Oct 30-Nov 2 Berkeley (Ca, USA)8th Symposium on engineering problems of fusion research.

T H Balzer, Lawrence Livermor Laboratory, POB 808. Livermore, CA 94550,

1979 Oct Ispra (Italy)Subcommittee E10.05 on Dosimetry, Committee E-10 on Nuclear Application andMeasurement of Radiation Effects. American Society of Testing and Materials/Com

Prof Ugo Farinelli. CNEN-CSN Casaccia, I-0060 Santa Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy.

1979 Oct Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)Planter's conference. P : 600. C: 8.

Rubber Research Institute. POB 150, Kuala Lumpur.

1979 Oct San Diego (Cal, USA)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Conference on electromagnetic com-patibility. (YB no B 0621)

Mr F J Nichols. LectroMagnetics, Inc., 6056 West Jefferson Blvd. Los Angeles, CA90016. USA.

1979 Oct (UK)BHRA Fiuid Engineering. 3rd Conference on dredging.

Conference Secretary. BHRA Fluid Engineering. Cranfield. Bedford MK43 OAJ. UK.

1979 Nov 7-9 Bratislava (Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovak Society for Rehabilitation. Symposium on rehabilitation of children withskoliosis. kyphosis and wrong bearing of the body.

M Sojakova. Ph.D.. Slovak Medical Society. Mickiewiczova 18. 800 00 Bratislava,

1979 Nov 13-16 Brussels (Belgium)2e Symposium int sur les activités physiques adaptées.

Mr J C De Potter, Secretaire general ULB, avenue Paul Heger 28. b-1050 Brussels.

1979 Nov 13-16 San Francisco (Cal, USA)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 8th Symposium on engineering pro-blems of fusion research. (YB n° B 0621)

Mr T H Batzer, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. POB 808. Livermore. CA 94550, USA.

1979 Nov 13-16 Tokyo (Japan)Int Measurement Confederation. Symposium on flow measurement and control indus-

try. P : 200. . (YB no A 2250)IMEKO Tokyo Flow symposium 1979. c/o The Society of Instrument and Control Engi-

neers, Japan, Kotohira Annex, 1-15-5, Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 115.

1979 Nov 18-15 Tel Aviv/Arad (Israel)Int symposium on asthma therapy.

Health Vacation Centre. 44 Ibn-Gvirol Street. Tel Aviv.

1979 Nov 19-23 Bangkok (Thailand)Association of Pédiatrie Societies of the Southeast Asian Region. Congress. P : 700.C: 15. Ex. (YB no A 4340)

Suite 306, Medical Center Manilla, 1122 Gral. Luna, Ermita. Manila, Philippines.

1979 Nov Fort-de-France (La Martinique)Association of French Language Leprologists. Meeting. (YB n° A 4272)

Pr Basset Clinique Dermatologique. 1 Place de l'Hôpital. F-067005 Strasbourg cerfs*,France.

1979 Nov Lisbon (Portugal)European Federation of Conference Towns. Meeting, (YB no A 0727)

CP 126; CH-1010 Lausanne 10.

1979 Nov Toronto (Canada)Int Arabian Horse Association. Meeting. P : 450. (YB no B 2309)

Ralph E Goodall, 224 E Oliver Avenue, Burbank, Cal 91503. USA.

1979 Nov (India)Int Atomic Energy Agency/FAO. Int symposium on the sterile insect technique and theuse of radiations in genetic insect control. (YB no A 13S3/A0971)Conference Service Section, IAEA, POB 590, A-1011 Vienna.

1979 Nov (USA)

World Veterans Federation. 3rd Int congress on - Improving the quality of life of the

handicapped with assistive devices -. (YB no A 3605)

16 rue Hamelin, Paris, France.

1979 Dec 2-7 New Delhi (India)Unesco/World Meteorological Organization/Int Association for Hydrologies I Scien-ces. Int symposium on hydrological aspects of droughts : The effect ol Human activitieson droughts and the Influence of droughts on the morphology of the earth's surface aswell as on water quality. (YB no A 3383/A 3556/A 1340)

WMO. CP 5 .CH-1211 Geneva 20.

1979 Dec 2-9 Tel Aviv (Israel)Int symposium on nature cure.

Health Vacation Centre. 44 Ibn-Gvirol Street Tel Aviv.

