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Integrated Science

Form 3

Key Concept Chart

science, technology and society Managing natural resources

Useful definitionsanti-virus software: software that has been written to find and destroy virusesdesktop publishing (DTP): the process of creating complex documents such as magazines on a computerdownload: a piece of software obtained from a server on the Internet and transferred onto your computeremail: messages sent from one computer user to another using electronic mailboxes on email servers on the Internethardware: the electronics of a computerInternet service provider: a company that sells the use of their email and web servers to the publiconline: connected to the Internetportable document format (PDF): a small software document (small number of bytes) that can easily be sent by emailsearch engine: software on a server that allows users to search for anything on the World Wide Webviruses: pieces of computer software that can spread on the Internet and damage computersweb browsers: software in a computer that allows users to find and read websitesweb server: a computer that contains websites that users can read on the World Wide Webword-processing: the commonly used process of creating electronic documents such as letters on a computer

The nature of matterUseful definitionsatom: the basic building block of matter; the smallest particle that all matter is made ofatomic number: the number of protons in an atomboiling point: the temperature at which a liquid boilscompound: a chemical combination of two or more elements in fixed proportionsdiatomic molecules: molecules that are made up of two atomsdistillation: a purification process that uses the difference in boiling points of the constituents of a mixtureelectron configuration: the arrangement of the electrons in an atom or moleculeelement: a substance that contains only one type of atomevaporation: the process by which some materials change from liquid to gasisotopes: atoms of the same element with different massesmass number: the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atommatter: all objects in the universe are made of mattermelting point: the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquidmixture: a combination of elements in any proportion that can be separated by physical processesmolecule: two or more atoms joined togethernucleus: the centre of an atom containing the protons and neutronsorbit: to move around somethingorbitals: the different energy levels around the nucleus that electrons occupyreactivity: the rate or speed at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction

• Pollution results when any form of harmful substance enters the environment.

• The three main types of pollution are air, water and soil pollution.

• Examples of sources of pollution are: burning of fossil fuels, poisons, sewage, plastics, pesticides, toxic waste, mines, agriculture, power plants and construction sites.

• Problems caused by pollution include: acid rain, global warming, polluted water, contaminated soil and health problems (lung diseases, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and cancer).

• Ways in which we can manage pollution include: educating people about its dangers, handling and disposing of waste correctly, reducing the amount of pollutants produced, using environmentally-friendly products, and reducing the use of fossil fuels.

Acids and bases

‘

• pH tells us how acidic or basic a substance is. It is measured on a scale from 0 to 14.

• The strength of a substance relates to how well it dissociates when dissolved in water, while the concentration is a measure of how much of a substance is dissolved.

• A strong acid has a low pH.• A weak acid has a high pH.• A concentrated acid has a lot of acid and a little water.• A diluted acid has a lot of water and a little acid.

When a metal reacts with an acid:

acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas

When a carbonate reacts with an acid:

carbonate + acid → salt + carbon dioxide + water

The pH Scale:

Periodic Table

Exploring integrated science Exploring integrated science Exploring integrated science Exploring integrated science

