Formation of Oil What is crude oil? Crude oil is a fossil fuel (non.
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Transcript of Formation of Oil What is crude oil? Crude oil is a fossil fuel (non.
Formation of Oil
What is crude oil? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYMWUz7TC3A•Crude oil is a fossil fuel (non renewable)
Something that takes along time to make and is used up faster than it is made.
•All the readily extractable resources will be used up in the future
•Need to find replacements
•Conflict between making petrochemicals and fuels
Fractional distillation
LPG
Petrol
Naphtha
Paraffin
Diesel
Lubricating oils
Fuel Oil
Bitumen600˚C
20˚C
Crude oil can be separated into it’s useful fractions as they have different boiling points
The longer chain hydrocarbon has the higher boiling point because the intermolecular forces are stronger between long chain hydrocarbons compared to short chain hydrocarbons.
Problems – Exploitation of oil• Environmental –
transportation
1. Damage to bird’s feathers causing death
2. Use of detergents to clean up oil slicks and consequent damage to wildlife
• Political
1. UK dependent on oil and gas from politically unstable countries
2. Future supply issues
Supply must meet demandCracking
Picking the right fuel
TEA CUPS
oxicitynergy valuevailabilityost
sabilityollution
torage
Why is the amount of fossil fuels being burnt increasing?
• Increasing world population• Growth of use in developing
countries
Complete combustion
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Incomplete combustion (some oxygen)
CH4 + 1½O2 CO + 2H2O
Incomplete combustion (little oxygen)
CH4 + O2 C + 2H2O
Gas %
Nitrogen 78
Oxygen 21
Carbon Dioxide 0.035
Other <1
Composition of CLEAN AIR
CO2 produced by = taken in by Photosynthesis Respiration
PROBLEM – Burning Fossil Fuels Deforestation
Degassing of Early volcanoes = atmosphere of H2O and CO2
Forming the atmosphere 2.11
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Db2WAG-VVs
Earth cools and water condenses forming oceans
Development of photosynthetic organisms
Increase in O2 levels due to photosynthesis
Increase in N2 due to lack of reactivity
CO2 dissolves in oceans
Incomplete combustion of petrol and dieselin cars, lorries and buses
Sulphur in fossil fuels – coal and oilOxides of nitrogen – from petrol engines
Oxides of nitrogen – from petrol enginesPhotochemical
smog
Carbon monoxide
Acid Rain
PollutionPollution
In car engine: OIn car engine: O22+N+N2 2 2NO2NO
Catalytic converters
2CO + 2NO N2 + 2CO2
REMOVE CO
HYDROCARBONSAlkanes : CnH2n+2 SATURATED-only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Each carbon has 4 bonds - - - Each hydrogen one bond
Methane
Ethane
Butane
Propane
Pentane
Hexane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
Alkenes:CnH2n UNSATURATED-at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Ethene C2H4
Butene C3H6
Propene C4H8
Pentene C5H10
Hexene C6H12
Test for UNSATURATION – Add Bromine Water : Orange Colourless
PolymerisationMonomer PolymerADDITION POLYMERISATION
High TemperatureCatalyst
poly(propene)
THERMOPLASTICWeak INTERMOECULAR FORCESLow melting ptEasily Stretched
THERMOSETTINGStrong (covalent or cross links) FORCESHigh Melting ptRigid
Gore-tex – nylon laminated with PTFE/polyurethane
membrane
Rain water;Won’t fit through the holes.Gore-tex;
Has millions of tiny holes in it.
Sweat;Will fit through the holes.
SKIN
Membrane too fragile without Nylon
CookingProtein (egg)Denatured – permanently changes shape
PotatoesEasier to digest -
1. cell walls rupture resulting in loss of rigid structure and a softer texture
2. starch grains swell up and spread out.