1979 Dec 10-15 Canberra (Australia)Int Association for Hydrological Sciences/Unesco/World Meteorlogical Organization.

Symposium on the hydrology of low precipitation areas.

WMO , CP 5 , CH - 1211 Geneva 20. ( YB no A 1340 / A 3383 / A 3556)


1979 Dec 10-15 Miami Beach (Fla, USA)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Microwawe Theory and Techniques

Society. Meeting on Infrared and submillimeter waves. (YB no B 0621 )Mr K J Button, MIT National Magnet Laboratory, 170 Albany Street Cambridge, Mass

021 39 U.S.A . (YB n°B0621)

1980 Jan 2-4 Coventry (UK)17th Annual solid state physics conference.

The Meetings Officer, The Institute of Physics. 47 Belgrave Square. London swix 8QX,UK.

1980 Jan 11-25 - Singapore (Singapore)Communie Asia conference and show.

Singapore Exhibition Services (Pte) Ltd. 6E Moont Sophia. Singapore 9.

1980 Jan 20-25 Nairobi (Kenya)Int Road Federation. Conference régionale pour les pays du Moyen-Orient et du Mag-hreb et 4e conférence routière Africaine. P : 600. Ex. (YB no A 2418)IRF, 63 rue de Lausanne. CH-1202 Geneva.

1980 Jan-Feb New Delhi (India)UN Conference on Trade and Development. 3rd General conference. (YB no B 3381 )Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10.

1980 Feb 11-22 (New Zealand)United Nations. 9th Regional conference for Asia and the Pacific. (YB no A 3375)UN. New York 10017. USA.

1980 Feb 13-15 San Francisco (Cal. USA)Int Solid Stale circuit conférence.

Lewis Winner. 301 Almeria Avenue. Coral Gables, FL 33134. USA.

1980 Feb 26-29 Singapore (Singapore)Offshore South East Asia conference. Ex.

Singapore Exhibition Services (Pte) Ltd, 6E Mont

1980 Feb . Bombay (India)World Federation of Association of Pédiatrie Surgeons. Scientific meeting.

(YB no A 4487)Prof J Lister, Sec. Gen., University of Liverpool, Alder Rey Children's Hospital. EstonRoad. Liverpool L12 2AP. UK.

1980 Mar 19-21 London (UK)Int Association of Electrical Contractors. Conference : Electrical contracting in the1980's. (YBn°A1277)Peter Peregrinus Ltd. 2 Savoy Hill. London WC2.

1930 Mar 30-Apr 2 London (UK)1st Int congress on - Death and Dying -. p : 500-600.

Mr Tony Waters, Freelance Services. 37 Maida Vale. London W9 1TW.

1980 Apr 14-16 Copenhagen (Denmark)European Federation of Chemical Engineering. 5th Int Scnadinavian congress or che-mical engineering. (YB no A 0725)Bella Center A/S, Center Boulevard. DK-2300 Copenhagen S.

1980 Apr 28 - May 2 Munich (Germany Fed Rep)European conference on biochemical and instrumental analysis with int exhibition.

Munchener Messe-und Ausstellungsgesellschaft mbH, Postfach 121009, D-8000Munich 12

1980 Apr Brussels (Belgium)European Society for Surgical Research. Congress. (YB no A 0862)Prof Lambotte, UCL en Woluwe, avenue Hyppocrate 10, B-1200 Brussels.

1930 May 11-14 Toronto (Canada)Int Institute of Municipal Clerks. Meeting. (YB no B 0406)John Humewell, 160 N Altadena Dr Passedena. cal 91107. USA.

1930 May 15-18 Copenhagen (Denmark)Tall People's Club European Congress. P : 440.

c/o Mr Henning Layer, Amagerbrogade 143. DK-2300 Copenhagen S.

1980 May 19-22 Kyoto (Japan)4th Int conference on titanium. P : 300. C : 21.

Secretariat. -4th Int conference on titanium, do Japan Institute of metals, AramakiAoba. Sertdai City 980. Japan.

1980 May 27-31 Washington (USA)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Microwave Theory and TechniquesSociety. Int microwave symposium. (YB no B 0621)

Mr Boris Sheleg, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5258. Washington. DC 20375.USA.

1980 May 28-30 Shirai (Iran)Int Federation of Automatic Control/lnt Federation for Information Processing.Conference on systems approach and computer applications for development.