VIII

I II

H

Hydrogen III IV V VI VIIHe

Helium

Li Lithium

Be Berryllium

B Boron

C Carbon

N Nitrogen

O Oxygen

F Fluorine

Ne Neon

Na Sodium

Mg Magnesium

Ai Aluminium

Si Silicon

P Phosphorous

S Sulphur

Cl Chlorine

Ar Argon

K Potassium

Ca Calcium

Sc Scandium

Ti Titanium

V Vanadium

Cr Chromium

Mn Manganese

Fe Iron

Co Cobalt

Ni Nickel

Cu Copper

Zn Zinc

Ga Gallium

Ge Germanium

As Arsenic

Se Selenium

Br Bromine

Kr Krypton

Rb Rubidium

Sr Strontium

Y Yttrium

Zr Zirconium

Nb Niobium

Mo Molybdenum

Tc Technetium

Ru Ruthenium

Rh Rhodium

Pd Palladium

Ag Silver

Cd Cadmium

In Indium

Sn Tin

Sb Antimony

Te Tellurium

I Iodine

Xe Xenon

Cs Cesium

Ba Barium

La Lanthamium

Hf Hafnium

Ta Tantalum

W Tungsten

Re Rhenium

Os Osmium

Ir Iridium

Pt Platinum

Au Gold

Hg Mercury

Tl Thallium

Pb Lead

Bi Bismuth

Po Polonium

At Astatine

Rn Radon

Fr Francium

Ra Radium

Ac Actinium

Rf Rutherfordium

Db Dubnium

Sg Seaborgium

Bh Bohrium

Hs Hassium

Mt Meitnerium

Ce Cerium

Pr Praseodymium

Nd Neodymium

Pm Promethium

Sm Samarium

Eu Europium

Gd Gadolinium

Tb Terbium

Dy Dysprosium

Ho Holmium

Er Erbium

Tm Thulium

Yb Ytterbium

Lu Lutetium

Th Thorium

Pa Protactimium

U Uranium

Np Neptunium

Pu Plutonium

Am Americium

Cm Curium

Bk Berkelium

Cf Californium

Es Einsteinium

Fm Fermium

Md Mendelevium

No Nobelium

Lr Lawrencium

Group VIII elements (called group 0) These are all gases. They do not form compounds. They are called noble or inert gases.

103102101100

Reactive metals

Transition metals

Less reactive metals

Non-metals Noble gases

KEY

Zig-zag line separates the metals from the non-metals

H

Hydrogen

1

name

symbol

atomic number

7168 7067 69666562 6461 63605958

99989794 9693 95929190

8683 8582 84818077 7976 78757473

109108107106105

72

104

57

89

56

88

55

87

5451 5350 52494845 4744 4643424140393837

3532 3431 33302926 2825 272423222120

12

9

19

11

7

36

14

6

16

8

18

10

13

5

15

7

17

9

21

Transition elements These are unreactive metals. They have very high melting points. They are very useful. Many of their compounds are coloured.

Group 1 elements These are soft light metals. They react very quickly to water, are similar and are called alkali metals.

Group VII elements These are very reactive non-metals. They are poisonous, but some of their compounds (like table salt) are essential for us to live. They are called halogens.

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Metals and non-metals Machines

Most metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides. This process is called corrosion.

Metals are mixed with other metals (and sometimes with non-metals) to make substances called alloys. Alloys have properties that the original metals do not have. Brass, bronze and solder are examples of alloys.

Carbon is a common non-metallic element found in all molecules of living things. Carbon can exist in more than one form in the solid state. Different forms of the same element in the same state are known as allotropes. Carbon allotropes are diamonds, graphite and fullerene.

Physical and chemical properties of metals

Physical properties Chemical properties

Conduct heat wellUsually have 1–3 electrons in their outer shell

Good electrical conductorsLose the electrons in their outer shell easily

Surface is shiny when clean – this is called lustre

React with oxygen to produce basic oxides

Malleable – they can be rolled into thin sheets

Good reducing agents

Ductile – they can be pulled into thin wires

Sonorous – they make a sound when hit

Usually solid at room temperature (except mercury)

Physical and chemical properties of non-metals

Physical properties Chemical properties

Poor conductors of heat – they are insulators

Usually have 4–8 electrons in their outer shell

Do not conduct electricity well

Gain or share the electrons in their outer shell easily

Brittle if they are solidsReact with oxygen to form oxides that are acidic

Not ductile Good oxidising agents

Do not have a metallic lustre

Can be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature

• Simple machines make work easier.• A lever is a simple machine.• You apply a small force at the effort to create a big

force at the load.• A lever is supported at the fulcrum or pivot.• An inclined plane enables you to lift objects more

easily and with a smaller force than if you lifted them vertically.

• The moment of force is the product of the force applied at a point, and the perpendicular distance from where the force is acting (e.g. opening a door).

• The Principle of Moments states that when a beam is balanced, the clockwise motion is equal to the anticlockwise moment.

Electricity and magnetism

• A resistor is any conductor that resists the flow of current in a circuit. Bulbs are resistors.

• We measure resistance in units called ohms Ω.• In a resistor, electrical energy is changed into

other forms of energy such as heat and light. • This voltage drop across a resistor is a measure of

how much energy is converted to heat and light energy in the resistor.

• The current passing through a resistor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it.

• The resistance of a wire increases when it gets hot.

Remember:

R = V

I; V = IR; I = V

R

Resistance = voltage

current

If several resistors are connected in series in a circuit: R = R1 + R2 + R3 + …

If several resistors are connected in parallel in a

circuit: 1

R = 1

R1 + 1

R1 + …

load (large force)

fulcrum

effort (small force)

A spade being used as a lever

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The human body Force, motion and energy

HiV/AiDs

AIDS care-givers must:• provide emotional support and practical help to

AIDS patients,• respect the confidentiality of AIDS patients,• know how to prevent infections, control pain and

cope with very ill patients, and• encourage patients to do gentle exercise, eat

healthily and take sufficient rest.