ADDITIVESAntioxidantsFood ColourFlavour enhancerEmulsifier
Hydrophobic
Water hating attaches to oil
HydrophilicWater loving attaches to water molecules
MIXTURE = EMULSION
Baking Powder
sodiumhydrogencarbonate
Sodium +carbonate
Carbon +dioxide
water
2NaHCO3Na2CO3 CO2 H2O+ +
Making esters catalyst
alcohol + organic acid → ester + water sulfuric acid
methanol + butanoic → methyl + water acid butanoate
Volatile liquids evaporateevaporate easily.Weak attractive forces between particles – easy to overcome attractionWhy does water NOT remove nail varnish?•water-water attraction stronger than water-nail varnish attraction•Nail varnish attraction stronger than water-nail varnish attraction
Paint is a colloid http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BLVuoUmr94 muteSolid particles are mixed and dispersed with particles of a liquid but are not dissolved.
Solvent – liquid that suspends the other ingredients so it can be applied to a surface. It evaporates quickly so that the paint dries.
Binding medium-Sticks pigment to the surface
Pigment – colour suspended in the solvent.
Paints to dry the solvent must evaporate.
Oil PaintOil is oxidised by Oxygen
Emulsions paint- the solvent is water.
Thermochromic - Paints which change colour with a change in temperatureAcrylic paints can be added to give more of a range of colour changes
Phosphorescent - absorb and store energy and release it as light over a period of time. (safer)
The Structure of the Earth•Lithosphere – relatively cold and rigid outer part of the Earth (crust and upper part of the mantle)•Tectonic plates less dense than the mantle•Mantle = cold and rigid just below the crust, hot and non-rigid at greater depths (able to move)
THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS•Energy transfer involving convection currents in the semi-rigid mantle cause the plates to move slowly.•Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust•Collision – leads to subduction and partial melting•Plates cooler at ocean margins so sink and pull plates down
Development of Theory of plate tectonics Wegener’s continental drift theory (1914) was not accepted by scientists at the time. New evidence in 1960s – show ocean floor spreading. The theory was slowly accepted as subsequent research supported the theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhxjAAnwNKM
Volcanoes•runny lava – fairly safe -produce iron-rich Basalt•thick lava – violent/explosive – produce silica-rich Rhyolite•Geologists study volcanoes - gather info. about Earth’s structure.•Live near - volcanic soil very fertile.Igneous rocksSlower molten rock cools= larger crystals
Difficult to study the structure of the Earth:•crust too thick to drill all the way through•Scientists study seismic waves made by earthquakes or man-made explosions.
Material How it is made
aluminium and iron metals obtained from ores
brick made from clay
glass made from sand
cement and concrete made using limestone
granite, limestone and marble
rocks mined or quarried from the ground
•Limestone – sedimentary•Marble – metamorphic – limestone put through high temp. and pressure•Granite - igneous
Thermal Decomposition of Limestonecalcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Limestone + Clay = CementCement + sand + water + aggregate = concrete
Reinforced concrete = composite material – concrete + steel.
Hardness Flexibility and strength
Electrolyte = Cu(II)SO4(aq)
Smart AlloysSmart alloys have unusual properties. Nitinol = nickel + titaniumshape memory alloy - bent out of shape, returns to original shape when heated or electric current passed through it
iron + water + oxygen → hydrated iron(III) oxide
Salt Acid RainIron Vs SteelSteel = harder, stronger, less likely to rust
RecyclingEU law – 85% of car’s materials be recycled, >95% by 2015. Reduces amount of waste + natural resources used
Hydrogen + nitrogen Ammonia 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)
•450°C•200atm•Iron catalyst
Production costs •energy•labour•raw materials•equipment •rate of reaction.
Economic considerations•optimum conditions used - give lowest cost not necessarily fastest reaction or highest percentage yield•rate of reaction and percentage yield - high enough to make enough product each day.
H+ + OH- H2O
Acid + alkali salt + water
Naming SaltsChloride - hydrochloric acid(HCl)Nitrate - nitric acid(HNO3)Sulphate - sulphuric acid(H2SO4) Phosphate - phosphoric acid
Neutralisation equationsBases:NH3, NH4OH, KOH, NaOH, CuOcarbonates: Na2CO3, CaCO3
Acid + carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxide
Fertilisers•Crops grow faster+bigger-crop yields increased. •Dissolve in water-absorb them through roots.•Essential elements: N P K
Making a fertiliser•measuring cylinder measure volume of alkali solution•burette to add acid a little at a time until the alkali has been neutralised•filter funnel to remove solid crystals of fertiliser after evaporating water from the neutral fertiliser solutionProblems
•too much fertiliser-pollute water supplies•Eutrophication - not enough O2 dissolved in water for aquatic organisms to survive
2Cl– – 2e– → Cl2 (oxidation)
2H+ + 2e– → H2 (reduction)
Hydrogen - manufacture ammonia and margarine (used to harden vegetable oils).
Chlorine -•kill bacteria •make solvents•make plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC)•make household bleachIons not discharged make NaOH - used to make soap and household bleach.
sodium hydroxide + chlorine → sodium chloride + water + sodium chlorate2NaOH + Cl2 → NaCl + H2O + NaClO
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCVbAw6c0Rk
Rate of Reaction
Concentration – increases, particles become more crowded•increase the collision frequency = more successful collisions•Result = increased rate of reaction.
Temperature – increases, particles gain KINETIC ENERGY•move around more quickly/ more energetic•Particles collide more frequently with more energy •more collisions per second •more successful collisions
Pressure - If reactants are gases you can increase the pressure. •More particles per unit volume.•Increased collisions frequency •More successful collisions•Increased rate of reaction. Limiting Reactant -reactant that is all used up at the end of the reaction•amount of product formed directly proportional to amount of limiting reactant used.
How much product is formed in a fixed time period (g/s or cm3/s)
Rates of Reaction
Catalyst – increases rate of reaction•Small amount needed to catalyse large amounts of reactants•Unchanged at the end of the reaction
Surface Area – larger surface area (smaller particles) •More frequent collisions•More successful collisions•Increased rate of reaction
Fine Combustible powders - An explosion is a very fast reaction which releases a large volume of gaseous products. Danger of explosion in factories that handle powdered flammable substances; custard powder, flour, powdered sulfur.
Reaction finished
Faster rateSlower rate
Rate = gradient = y/x
Amount of product formed
relative atomic masses of all the elements in the compound added together.
Relative formula mass, Mr
O16
8
H2O
CO2
NH3
H2
O2
N2
SO2
Water
Carbon dioxide
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur dioxide
Covalent formulae
Ionic formulae
NaClCaCl2MgOHClH2SO4
HNO3
NaOHCa(OH)2
CaCO3
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Sodium chlorideCalcium chlorideMagnesium oxideHydrochloric acidSulphuric acidNitric acidSodium hydroxideCalcium hydroxideCalcium carbonateAluminium oxideIron oxide
Conservation of mass in reactions
total mass of products =total mass of the reactants
CH
H
H
HO
O
OO
OH H
OH H
CO
O
Calculating the mass of a product
What mass of magnesium oxide is produced when 60g of magnesium is burned in air?1. READ the equation:
2Mg + O2 2MgO
3. LEARN and APPLY the following 3 points:1) 48g of Mg makes 80g of MgO2) 1g of Mg makes 80/48 = 1.66g of MgO3) 60g of Mg makes 1.66 x 60 = 100g of
MgO
2.WORK OUT the relative formula masses (Mr):
2 x 24 2 x (24+16)
48 80
What mass of hydrochloric acid is needed to produce 11.1g calcium chloride? Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O
Percentage yield
Percentage yield= actual yield x100 Predicted
yield
Not 100% yield:•Filtering•Evaporation•Transferring liquids•Not all reactant made into product
Industrial processes want high percentage yield:•Reduce wasted reactants•Reduce cost
Atom economy• sustainable
development• fewer natural resources • less waste.• HOW do you know what
is a useful product?? READ THE QUESTION
Atom Economy= Mr of desired productx100 Mr of all products
The amount of starting materials that become useful products.