(YB no A 1862/A 1828)Secretary of IFAC/IFIP Conference. Iran 1980, POB 737. Shiraz.

1980 May Amsterdam (Netherlands)Int Social Security Association. World congress on accident prevention.

(YB no A 2468)CP 1. CH-Geneva 22, Switzerland.

1980 May Stockholm (Sweden)Int Federation of Physical Medicine and Rehabillitation. Int congress,

(YB no A 1978)

1980 Jun 1-3 Tokyo (Japan)Int Association for Dental Research. Int congress of oral biology. P : 500. C ; 40,

(YB no A 1168)Prof T Kawamura, Dental School, Osaka University, 32 Joan.cho. Kita-ku, Osaka 536Japan.

1980 Jun 3-5 Amsterdam (Netherlands)European Federation of Chemical Engineering, Working Party on Comminution, Sym-

posium on particle-technology. (YB n° A 0725)Ir M A G Vostman. TH Eindhoven, aid. VAKGrFys. Technologie, Postbus 513, Eindho-

ven. Netherlands.

1980 Jun 5-8 Osaka (Japan)Int Association for Dental Research. Annual meeting. P : 2000. (YB no A 1188)

Prof Y Kawamura. Dental School. Osaka University. 32. Joan-cho. Kita-ku Osaka530.

1980 Jun 5-8 Singapore (Singapore)Int Forex Association, 23rd Annual congress. P : 1000.

Singapore Forex Club, c/o Bank of America, 1-4 Floor. Clitford Centre. Cotlyer Quay.Singapore 1.

• 1980 Jun 5-9 Nyborg (Denmark)Int Society for Horticultural Science, Section Ornamental Plants. 3rd symposium onflower bulbs. P : 80. (YB n° A 2488}State Exp. Station. DK 5792 Aarslev, Denmark.

1980 Jun 9-13 Singapore (Singapore)" Educare Asia " - Sonth East Asian education Conference and exhibition.

Educare Int. Pry Ltd, 16 Bridge Street. Sydney NSW 2000, Australia.

1980Jun 10-13 London(UK)Soap and Detergent Industry Association, Conference. P : 160.

Mr A G M Surge. Director General, The Soap and Detergent Industry Association. POB9. Hayes Gate House. Hayes. UB4 OJD, UK.

• 1980 Jun 11-13 Brussels (Belgium)Int symposium on separation technique In life sciences.

Keness Belgium Congress, rue de l'Industrie 17, Bte 5, B-1040 Brussels.

1980 Jun 14-19 Brussels (Belgium)Int Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2nd Int conference on toxicology.

(YB n° A 2767)Keness Belgium Congress, rue de l'Industrie 17. Bte 5, B-1040 Brussels.

1980 Jun 14-21 Odense (Denmark)Nordic congress Of radiology. P : 900.

do Dr Paul Andersen, Odense Sygehus. DK-5000 Odense.

1980 Jun 15-18 Copenhagen (Denmark)Int Masterprinters Association. Congress. P : 500. (YB n° A 1437)c/o Mr Geoffrey Wilson. 20 Kings Way, London WC2, UK.

1980 Jun 23-27 Brussels (Belgium)Union of Int Associations World forum of int organisations. De l'international au trans-national. P : 800. Ex. (YB n° A 3352)UAI, rue aux Laines 1, B-1000 Brussels.

1980 Jun 24-29 Toronto (Canada)Gyro Int. Meeting. (YB no B 0554)CWSt Clair. POB 489. Pamesville. Ohio 44077. USA.

1980 Jun 25-27 Copenhagen (Denmark)Nordic Audiological Society. Congress. P : 400.

1302 Copenhagen K.

• 1980 Jun 27-Jul 1 Tokyo (Japan)Int Association of Hydrogen Energy. 3rd World conference. P: 1000. C: 27.

(YB no A 4531)3rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference, c/o Japan Convention Services. Inc. NipponPress Center Bldg. BF, 2-2-1.Uchisaiwai-cho. chiyoda-ku.Tokyo 100

1980 Jun 29 - Jul 2 Toronto (Canada)Institute of Internal Auditors. Congress. P; 1000. (YB no A 1031)John Harmon, 5500 Diplomat Circle. Orlando. Fla 32810. USA.

1980 Jun 30-Jul4 Tokyo (Japan)

7th Int congress on catalysis. P: 1000. C:43Prof I Yasumori, Dept of Chemistry. Faculty of Science. Tokyo Institute of Technology.2-12-1. Ookayama, Meguroku. Tokyo 152.