• Forces can cause stationary objects to move and moving objects to change direction or slow down.

• Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object remains at rest, or if it is moving it will continue to move with constant speed in the same direction, until a force acts on it to move it differently.

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion says that when a force is applied to a moving object it causes the momentum of the object to change. The rate of change of this momentum is equal to the size of the force. The change takes place in the direction of the force.

• A useful way of expressing Newton’s Second Law is the formula F = ma, where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the object and a is the acceleration of the object caused by the force.

• Newton’s Third Law of Motion says that action and reaction are equal and opposite. This means that if you push against a wall, the wall is also pushing against you with the same force.

The solar system

Space exploration:• provides us with more information about space

beyond our Earth,• tells us what the universe was like in the distant past,• is expensive and dangerous,• has contributed to advances in types of plastic,

television, computers and human health, and• relies on the skills of astronauts, pilots, computer

technicians, mechanics, medical doctors, scientists, engineers, chemists and geologists.

Satellites give us information about Earth. Some research satellites contain devices that can study the universe from above the atmosphere, obtaining information that we cannot get on Earth. Space probes send information back about other parts of the solar system. There are many different kinds of telescopes that detect radio waves, X-rays, heat and light from objects in the universe.

The solar system

Mars

Sun

Venus

Mercury

Saturn

JupiterNeptune

Uranus

Earth

199

TOPIC 9 Body systems

In Form 2, you learnt some important things about the human body. For example, you studied how your body is used for communication and how the sense organs help you to communicate. You also learnt that the nervous system is made up of many nerves that make different muscles react. Some of these muscles, together with bones and joints, enable you to move your body. For example, you use muscles, bones and joints to walk, hold a pencil, kick a soccer ball, and so on.

In this unit, we will learn about the physiology of bones, muscles and joints.

The main functions of the human skeletonThe adult human skeleton is made up of 206 different bones. These bones begin to develop before birth. As newborn babies, our bones are soft, and our bodies are floppy. As we get older, our bones get hard and strong and we can sit or stand up straight.

Look at Figure 9.1 to see all the different bones in the adult skeleton. Notice that most of the bones have scientific names, for example, humerus and femur. You do not need to remember the names of the bones!

SO 7.4.1.1, 7.4.1.2

New wordphysiology the study of

how living bodies work

Key conceptThe human skeleton is made up of 206 different bones. The main functions of the human skeleton are: to give sturdiness and provide a frame, to provide attachments for muscles and ligaments, to enable the body to move, and to provide protection for vital organs.

Emerging issueChildren must have good nutrition, because bones need calcium, and muscles need carbohydrates and protein to become strong and healthy.

Figure 9.1 A front and back view of the human skeleton

fibula

tibia

femur

patella

ulnacarpals

phalanges

metatarsals

pelvisradius

vertebral column

ribshumerussternum

scapula

clavicle

skull

cervical vertebrae

Form 3Student’s

Book

Form 3Student’s

Book

For new curriculum implementation in Botswana

ExploringIntegrated Science

Exploring Integrated Science Form 3 Student’s B

ook

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KEY CONCEPT CHART

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Heinemann Exploring helps students to understand the subject:• Learning objectives explain what students need to be able to do• Clear and concise language makes content accessible • Varied activities provide unique learning opportunities• Additional information encourages students to explore further.

Heinemann Exploring helps students to pass the subject:• Chapter summaries reinforce learning• Revision opportunities provide valuable exam practice• Key Concept Charts summarise important concepts for quick revision• Test CDs so teachers can evaluate students’ progress.

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EXPL INTE SCIENCE 3SB CV.indd 1 2011/07/14 10:50:47 PM

• The functions of the skeleton are to protect internal organs, support the muscles and body organs and allow body movement.

• A joint is a part of the body that can bend because two bones meet there.

• For movement to happen, the action of the muscles, bones and joints must be coordinated. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Limbs function as levers. Bones are pulled by pairs of muscles to move the levers.

• Posture is the position of the body parts relative to one another.

• Good posture involves aligning each part of the body with the neighbouring parts, thereby keeping them well-balanced and supported.

The human skeleton