Exothermic Reactions
Heat given out, reactants lose energy.
Energy level diagram
Energ
y /
kJ)
Progress of reaction
Reactants
Products
The reactants start with more energy this is lost to the surroundings as heat during the reaction.
The products have less energy than the reactants
No bond between atomsHigh in energy.
Atoms now bonded lower in energy
Endothermic Reactions
Heat taken in, reactants gain energy.Surroundings get cooler
Energy level diagram
Energ
y /
kJ)
Progress of reaction
Reactants
Products
The reactants start with less energy, they gain energy from the surroundings.
The products have more energy than the reactants.
Atoms already bonded.
Bonds broken
E=mc∆TEnergy supplied (J)
Mass of water (g)
Specific heat capacity ofwater (J/g/oC)
Rise in temperature (oC)
Fuel Efficiency (J/g)
Energy supplied (J)
Mass of fuel burnt(g)
4.2 J/g/oCCalorimetry
Measure mass of fuel burntMeasure ∆T•Same volume of water•Same calorimeter•Same heating time
Batch process
•Make product on demand•small scale, Fixed amount•making drugs that have expire date. •Easy to change the product from one to another. •Very labour intensive- reactor needs to be filled emptied and cleaned.•high cost per tonne.•Time needed for cleaning and t change product line
Continuous process
•24/7 •shut down for maintenance •Haber process. •Automation-few staff cheaper per tonne.•less energy to maintain, as long as the process can be kept running. •High set up cost•Must be used constantly.
Which cooking fuel is best?
FuelTemp before
heatingin C
Temp after heating
in C
Temp change
in C
Rank order
methane 20 76
camping gas 21 73
cheap oil 19 64
expensive oil 19 66
Calculate the temperature change of a beaker of water for the same amount of each fuel. Then decide which fuel is best.
Fuel
Temp before
(C)
Temp before
(C)
Temp differenc
e (C)
Energy transferre
d (J)
Mass of fuel used (g)
Energy per gram
(J/g)
A 20 56 3.2
B 21 64 4.3
C 19 52 3.6
D 20 61 3.9
Running an airlineThese are the results presented to an airline after a test of
four fuels. Calculate the energy given off per gram of fuel for each. Which do you think is the ‘best’ fuel?
• Extracted from plants and other natural products 1. Crushed to disrupt and break the cell wall to release the desired product2. Boil in a suitable solvent to dissolve compound3. Chromatography to separate and identify individual compounds
New drugs
Expensiveresearch and development time and associated labour costs;time required to meet legal requirements including timescale for testing and human trials;anticipated demand for new product ;length of pay back time for initial investment.
TESTING• scientist need: labour/salaries/wages/cost of workers.
• electricity/energy/gas/power costs.
• Time taken to complete process.
• Equipment cost
• Health and safety issues with the drug
• Pollution controls.
• Rent, water rates all cost money.
• The question mentions two factors that are both expensive and TIME consuming.
• Learn all of these in case it comes up as a 6 mark question.
6 marks question on drugs
Answers:
NOTE: Scientist publish findings about new drugs to allow other scientist to test their findings and see if they get the same results. To allow doctors and pharmacists know about the drug. To show that their drug is safe. To give scientist chance to develop it further.
Different forms of the same element in the same physical state. Allotropes
Allotrope Properties Structure Use• Colourless• transparent• hard• high melting pt• Does not conduct
electricity• Lustrous
four strong covalent bonds
No free electrons
Cutting tools
Jewellery
• Black, opaque
• Soft, slippery• High melting pt• Conducts electricity
• Lustrous
layerslayers-weak forcesstrong covalentbondsdelocalised e-
Pencil lead
Lubricants
Electrodes
nanotubes •strong
• conductors of electricity
•black solid
•deep red when in petrol.
C60 semiconductors in electronic circuits reinforcing structures
Dia
mon
dG
raph
iteBu
ckm
inst
er
Fulle
rene