1980 Jun

Tokyo (Japan)Int Touring Alliance, Asia Pacific Region. 5th General assembly. P : 160. C : 20.

(YB no A 2636)Director General C Echigo, Touring Club of Japan, Ebara POB5, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo142-91.

1980 Jul Leipzig (German Dem Rep)Int Union of Psychological Science. 22th Int congress, (YB n° A 2764)Dr Jurgen Ruckert, Am Kupfergraberit, GDR~108 Berlin.


Order your International Congress Calendar, 19th Edition, 1979, NOW !(due out: February 1979)Si vous désirez recevoir la 19e édition, 1979, du Calendrier, qui sortira de presse en février 1979 •veuillez retourner dès maintenant le bon de commande ci-joint à:UAI, 1, rue aux Laines, 1000 Bruxelles.

Prière d'envoyer : Please supply :... exemplaire(s) du... copy/ies of the

avec les suppléments mensuels publiés en 1979. Prix FB 1,400- ou équivalentwith the monthly supplements published in 1979. Price BF 1.400.- or equivalent

... exemplaire(s) du ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS CALENDAR 1979

... copy/ies of the

Prix : FB 900.- ou équivalentPrice : BF 900.- or equivalent

NOM/NAME: ................................................................._^

ADRESSE/ADDRESS : ...................................,.........................................................................................................

D Veuillez trouver ci-joint chèque pour un montant de : .........„............„....................................................................

Please find enclosed our check for the amount of : ..................................................................................................

D Veuillez nous adresser une facture.Please bill/invoice us.

1980 Jul 6-10 Grenoble (France)Int conference : Liquides et amorphes métalliques.

F Cyrot-Lackmann, Groupe des Transitions de Phases. CNRS, Avenue des Martyrs,166 X, F-38042 Grenoble cedex.

1980 Jul 7-10 Tokyo (Japan)World Council of Comparative Education Societies. 4th World congress. P : 300-350.

(YB no A 4490)Palais Wilson. CH-1211 Geneva 14.

1980 Jul 20-26 Lancaster (UK)Chemical Society, Analytical Division. 5th int conference on analytical chemistry.

MsPE Hutshinson. Analytical Division. Chemical Society, Burlington House, LondonW1V OBN, UK.

1980 Jul Tananarive (Madagascar)Int League of Esperantist Teachers. Conference. (YB no A 2216)

Dr M Dazzini. CP 22.I-54100 Massa C; Italy.

1970 Aug 4-8 Calgary (Canada)Ancient Mystic Order Samaritans Supreme Sanctoriurn. meeting. P ; 300.Harold Swindler. 974 Willey Street, Morgantown. West Virginia.

1980 Aug 4-8European Association for Special Education. 3rd Conference.

Beleshogsv. 22 S 217 74 Malmo. Sweden. (YB no B 0889)

1980 Aug 9-13 Washington (USA)American Society of Associated Executives. Annual conference.ASAF. 1101 16th Street NW, Washington. DC 20036.

1980 Aug 17-23 Mexico (Mexico)Int Federation of Associations of Anatomists. Congress : Morphological sciences. P :3000. (YB no A 1164)Prof Enrique Acaste Viderio. Apdo Postal 30-278, Mexico 20 D.F..

1980 Aug 18-22 Brighton (UK)Royal Microscopical Society. Micro 80 - conference: Various aspects of electron andoptical microscopy.

The Administrator, Royal Microscopical Society. 37/38 St Clements. Oxford, OX4 1AJ.UK.

1980 Aug 18-22 London (UK)Int Committee for Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 6th Congress. Ex.

(YB no A 1581)Pr PB Gahan, Dept of Biology. Queen Elisabeth College, Campden Hill Road, LondonW8 7AH. UK.Royal Microscopical Society. 37/38 St Clements Oxford OX4 1AJ, UK.

• 1980 Aug 24-31 Kyoto (Japan)Int Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology. Congress. (YB n° A 1362)

Dr Taiso Muia. Otsu Hydrobiological Station, Kyoto Unlversity.otsu 52004. Japan.

1980 Aug 25-30 Delft (Netherlands)21st Congress Ampère, 7th ISMR symposium.

J Smidt, Laboratoriun voor Technische Natuurkunde. Lorentzweg 1, Delft.

1980 Aug 25-Sep 1 Tokyo (Japan)Int Cartographic Association. Int conference. P : 500. (YB n° A 1447)ICA. Meyerinksweg 9, Lonneker (Enschede). Netherlands.

1980 Aug 25-Sep 1 San Francisco (Cal, USA)American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Nuclear Energy Division. Nuclear enginee-ring conference : Nuclear electric power in its 25th year.

Nuclear Engineering Division, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345East 47th Street, New York. NY 10017. USA.

1980 Aug Washington (USA)

Int Association of Logopedics and Phonlatries/American Speech and Hearing Asso-ciation. Congress : Training programs in logopedics and phoniatrics- speech, languageand hearing problems of the multiply handicapped- recent advances in phonosurgery.P : 1500-2000. C : 25-30. Ex. (YB n° A 1305)

Dr Kenneth O Johnson, Executive Secretary. American Speech and Hearing Associa-tion. 10801 Rockville Pike. Rockville. 20852, USA.

1980 Sep 2-5 Heviz (Hungary)European Federation of Chemical Engineering/Hungarian Working Party on Cyberne-tics of the Hungarian Chemical Society. CHEMPLANT' 80 - Semposium of the Workingparty on routine calculations and use of computers in chemical engineering.

(YB no A 0725)Hungarian Chemical Society. Anker kôz 1., H-1061 Budapest VI.

1980 Sept 7-13 San Juan (Puerto Rico)Inter american Society of Cardiology. Congress. P: 2000. C: 23. Ex. (YB n° A 1100)

Mario Garcia Palmieri, MD. POB D.G.. Caparra Heights, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00922.

1980 Sep 8-12 Munich (Germany, Fed Rep)World Energy Conference. 11 th Conference. P : 5000. Ex. (YB no A 3510)34 St James Street. London SW1A 1H9. UK.

1980 Sep 9-12 Liege (Belgium)Int Catholic Committee of the Blind. 11th Congress. P : 700. (YB no A 4530)CICA, Mr Beeldens. President. Boulevard Reyers 1. B-1040 Brussels.

1980 Sep middle Copenhagen (Denmark)Inl Ship Suppliers Association. Congress. P : 800. (YB no A 4523)

c/o Mr Robin McKenzie Smith, Conventus. 61 avenue de Cour. CH-1007 Lausanne.

1980 Sep

Atlanta (Ga. USA)

Int Federation for Housing and Planning. World congress.

IFHP. Wassenaarsetveg 43. 2596 CG The Hague. Netherlands.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 11 -1978 519

1980 Sep Belgrade (Yugoslavia)4th Int congress of medical librarianship : Medical information in a developing world,Or Ljubisa Sablic. ICML Executive Secretary, c/o Institut za strucno usavrsavanje Ispecijalizaciju zdravstvenihh radnika, Nusiceva 25/1, 11000 Belgrade.

1980 Sep Brussels (Belgium)Horizon 2000 - Congrès int du béton préparé.

Mr Nico Lepoutre. Association Professionnelle du Béton Préparé. Mechelsesteenweg363, B-1950 Kraainem. Belgium.

1980 Sep 15-19 . Basel (Switzerland)European Federation of Chemical Engineering/Schweizerische Gesenlschaft fu r Che-mische Industrie... 3rd Int symposium on loss prévention and safety promotion in theprocess industries. (YB n° A 0725)

3rd Int symp. on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, POB141. CH-4007 Basel.

1980 Sep 15-19 London (UK)Int Council on Archives. 9th Int congress on archives : The users of archives, and : ICA.

its achievements and i!s future. (YB no A 1766)M. Roper. Congress Director. Public record office, New Richmont, Surrey 7W9 4DU.UK.

1980 Oct 3-6 Brussels (Belgium)European Insurance Committee. Colloquium. (YB n° A 0788)UPEA, Maison de l'assurance. Square de Meeus 29, B-1040 Brussels.

1980 Oct 5-10 Anaheim (Cal, USA)American Society for Information Science. Annual meeting.

ASIS. 1 155 Sixteenth Street. NW, Washington. DC 20036, USA,

1980 Oct 6-10 Philadelphia (Pa, USA)5th Int pédiatrie nephrology congress.

Alan B Gruskin, MD. St Christopher's Hospital for Children, 5th and Lehigh Avenue.Philadelphia, PA 19133.

1980 Oct 7-9 Baltimore (MD, USA)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Electromagnetics CompatibilitySociety. Electromagnetic compatibility symposium.

Mr Andrew Ferrar, IIT Research Institute. ECAC/North Severn, Annapolis, MD 21402,USA.

1980 Oct 20-30 Manila (Philippines)

Int Social Security Association. 20th Genera! assembly (YB n° A 2468)ISSA, CP 1, CH-1211 Geneva 22. '

1980 Oct 29-31 Atlanta (GA, USA)Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Nuclear and Plasma Science Society

Nuclear power systems symposium and exhibits. (YB NO B 0621)Technical Activities Board. IEEE Inc.. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.

1980 Oct Brussels (Belgium)2nd European congress of occupational therapists.

Keness Belgium Congress, rue de l'Industrie 17. Bte 5, B-1040 Brussels.

1980 Oct or Nov Singapore (Singapore)Asian Productivity Organization. Asian productivity congress : New dimensions of pro-ductivity and development strategies for the 1980s. (YB no A 0090)4-14 Akasaka. 8-Chome. Minato-ku, Tokyo 107. Japan.

1980 OctCommittee on Data for Science and Technology. 7th Int conference. P: 350. C: 23.

Prof T Shiuanouchi, College of Sciences Tsukuba University, Saiki, Safrura-mura. Nil-hari-gun, Ibaraki Pref 300-31, Japan, (YB n° B 0319)

1980 Nov 11-14 Dallas (Texas, USA)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Magnetics Society/American Insti-tute of Physics. Conference on magnetism and magnetic materials and exhibits.

(YB n° B0621)Mr D C Bullock. Texas Instruments Inc.. POB 5936. MS 145. Dallas TX 75222, USA.

1980 Nov 16-21 Washington (USA)American Nuclear Society/Atomic Industrial Forum. Joint meeting.

Mr David G Pettengill, ANS Meetings Manager, American Nuclear Society. 555 NorthKensington Avenue. La Grange Parle. IL 60525. USA.

1980 Nov (Singapore)Transpo Asia '80 seminar. Ex.

Int Fair Promotion and Marketing Services (Pte) Ltd. Factory 4. 51A Kampong Bugis,Singapore 12.

LE CENTRE DE CONGRESAUDITORIUM DE MONTE-CARLO

A OUVERT SES PORTES SUR LA MER.Deux

éléments sont à la base de la réussite d'un congrès :le cadre et l'organisation.

Le Centre de Congrès Auditorium de Monte-Carlo estconstruit sur la Méditerranée, au cœur de la ville, dans le silenceet le soleil.

Sa conception ultra-moderne permet une utilisation poly-valente (congrès, expositions, concerts symphoniques, enregis-trements de casques, spectacles) avec une salle de 1200 places, unplateau de scène, des foyers (900 m2), des salles de commission,des bureaux de secrétariat... et un équipement d'avant-garde qui vient s'ajouter à ceux du Centre de Ren-contres Internationales et du Hall du Centenaire.Quant à l'organisation de votre manifestation, la Direction du Tourisme et des Congrès la prend tota-lement en charge. A Monte-Carlo, capitale de l'accueil : des hôtels, dont la gamme allie la haute traditionà la modernité de grand style et dans lesquels des prix "spéciaux-congrès" sont consentis, un grand choix de .restaurants et pour les loisirs : plages, piscines, voile, tennis, golf ; pour les amateurs d'animation nocturne,ses night-clubs et les galas du prestigieux Monte-Carlo Sporting Club ; la Côte d'Azur et la Riviera italienne.Monte-Carlo à la portée des capitales du monde, par air, chemin de fer et autoroute, toute l'année.

D'ailleurs, les responsables decongrès ne l'ont-ils pas choisi poury tenir périodiquement leur réu-

nion plénîère?


BON A DÉCOUPER

Pour tous renseignements complémentaires retourner ce bon de documentation

avec votre carte de visile à :

Direction du Tourisme et des Congrès, 2 A, bd des Moulins - MC. MONTE-CARLO

Tél. (93} 30.87.01/30.43.47 - Télex 4697GO MC

Nom______________________________Prénom _________________________________________________________

Société/Association ____________ Adresse_______________________________________________________________

(former title : INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS … · (former title : INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS...

Documents

Transcript of (former title : INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS … · (former title : INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS...