Forestry Programs forProgrammable Calculators

Extension Bulletin E-16O1, February 1982COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE • MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

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Forestry Programs for ProgrammableCalculators

By Kama R. Sterrett and John E. Gunter

INTRODUCTION

Programmable calculators are making many fores-try tasks simpler and their results more accurate.These instruments are easy to use, relatively inexpen-sive, and useful in the field or office. A continuousincrease in the number of forestry applications appearslikely.

This catalog is the result of a nationwide survey ofthe members of three Society of American Forestersworking groups (i.e. Biometrics, Inventory, and Sys-tems Analysis) by the Cooperative Extension Serviceand the Department of Forestry, Michigan State Uni-versity. The purpose of this catalog is to providepotential users with a listing of currently availableforestry programs for programmable calculators. No

programs were received for six of the subject areaslisted, indicating the need for future program develop-ment.

The catalog is indexed by subject area, programtitle, and author. In addition to a brief description ofeach program, the following are listed: The make andmodel of calculator used, number of program steps,price, author, and appropriate addresses. To learnmore about an individual program or to obtain a copy,please write directly to the program author. Theseprograms have not been reviewed, except for thecorrection of minor grammatical and typing errors in theprogram descriptions.

The authors of the catalog extend special thanks tothose who contributed programs or otherwise sup-ported the project.

SUBJECT AREAS1 — Forest Administration2 — Forest Ecology3 — Forest Economics and Finance4 — Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement5 — Forest Measurements — Biometrics6 — Forest Protection (Disease, Insects, Fire)7 — Forest Silviculture8 — Forest Soils and Water9 — General Forestry

10 — Range Management11 —Recreation Management12 — Timber Harvesting13 — Urban Forestry14 —Wildlife Management15 — Wood Products16 —Other

SUBJECT AREA INDEX

1 — Forest Administration1 — 1 Quarterly Benefits Distribution

3 — Forest Economics and Finance3 — 1 Economic Evaluation of Reforestation

Projects3 — 2 Reforestation Tax Credit and

Amortization3 — 3 FAME (Forest Asset Management

Evaluation)3 — 4 Investment Analysis for Timber

Management Using a ProgrammableCalculator

3 — 5 Present, Future Values, and InterestRate

3 — 6 Investment Analysis with the RealizableRate of Return (RRR)

5 — Forest Measurements — Biometrics5 — 1

5 — 3

5 — 45 — 55 — 65 — 75 — 85 — 9

5 — 105 — 115 — 125 — 135 — 14

5 — 155 — 16

5 — 175 — 185 — 195 — 20

5 — 21

5 — 225 — 235 — 24

5 — 265 — 275 — 285 — 295 — 30

Stem Volume from Cubic ContentSamplingCruise CalculationPrism Plot Processor with Cubic Footand Board Foot VolumesAPPRAZMinicruiseCRUZPPLPTarif Tree VolumesTSSA Volume from Sample Weight 3PScaleTimber SaleForm Class VolumesHPPPIndividual and Accumulated Basal AreaAverage Diameter, Basal Area/ UnitAreaTotal Volume from Tree SectionsMerchantable Volume from TreeSectionsTSI Cost-SharingVariable Plot Stand TableWood Volume EstimatePoint Sampling Volume Determination(International 1A" Scale)Volume Determination for 100%Inventory (International VA" Scale)Cubic Feet and TonsTraverse with AreaAcreage by TypeTraverse Closure and Area3P Random NumbersN PlotsSample Weight FrequencyPreliminary Calculations for 3P Cruising3P Random Number Generator

5 — 31 Prism Calibration5 — 32 Regeneration Survey Using Vertical

Point Sampling5 — 33 Solution for Tree Height, Crown Height

and Crown Ratio Using Known BoleHeight

5 — 34 Pocket Electronic Calculator for Barr andStroud Dendrometer

5 — 35 Barr and Stroud Model 155 — 36 Tarif Number Access Program5 — 37 One-Shot Tree Height Measurements

on Permanent Sample Plots5 — 38 Growth (1 + P)n

5 — 39 Growth Percent5 — 40 Growth Calculation — Stand Table

Movement5 — 41 Nelder Plot Dimensions5 — 42 Growth Plot Volume Program5 — 43 Growth-Shortcut Formulas5 — 44 Random Number, Means, Regression,

and the Programmable Calculator5 — 45 Weighted Statistics5 — 46 Two-Way ANOVA5 — 47 Coefficient of Variation5 — 48 Statistical Analysis of Field Data and

Projection of Stand after Thinning5 — 49 Allegheny Hardwood Stand Analysis

and Prescription5 — 50 Weibull Life Testing5 — 51 Stand and Stock Table Preparation5 — 52 Cubic Foot Volume Equations5 — 53 MIL3 — Extension of MILL, Totals

Obtained5 — 54 SINDEX —9 Species Site Index and

Height5 — 55 LOGVOL — Board Feet (4 Rules) and

Cubic Volume (3 Formulas). U.S. andMetric.

5 — 56 LR — Simple Linear Regression,Compact Version Simulating HP-34CFunction Keys

5 — 57 Log Volume Calculations (U.S. andMetric)

5 — 58 Five Species Site Index Calculations5 — 59 Sawmill Conversion Surplus

Calculations5 — 60 Comprehensive Simple Linear

Regression5 — 61 Satterthwaites Approximation5 — 62 Transformations5 — 63 Calculations with a Constant5 — 64 Calculate Missing Plot Values5 — 65 Pulpwood and Sawtimber Limit of Error5 — 66 Pulpwood Volume Program5 — 67 Softwood Tree Volumes, Scribner Board

Feet or Cubic Feet5 — 68 CIA Growth, Cubic Feet

5 — 69 Yields of Site-Prepared Loblolly PinePlantations

5 — 70 Pinyon-Juniper5 — 71 Timber Sale Volume Summary for the

Lake States

6— Forest Protection (Disease, Insects, Fire)6 — 1 Fire Containment Equation for Pocket

Calculators6 — 2 Spot Fire Distance Equation for Pocket

Calculators6 — 3 Fire Danger/Fire Behavior

Computations6 — 4 Fuel Inventory6 — 5 Downed Woody Computation

7 — Forest Silviculture7 — 1 Simulation of Thinning Options7 — 2 Silviculture Exam7 — 3 Red Pine Yield Projection7 — 4 Tree Spacer7 — 5 Marden Scarification — Cost Prediction7 — 6 All Age Size-Class Distribution (Q

Factor)

9 — General Forestry9 — 1 Constraint Quanta — An Index of

Diversity9 — 2 Hand-Held-Calculator Programs for the

Field Forester9 — 3 TI-59 Calculator Programs for the Field

Forester9 — 4 Universal Plane Triangle Program

(Hewlett-Packard Program No. 00930D)9 — 5 Slope Calculation9 — 6 TABLE9 — 7 Percent Handling9 — 8 Elevation Profiles for Visual Analysis

12 — Timber Harvesting12 — 1 Allowable Harvest12 — 2 Spar Tree Analysis and Spar Tree DBH12 — 3 Board Footage of Logs/ Doyle and

International VA" Scale12 — 4 Weak Link Logging System Analyzer12 — 5 Spacing Logging Roads12 — 6 Forest Service Road Appraisal12 — 7 Calculation of End Areas for Forest

Roads12 — 8 Calculation of Excavation Quantities for

Forest Roads12 — 9 Map Profile Reduction (MAPRO)12 —10 Log Density — Water Measure12 — 11 Column Failure (COLFAIL)12 —12 Skyline Payload Analysis12 —13 Library of Programs from the Logging

Systems Group, Region 6

100 Tower and Landing Design101 Column Failure102 Wooden Spar110 Guyline Tension111 Tower Loads112 Guyline Analysis

200 Field Survey and Road Design211 Earthwork221 Simple Curves and

Self-Propelled Yarders222 Long Truck Turn Radius223 Curve Radius231 Profile Coordinates and Plot

(Field Data)232 Profile Plot (Topographic

Map)233 Profile Reduction234 Rangefinder236 Skyline Profile and Traverse

Closure237 Traverse241 Air Photo Height Equation

300 Skyline Design330 Singlespan with Mainline,

Load and Tension331 Singlespan with Mainline,

Tension and Length332 Singlespan with Haulback,

Load and Tension333 Singlespan with Haulback,

Tension and Length334 Running Skyline, Load and

Tension335 Running Skyline Load Path336 Error in Rigid-Link Analysis337 Elliptical Load Path338 Standing Skyline Abney

Method341 Live Skyline, Clamped

Carriage342 Slackline, Rowley-Parker

Carriage343 Maximum Gravity Outhaul

Distance344 Singlespan with Mainline,

Partial Suspension345 Running Skyline, Partial

Suspension346 Partial/Full Suspension Log

Ratio347 Live Skyline Contour Map

Solution351 Unloaded Skyline Tension352 Log Weight353 Critical Skyline Tension at a

Multispan Jack

361 Profile Reduction362 Critical Standing Skyline363 Critical Running/Live Skyline

400 Economic Analysis401 Interior Road Standard #1402 Interior Road Standard #2403 Interior Road Standard #3411 Multiperiod Road Spacing

Analysis412 Two-Way Skid, Parallel

Roads and Landings413 Optimum Road/Landing

Spacing414 Tractor Skid, Parallel Roads,

No Landings415 Optimize Lateral Yarding

Distance421 Cost/MBF431 AYD Continuous Landings432 AYD, Single Landing,

Irregular Setting441 Interest and Annuity Factors451 Quickie Time-Study Aid

500 Watershed and HydrologicAnalysis501 Culvert Discharge502 Stream Gauging

503 Throughfall (InterceptionLosses)

504 Bethlahmy's Two AxisRaingauge Method

505 Flood Event Probabilities506 Potential Evapotranspiration511 Darcy's Permeability Law512 Soil Consolidation513 Approximate Bearing

Capacity Factors600 Mechanical Engineering

610 Torsion620 Wood Density Water

Measure630 General Catenary Solution640 Stress /Strain

13 —Urban Forestry13 — 1 Instant Inventory for City Trees

15 — Wood Products15 — 1 A Series of Programs to Calculate Log

Volume, Lumber Recovery, and LogScale

15 — 2 Lumber Value and Volume Equations

16 —Other16 — 1 Maple Syrup Evaporator Thermal

Efficiency

AUTHOR INDEX

Author

Aaron, TonyAaron, TonyAaron, TonyArps, Richard

Bagwell, ColinBagwell, ColinBagwell, ColinBarrett, James P.Beauregard, Michael J.Beers, Thomas W.Beers, Thomas W.Beers, Thomas W.Beers, Thomas W.Beers, Thomas W.

Beers, Thomas W.Beers, Thomas W.

Beers, Thomas W.Beers, Thomas W.Beers, Thomas W.Beers, Thomas W.

Program

5 — 29 Preliminary Calculations for 3P Cruising5 — 30 3P Random Number Generation5 — 25 Traverse Closure and Area5 — 17 TSI Cost-Sharing

5 — 24 Acreage by Type5 — 2 Cruise Calculation5 — 40 Growth Calculation — Stand Table Movement5 — 5 Minicruise9 — 3 TI-59 Calculator Programs for the Field Forester5 — 4 APPRAZ5 — 60 Comprehensive Simple Linear Regression5 — 6 CRUZ5 — 58 Five Species Site Index Calculations5 — 55 LOGVOL — Board Feet (4 Rules) and Cubic Volumes (3 Formulas). U.S. and

Metric.5 — 57 Log Volume Calculations (U.S. and Metric)5 — 56 LR Simple Linear Regression, Compact Version Simulating HP-34C Function

Keys5 — 53 MIL3 — Extension of MILL, Totals Obtained5 — 44 Random Number, Means, Regression, and the Programmable Calculator5 — 59 Sawmill Conversion Surplus Calculations5 — 54 SINDEX — 9 Species Site Index and Height

Author Program

Beeson, TerryBeeson, TerryBitto, HelmutBitto, HelmutBitto, HelmutBitto, HelmutBoden, EvanBoden, EvanBuck, Michael

Caird, Dennis J.Caird, Dennis J.Caird, Dennis J.Carson, Ward W.Chase, Carolyn H.Chase, Carolyn H.

Ernst, Richard L.Estep, GordonEstes, KenEstola, J. David

Finkbeiner, Michael W.Fuller, Thomas

Garceau, PierreGarceau, PierreGarceau, PierreGarceau, PierreGreene, R.H.Greene, R.H.Gunter, John E.Gunter, John E.

Hardin, CharlesHenshaw, JohnHenshaw, JohnHouse, L.O.

Imoto, Roger H.Imoto, Roger H.Irvine, BobIrvine, BobIrvine, Bob

Jager, Douglas

Kraus, John F.Kraus, John F.Kraus, John F.Kraus, John F.

Laacke, Robert J.Laacke, Robert J.LaFarge, TimothyLaustsen, K.M.Linden, David S.Linden, David S.Linden, David S.

5 — 27 N Plots5 — 7 PPLP5 —14 Average Diameter, Basal Area/ Unit Area5 —16 Merchantable Volume from Tree Sections5 — 41 Nelder Plot Dimensions5 —15 Total Volume From Tree Sections5 — 65 Pulpwood and Sawtimber Limit of Error1 — 1 Quarterly Benefits Distribution5 — 42 Growth Plot Volume Program

12 — 9 Map Profile Reduction (MAPRO)12 —10 Log Density — Water Measure12 — 11 Column Failure (COLFAIL)12 —12 Skyline Payload Analysis

6 — 1 Fire Containment Equation for Pocket Calculators6 — 2 Spot Fire Distance Equation for Pocket Calculators

5 — 49 Allegheny Hardwood Stand Analysis and Prescription12 — 6 Forest Service Road Appraisal

7 — 2 Silviculture Exam5 — 26 3P Random Numbers

5 — 3 Prism Plot Processor with Cubic Foot and Board Foot Volumes5 — 66 Pulpwood Volume Program

7 — 5 Marden Scarification — Cost Prediction9 — 7 Percent Handling9 — 6 TABLE5 —19 Wood Volume Estimate7 — 6 All Age Size-Class Distribution (Q Factor)5 — 31 Prism Calibration3 — 2 Reforestation Tax Credit and Amortization5 — 71 Timber Sale Volume Summary for the Lake States

6 — 3 Fire Danger/ Fire Behavior Computations5 — 68 CIA Growth, Cubic Feet5 — 67 Softwood Tree Volumes, Scribner Board Feet or Cubic Feet5 — 1 Stem Volume From Cubic Content Sampling

5 — 47 Coefficient of Variation5 — 42 Growth Plot Volume Program

12 — 1 Allowable Harvest5 — 38 Growth (1 + P)n

5 — 39 Growth Percent

5 — 34 Pocket Electronic Calculator for Barr and Stroud Dendrometer

5 — 64 Calculate Missing Plot Values5 — 63 Calculations with a Constant5 — 61 Satterthwaites Approximation5 — 62 Transformations

9 — 5 Slope Calculation7 — 4 Tree Spacer5 — 46 Two-Way ANOVA5 — 32 Regeneration Survey Using Vertical Point Sampling5 — 35 Barr and Stroud Model 155 — 12 HPPP5 — 11 Form Class Volumes

1

Author

Linden, David S.

Maass, DavidMacKenzie, Nick

Mann, John W.Marquis, David A.Marty, Robert

Marty, RobertMcLaughlin, C.W.McLaughlin, C.W.McLaughlin, C.W.McLaughlin, C.W.Meredith, MikeMurray, Joseph F.Murray, Joseph F.

Neal, Robert L, Jr.Neal, Robert L, Jr.Nickerson, Devon B.Nickerson, Devon B.

Page, Alan C.Parent, Dennis R.Pickel, Dave

Reeves, LeighReeves, LeighRiman, D.K.Rockwood, D.L.

Sachet, Janet AyerSachet, Janet AyerSchmidt, R. GordonSchweitzer, RobertSemmens, George N.Sendak, Paul E.Sendak, Paul E.Shepperd, Wayne D.Smith, JoeSmith, JoeSowers, Raymond A.Steele, Philip H.

Tice, David A.Tice, David A.Tice, David A.Tice, David A.Tice, David A.Tice, David A.Tice, David A.

Watson, JuliaWirth, M.E.Wnek, MikeWnek, Mike

Program

5 — 10 Timber Sale

5 — 50 Weibull Life Testing5 — 33 Solution for Tree Height, Crown Height and Crown Ratio Using Known Bole

Height12 — 2 Spar Tree Analysis and Spar Tree DBH5 — 49 Allegheny Hardwood Stand Analysis and Prescription3 — 4 Investment Analysis for Timber Management Using a Programmable

Calculator7 — 3 Red Pine Yield Projection5 —13 Individual and Accumulated Basal Area5 — 32 Regeneration Survey Using Vertical Point Sampling5 — 1 Stem Volume from Cubic Content Sampling5 — 45 Weighted Statistics5 — 23 Traverse with Area5 — 36 Tariff Number Access Program5 — 18 Variable Plot Stand Table

5 — 37 One-Shot Tree Height Measurements on Permanent Sample Plots9 — 4 Universal Plane Triangle Program

12 — 11 Column Failure (COLFAIL)12 —12 Skyline Pay load Analysis

3 — 3 FAME (Forest Asset Management Evaluation)5 — 8 Tariff Tree Volumes5 — 70 Pinyon-Juniper

5 — 28 Sample Weight Frequency5 — 9 TSSA Volume from Sample Weight 3P Scale5 — 51 Stand and Stock Table Preparation5 — 51 Stand and Stock Table Preparation

15 — 2 Lumber Value and Volume Equations5 — 52 Cubic Foot Volume Equations6 — 4 Fuel Inventory1 — 1 Quarterly Benefits Distribution

13 — 1 Instant I nventory for City Trees16 — 1 Maple Syrup Evaporator Thermal Efficiency3 — 5 Present, Future Values, and Interest Rate9 — 2 Hand-Held-Calculator Programs for the Field Forester

12 — 5 Spacing Logging Roads12 — 4 Weak Link Logging System Analyzer5 — 48 Statistical Analysis of Field Data and Projection of Stand after Thinning

15 — 1 A Series of Programs to Calculate Log Volume, Lumber Recovery, and LogScale

9 — 1 Constraint Quanta — An Index of Diversity5 — 22 Cubic Feet and Tons9 — 8 Elevation Profiles for Visual Analysis5 — 43 Growth — Shortcut Formulas5 — 20 Point Sampling Volume Determination (International VA" Scale)5 — 21 Volume Determination for 100% Inventory (International VA" Scale)5 — 69 Yields of Site-Prepared Loblolly Pine Plantations

5 — 48 Statistical Analysis of Field Data and Projection of Stand after Thinning3 — 6 Investment Analysis with the Realizable Rate of Return (RRR)

12 — 7 Calculation of End Areas for Forest Roads12 — 8 Calculation of Excavation Quantities for Forest Roads

PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS

1 — Forest Administration

1 — 1 Quarterly Benefits DistributionProgram distributes by percentage and dollarsthe employee benefits for each quarter andsummarizes the results.

Evan Boden, Robert SchweitzerPennsylvania Bureau of ForestryBox 1467Harrisburg, PA 17120TI-59 • 478 Steps • Free

3 — Forest Economics and Finance

3 — 1 Economic Evaluation of Reforestation Proj-ectsGiven discounted project costs and currentstumpage returns, program calculates the NetPresent Value per unit of output and a Cost-Price Index for any type of forest developmentproject.

Forest EconomistMinnesota Department of Natural ResourcesBox 44, Centennial Office Building658 Cedar StreetSt. Paul, MN 55155HP-67/97, TI-59 • 26 Steps • Self-AddressedStamped Envelope

3 — 2 Reforestation Tax Credit and AmortizationCosts of re-establishing timber stands aftercutting or establishing new stands may bedeductible on Federal income tax returns. Thereforestation incentive is a 10% investmentcredit plus 7-year amortization on the first$10,000 of capitalized reforestation expendi-tures each year. Qualifications and restrictionsare explained in the publication, ReforestationTax Incentive Provisions of Public Law 96-451. Program tells whether qualifying costshare payments received for reforestation ex-penditures should be included or excludedfrom gross income on federal income taxreturns. It then prints out the 10% tax creditand the following 7-year amortization on thereforestation costs.

John E. Gunter, Department of Forestry126 Natural Resources BuildingMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Ml 48824TI-59 • 400 Steps* Free

3 — 3 FAME (Forest Asset Management Evaluation)Program provides internal rate of return (IRR)calculations for rapid analysis of alternativemanagement activities and their expectedoutcomes. Input is based on basal area andallows stratification of management costs byspecies and size class.

Alan C. Page, PresidentGreen Diamond Forestry Service, Inc.125 Blue Meadow RoadBelchertown, MA 01007HP-41C • 284 Steps • $200/year

3 — 4 Investment Analysis for Timber ManagementUsing a Programmable CalculatorProgram calculates net present worth (NPW),benefit-cost ratio (B/C), composite rate ofreturn (CPR), and soil expectation value(SEV) for any timber management program oraction.

Robert Marty, Department of Forestry126 Natural Resources BuildingMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Ml 48824TI-59* 411 Steps* Free

3 — 5 Present, Future Values, and Interest RateProgram calculates future value (Vn) of aninvestment (Vo) in n years at an interest rate ofi; calculates Vo of a single sum due n yearshence at interest or discount rate i; calculatesVo of a series of terminable (n) annual pay-ments (a) at interest rate i; calculates i givenV n ,V 0 ,andn.

Paul E. SendakNortheastern Forest Experiment StationGeorge D. Aiden Sugar Maple LaboratoryP.O. Box 968, 705 Spear StreetBurlington, VT 05402HP-67*51 Steps* Free

3 — 6 Investment Analysis with the Realizable Rateof Return (RRR)For each selected year or period of the in-vestment's expected useful life, program cal-culates (and prints): 1) Amount of the cashflow, 2) net present value (NPV), 3) dis-counted net cash balance (NCB), and 4)realizable rate of return (RRR). Program op-erates sequentially and can handle anynumber of years or periods for even (an-nuities), uneven, or a combination of cashflows.

M.E. Wirth, Department of Agricultural EconomicsWashington State UniversityPullman, WA 99164HP-67/97, 41C • 120 Steps* One blank card

5 — Forest Measurements — Biometrics

5 — 1 Stem Volume From Cubic Content SamplingProgram computes the volumes of stem com-ponents as a series of frustrums of a coneusing the formula: Volume = 1/3h (BAT + BA2

+\/BA7BA7), where h = height of the frustrum,

BAL BA2 = the basal areas of each end(program computes from diameter).L.O. House, C.W. McLaughlinGreat Northern Paper Co.1024 Central StreetMillinocket, ME 04462HP-97* 110Steps* Free

5 — 2 Cruise CalculationEnter number of trees in each dbh/ht/speciesclass and VBAR. Program calculates volumesand gives summary of volumes by speciesand dbh class in addition to number of trees.Colin Bagwell1601 Sun Valley RoadHuntsville, AL 35801HP-97* 83 Steps* $6.00

5 — 3 Prism Plot Processor with Cubic Foot andBoard Foot VolumesProgram calculates Gevorkiantz board feetand cubic feet volumes per acre, basal area,number of trees per acre, mil-acre stocking,and mean diameter from dbh, species (20maximum) and height by 8' bolts to a 4" top,and height in 16' logs to an 8" top of each treeoccurring in a BAF 10 factor prism plot.Species entry by integer code.Michael W. Finkbeiner96 Zaccheus Mead laneGreenwich, CT 06830Canon SX-100, SX-310, SX-320 • 997 Steps* $30

5 — 4 APPRAZProgram calculates timber volumes andsummarizes same by species and log grade;additionally, numbers of trees by species anddbh class are summarized as are number oflogs by species. Grand total volume, numberof logs, and number of trees are also provided.Thomas W. BeersDepartment of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN 47907HP-41C* 297 Steps* Free

5 — 5 MinicruiseProgram summarizes data from an anglegauge survey. At each point the forester en-ters dbh and height in logs. The programcalculates the basal area, trees per acre, andvolume on each point. At the end of the cruisethe program gives the average basal area,trees per acre, and volume over all points.James P. BarrettL.N.E.R. James HallUniversity of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824HP-65, HP-67 • 95 Steps • Free

5 — 6 CRUZProgram processes inventory data fromfixed-size or horizontal point samples, wherethe tallied data are species, tree dbh, numberof logs, and soundness. Per acre and totaltract summaries are provided for volume,basal area, and number of trees, by speciesand overall inventory. Per acre and total esti-mates are by dbh classes. Estimates themean, standard error, percent standard errorand .95 confidence intervals for volume andbasal area.

Thomas W. BeersDepartment of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN 47907HP-41C* 297 Steps* Free

5 — 7 PPLPProgram provides variable radius plot dataprocessing for Rocky Mountain, ponderosaand lodgepole pines.

Terry BeesonColorado State Forest ServiceColorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO 80523HP-41C* 140 Steps* $10.00

5 — 8 Tar if Tree Volumes#1 Tarif Tree Volume: Calculates total cubicfoot volume for trees greater than 2" dbh. Tarifnumber is computed using B.C. volumeequations and displayed along with basal areaas intermediate results.#2 Scribner Volume: Calculates net boardfoot volume to 6" top for any tree greater than2" bh.

Dennis R. ParentInland Empire Paper CompanyN. 3320 Argonne RoadMillwood, WA 92206HP-29C • # 1 -91, #2-88 • $5.00

5 — 9 TSSA Volume from Sample Weight 3P ScaleProgram calculates volume to be reported butfrom 3P sample weight scaling data.

Leigh ReevesBlack Hills National Forest240-1/2North FifthCuster, SD 57730HP-97* 152 Steps* Free

5 — 10 Timber SaleProgram computes volumes by 2" diameterclass based on the Girard form class table andthe International VA" rule. Output is by diame-ter class as well as total volume, number oftrees tallied, and mean stand diameter.

David S. LindenTechnicolor Graphic Services, Inc.Mail Stop D-234Building 50, Denver Federal CenterDenver, CO 80225HP-67»213Steps» Free

5 —11 Form Class VolumesProgram computes board foot tree volumesfor the International VA", Scribner, and Doylerules. Input consists of dbh, merchantableheight in logs, and Girard form class. It allowsuser to quickly compare volumes using differ-ent log rules.David S. LindenTechnicolor Graphic Services, Inc.Mail Stop D-234Building 50, Denver Federal CenterDenver, CO 80225HP-67« 202 Steps* Free

5 — 12 HPPPProgram is a field aid and data tabulator for 3Psampling. The user enters the tree dbh andheight. Calculator displays the estimated vol-ume and indicates whether tree is to be a 3Psample tree or not. Program sums up esti-mated volume of all trees visited.David S. LindenTechnicolor Graphic Service, Inc.Mail Stop D-234Building 50, Denver Federal CenterDenver, CO 80225HP-67 • 80 Steps • Free

5 — 13 Individual and Accumulated Basal AreaProgram computes the basal area/stem foreach diameter entered, using the formula: BA= 0.005454154D2. The basal area is summedfor all observations entered:

Total BA = I BA

C.W. McLaughlinGreat Northern Paper Company1024 Central StreetMillinocket, ME 04462HP-97* 37 Steps* Free

5 — 14 Average Diameter, Basal Area/ Unit AreaProgram calculates the geometric dbh forgrouped data, and with an entry of samplearea, the BA/Unit area. Metric and Englishunits can be used for input and output with theappropriate factor.Helmut BittoCompagnie Internationale de Papier du Canada(Harrington) R.R. 2Calumet, Quebec JOV1 BOTI-57 • 43 Steps • Free

5 —15 Total Volume From Tree SectionsProgram finds total volume from entries ofdiameter (from largest to smallest) and totalheight, assuming stump = cylinder, log =paraboloid frustrum, tip = cone.Log volume is based on Smalian's formula:

Entries and resultant volumes in any combina-tion of metric — English units.Helmut BittoCompagnie Internationale de Papier du Canada(Harrington) R.R. 2Calumet, Quebec JOV 1B0TI-57 • 47 Steps • Free

5 — 16 Merchantable Volume From Tree SectionsProgram calculates gross merchantable vol-ume from short tree sections. Input and outputcan be either metric or English, depending onthe conversion factor used.Helmut BittoCompagnie Internationale de Papier du Canada(Harrington) R.R. 2Calumet, Quebec JOV 1B0TI-57 • 31 Steps • Free

5 — 17 TSI Cost-SharingOn a per acre basis, program determinesnumber of trees marked; basal area marked;cost of treating marked trees; basal areamarked in sapling, pole, and sawtimberclasses; and cords of firewood marked. Outputis labeled on printout.

Richard ArpsDepartment of Natural Resources, Suite 6D350 Ottawa, N.W.Grand Rapids, Ml 49503TI-59 • 370 Steps • Free

5 — 18 Variable Plot Stand TableProgram calculates basal area per acre andnumber of trees per acre by diameter class.Joseph F. MurrayStar Rt. 2, Box 11FPort Angeles, WA 98362HP-97* 80 Steps •$5.00

5 —19 Wood Volume EstimateProgram estimates volume of wood on anarea.Pierre GarceauCompagnie Internationale de Papier du Canada168 Main Street SouthManiwaki, QuebecJ9E1Z7TI-59• 397Steps* Free

5 — 20 Point Sampling Volume Determination (Inter-national VA" Scale)

10

Program calculates total volume by diameterclass and species from a point samplingtimber cruise. Acreage and number of plotsentered once; then form class for eachspecies. Enter diameter class (if diameter-volume table desired) and number of treestallied for each height class (1 log, IV2, 2, etc.).Prints labels.David A. TiceMid-Atlantic Forestry Services, Inc.6 Tennis DriveCharlottesville, VA 22901TI-59 (+100C Printer)* 330 Steps* Free

5 — 21 Volume Determination for 100% Inventory (In-ternational VA" Scale)Program calculates total volume by diameterand species and average per tree by species.Form class, diameter class and number oftrees tallied for each height class (1 log, 1V2, 2,etc.). Prints labels.David A. TiceMid-Atlantic Forestry Services, Inc.6 Tennis DriveCharlottesville, VA 22901TI-59 (-M00C Printer)* 300 Steps* Free

5 — 22 Cubic Feet and TonsProgram uses short-cut formulas to give esti-mates of cubic foot volumes for hardwoods orpine, or tons of biomass for hardwoods. Inputsare site index, basal area, average dbh,number of trees/acre. Not statistically accu-rate, but valuable for planning purposes. Printslabels, instructions.David A. TiceMid-Atlantic Forestry Services, Inc.6 Tennis DriveCharlottesville, VA 22901TI-59 (+100C Printer) • 453 Steps • Free

5 — 23 Traverse with AreaProgram easily used for creating workingmaps and calculating acreage with hand com-pass (azimuth) and pacing. Latitude and de-parture are displayed at each station, andacreage is available on closed traverses.Mike MeredithMedford CorporationBox 550Medford, OR 97501HP-33D* 24 Steps* S.A.S.E.

5 — 24 Acreage by TypeProgram will accumulate acreage for up to 25separate timber types or other breakdownusing a dot grid.Colin Bagwell1601 Sun Valley RoadHuntsville, AL 35801HP-97* 55 Steps* $6.00

5 — 25 Traverse Closure and AreaProgram will calculate compass and tapetraverse for acreage, closure error, andperimeter distance. Input must be in bearingsor azimuth, slope %, and feet or chains. Ifdesired, program will also balance thetraverse.Tony AaronU.S. Forest ServiceBox 138,11th and Main StreetDelta, CO 81416HP-97* 156 Steps* S.A.S.E.

5 — 26 3P Random NumbersProgram is used to generate 3P (cruising)random number lists.J. David Estola6123Sherborn LaneSpringfield, VA 22152TI-59 • 118 Steps without Printer,156 Steps with Printer* Free

5 — 27 N PlotsProgram calculates number of plots needed ina variable radius cruise to attain desired accu-racy.Terry BeesonColorado State Forest ServiceColorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO 80523HP-41C* 46 Steps* $10.00

5 — 28 Sample Weight FrequencyProgram calculates the number of samplesneeded for conventional weight scaling or 3Pweight scaling using number/BF.Leigh ReevesBlack Hills National Forest240-V2 North FifthCuster, SD 57730HP-97

5 — 29 Preliminary Calculations for 3P CruisingProgram used for preliminary calculations insetting up a 3P cruise. Calculates CV ofpreliminary plots, error, and finds 3rd valuewhen any 2 values are given in the equation

5 —

where N is the number of plots or samplesneeded in a cruise.Tony AaronU.S. Forest ServiceBox 138,11th and Main StreetDelta, CO 81416HP-97* 138 Steps* S.A.S.E.

30 3P Random Number GeneratorProgram prints a list of random numbers for3P sampling given LIM, K, KZ and 9 numbersat random.

11

5 —

5 —

Tony AaronU.S. Forest ServiceBox 138,11 th and Main StreetDelta, CO 81416HP-97* 69 Steps • S.A.S.E. 5 —

5 — 31 Prism CalibrationUsing transit to calibrate prism and entry ofdistance to target and target deviation withprism, program calculates prism basal area,plot radius factor and horizontal limiting dis-tance in increments of 0.1 inches.R.H. GreeneBowridge HillRFD 1, Box 311Ashland, ME 04732TI-59* 285 Steps* $3.00

5 — 32 Regeneration Survey Using Vertical PointSamplingProgram computes the stems/acre per plotand average stems/acre for regeneration sur-veying using vertical point sampling. The limit-ing distance must be a multiple of stem height.K.M. Laustsen, C.W. McLaughlinGreat Northern Paper Company1024 Central StreetMillinocket, ME 04462HP-97* 85 Steps* Free

5 — 33 Solution for Tree Height, Crown Height andCrown Ratio Using Known Bole HeightGiven angle to base, angle to top of knownpole height, angle to base of crown, andangle to desired point on tree (total or mer-chantable) (all in degrees), program com-putes crown height, tree height and crownratio.Nick MacKenzieForest Service LabIntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Sta-tion1221 S. Main StreetMoscow, ID 83843HP-25* 42 Steps* Free

5 — 34 Pocket Electronic Calculator for Barr andStroud Dendrometer 5Three programs are described. The first usesdendrometer readings to calculate diameter atthe point of sight, and the vertical distance,slope distance, and horizontal distance fromthe instrument to the point of sight. The othertwo programs calculate instrument in clinome-ter readings to enable users to sight at pre-determined heights on the tree bole. 5 —

Douglas JagerSchool of Natural Resources

Humboldt State UniversityArcata, CA 95521HP-65 • 94,41, and 94 Steps • Free

35 Barr and Stroud Model 15Program is an adaptation of the three pro-grams Jager wrote for the HP-65, (Journal ofForestry 74(7):438) (see above). The threeprograms have been combined into oneHP-67 program. Programs convert Barr andStroud dendrometer readings to English units.David S. LindenTechnicolor Graphic Services, Inc.Mail Stop D-234Building 50, Denver Federal CenterDenver, CO 80225HP-67* 142Steps* Free

36 Tarif Number Access ProgramProgram calculates tarif numbers from totalheight and dbh for Pacific Northwest species.Joseph F. MurrayStar Rt. 2, Box 11FPort Angeles, WA 98362HP-97* 80 Steps* $5.00

37 One-Shot Tree Height Measurements onPermanent Sample PlotsProgram calculates and/or locates heights onall trees on permanent sample. Plots visiblefrom one observation point using rectangularor polar coordinates of tree locations and onevertical measurement per height; documenta-tion includes model forms; not compatible withHP-41C calculator. (Hewlett-Packard ProgramNo. 04484D).Robert L. Neal, Jr., Research ForesterPacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station2400 Washington AvenueRedding, CA 96001

orOrder ProcessingHewlett-Packard Company1000 NE Circle Blvd.Corvallis, OR 97330HP-67 • 427 Steps • Free from Author,

$6.00 from HP

38 Growth (1 + P)n

Program calculates tree growth for two growthperiods based on present dbh and growthrate.Bob IrvineP.O. Box 1137Alamosa, CO 81101HP-97 • 44 Steps • Free

39 Growth PercentProgram calculates tree growththan one growth period.

%) for more

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Bob IrvineP.O. Box 1137Alamosa, CO 81101HP-97* 68 Steps* Free

5 — 40 Growth Calculation — Stand Table MovementProgram input is growth per period andnumber of trees per dbh class. Program calcu-lates trees moving and trees remaining sta-tionary. It then takes the volume per tree andcalculates projected stand table.Colin Bagwell1601 Sun Valley RoadHuntsville, AL 35801HP-97* 40 Steps •$6.00

5 — 41 Nelder Plot DimensionsProgram determines spacing between two ad-jacent points, their distance from the center,the number of points on a radius and for theentire nelder from entered values of maximumand minimum spacing and half angle. Thenelder plot design is used to test the effect ofspacing on the growth of trees. It uses muchless space than block planting to the samerange of spacing.Helmut BittoCompagnie Internationale de Papier du Canada(Harrington) R.R. 2Calumet, Quebec JOV 1B0TI-57 • 49 Steps • Free

5 — 42 Growth Plot Volume ProgramProgram calculates the volume of pole timberand sawtimber on a fixed tenth-acre plot.There are two versions to this program: Ver-sion 1 uses dbh for volume calculation of thebutt section; version 2 uses both dbh andbasal diameter.

Michael Buck, Roger ImotoDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Forestry1151 Punchbowl StreetHonolulu, HI 96813HP-97* 119/117 Steps'Free

5 — 43 Growth-Shortcut FormulasTwo choices are offered for estimating growthof forest stands: one for Central Hardwoods,the other for all species in the East.David A. TiceMid-Atlantic Forestry Services, Inc.6 Tennis DriveCharlottesville, VA 22901TI-59 (+100C Printer) • 824 Steps • Free

5 — 44 Random Number, Means, Regression, andthe Programmable CalculatorRandom Number Generation (HP-25)

•Random Number Generation (HP-19C)

Random Number Generation (HP-67)Random Number Generation (HP-97)

Calculation of MeansSimple Linear RegressionMultiple Regression Summary (MRI)Simultaneous Equation Solution (MRII)Multiple Regression Testing, etc. (MRIII)Variable Deletion and Testing (MRIV)Thomas W. BeersT and C EnterprisesBox 2196West Lafayette, IN 47906$10.00 for entire publication

5 — 45 Weighted StatisticsProgram computes weighted statistics ofmean, coefficient of variation, standard error,and % standard error for a list of weightedobservations.C.W. McLaughlinGreat Northern Paper Company1024 Central StreetMillinocket, ME 04462HP-97* 74Steps* Free

5 — 46 Two-Way ANOVAProgram performs a 2-way analysis of vari-ance when appropriate data are entered intothe correct data registers. It includes arc sineV%~ and Vx + .5 transformations, calculationof co-variance for each plot mean, and basicmissing plot equation RCB.Dr. Timothy LaFargeResearch GeneticistP.O. Box 5106Macon, GA 31208TI-59 • 345 Steps • Free

5 — 47 Coefficient of VariationProgram calculates the coefficient of variation(C.V.) for measured plots using D2H (D-diameter, H-height). The C.V. is used as anestimation of variation within the stand to bemeasured.Roger H. ImotoDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Forestry1151 Punchbowl StreetHonolulu, HI 96813HP-97* 44 Steps* Free

5 — 48 Statistical Analysis of Field Data and Projec-tion of Stand after ThinningProgram projects remaining stand spacing,given the growing stock desired, from raw fielddata (variable plot cruise) of ponderosa pineafter the data are analyzed statistically todetermine if the sample is sound.Raymond A. Sowers, Julia WatsonSouth Dakota Division of ForestrySigurd Anderson BuildingPierre, SD 57501SR-60A • 1920-2400 Steps (still flaws) • Free

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5 — 49 Allegheny Hardwood Stand Analysis andPrescriptionProgram reads in stand cruise data, computesstand values and calculates a prescription anddistribution of cut for a thinning in the pole andlarger size classes.

Richard L. Ernst, David A. MarquisNortheastern Forest Experiment StationP.O. Box 928Warren, PA 16365HP-41C* 680 Steps* Free

5 — 50 Weibull Life TestingProgram runs Weibull Life Testing Formula forinstantaneous and continuous time. Z(t) =a/3t(1 " /3), where t = time, and estimates for aand (3 are available.

David MaassScott Paper CompanyWinslow, ME 04902TI-59 • 36 Steps • Free

5 — 51 Stand and Stock Table PreparationProgram processes forest inventory data fromany type of cruise (HPS, FAP, Strip, etc.; anykind of sample unit) to develop per acre andtotal stand and stock tables.

D.L. Rockwood, D.K. RimanSchool of Forest Resources and ConservationUniversity of Florida, 118 Newins-ZieglerGainesville, FL 32611HP-67 • 188 Steps • (One magnetic card)

5 — 52 Cubic Foot Volume EquationsProgram calculates the cubic foot volume of alog using Smalian's cubic foot formula and /orBruce's butt log formula.

Janet Ayer Sachet, Timber Quality ResearchPacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station809 NE 6th AvenuePortland, OR 97232HP-97 • 90 Steps • Free

5 — 53 MIL3 — Extension of MILL, Totals Obtained

5 — 54 SINDEX — 9 Species Site Index and Height

5 — 55 LOGVOL — Board Feet (4 rules) and Cubic

Volume (3 formulas). U.S. and metric.

5 — 56 LR — Simple Linear Regression, Compact

Version Simulating HP-34C Function Keys

5 — 57 Log Volume Calculations (U.S. and Metric)

5 — 58 Five Species Site Index Calculations

5 — 59 Sawmill Conversion Surplus Calculations

5 — 60 Comprehensive Simple Linear Regression

Thomas W. BeersDepartment of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN 47907HP-41C,67, and 97* Free

5 — 61 Satterthwaites ApproximationProgram calculates approximate df for testingF values when mean squares have beencombined to calculate the F value.

John F. KrausP.O. Box 5106Macon, GA 31208TI-59 • 56 Steps • Free

5 — 62 TransformationsProgram calculates arc sine \f%, accumulatessum. Also calculates square root transforma-tion for small numberv/(x + 0.5), accumulatessums, performs back conversions for bothtransformations.

John F. KrausP.O. Box 5106Macon, GA 31208SR-52 and TI-59 • 48 Steps • Free

5 — 63 Calculations with a ConstantUsing a stored constant, the product, quotient,sum or difference can be calculated from akeyboard entry.

John F. KrausP.O. Box 5106Macon, GA 31208SR-52 and TI-59 • 48 Steps • Free

5 — 64 Calculate Missing Plot ValuesProgram uses procedure of Cochran and Cox(p. 110-111, 2nd Ed.,) to obtain missing plotvalues. Especially useful when many valuesare missing because program produces newreplication, treatment and grand total. Not allinputs need be changed for multiple missingplots.

John F. KrausP.O. Box 5106Macon, GA31208SR-52 and TI-59 • 139 Steps* Free

5 — 65 Pulpwood and Sawtimber Limit of ErrorProgram calculates sawtimber and pulpwoodvolume/acre, standard error, and other statis-tical data from 10 BAF Variable plot cruises.

Evan BodenPennsylvania Bureau of ForestryP.O. Box 1467Harrisburg, PA 17120TI-59• 72Steps* Free

5 — 66 Pulpwood Volume ProgramProgram calculates pulpwood values using J& K factors for mixed oaks or northernhardwoods.

Thomas Fuller, Forest TechnicianBox 111Mifflinburg, PA 17844TI-59* 128 Steps* Free

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5 — 67 Softwood Tree Volumes, Scribner Board Feetor Cubic FeetProgram calculates Scribner board foot orcubic foot volumes, basal area in square feet,and Scribner VBAR for an individual treegiven its species, dbh in inches, and height in 5 —feet. Program can handle the following eightspecies: Jeffrey pine, ponderosa pine, sugarpine, lodgepole pine, white fir, California red firand incense cedar. Program also has ability toreduce both fixed and variable plots as well assum data for groups of trees. Equations fortree volumes are based on "Softwood TreeVolume Equations for Major CaliforniaSpecies," PNW-266,1976.John HenshawTahoe National ForestHighway 49Nevada City, CA 95959TI-59, HP-67/97, HP-41C • TI-500 Steps, • HP-67224 Steps, HP-41C 300 Steps* $5.00

5 — 68 CIA Growth, Cubic FeetProgram calculates cubic foot volume, basalarea in square feet, 10-year basal areagrowth, and 10-year cubic foot volume growthfor individual trees of the following species:Douglas fir, Jeffery pine, ponderosa pine,sugar pine, white fir, red fir and incense cedar.Program can expand to per acre values.John HenshawTahoe National ForestHighway 49Nevada City, CA 95959TI-59* 560 Steps* $5.00HP-69/97* 224Steps* $5.00HP-41C • 377 Steps • $5.00

5 — 69 Yields of Site-Prepared Loblolly Pine Planta-tionsThis is Texas Instruments conversion of Var-ner's program written for Hewlett-Packard 97.Required RPN Simulator Module. Three parts.Predicts a yield per acre by diameter class forloblolly pine plantations. Original program byAllen Varner, School of Forest Resources,University of Georgia.

David A. TiceMid-Atlantic Forestry Services, Inc.6 Tennis DriveCharlottesville, VA 22901TI-59 • 1,265 Steps • Free

5 — 70 Pinyon-Juniper 6 —Program calculates cubic foot volume of Pi-nyon (Pinus monophylla) and Juniper(Juniperus osteosperma) on mixed plots andgives volume per acre by species and com-bined volume based on diameter at root collarand crown width (maximum and minimum).

David Picket% Harry T. RheaStar Route 5, Box 1Ely, NV 89301TI-58/59 • 187 Steps' Free

71 Timber Sale Volume Summary for the LakeStatesProgram aids in the determination of timbersale volumes in the Lake States. Speciescode, appropriate correction factor, dbh ininches, height in 16' logs, and number oftrees are entered. An unlimited number ofspecies may be entered, and dbh classesmay be set at any interval. Program assumesa 100% cruise; volumes are calculated inboard feet, International W rule, Doyle, orScribner. Number of trees and volume aresummarized by species and by dbh classwithin a species. Estimated volume per acremay also be determined.

John E. Gunter126 Natural Resources BuildingMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Ml 48824TI-59 • 633 Steps* Free

Forest Protection (Disease, Insects, Fire)

1 Fire Containment Equation for Pocket Cal-culatorsProgram presents simplified equations forsolving the fire containment problem.Equations can be used on a programmablepocket calculator to derive the burned area,given forward rate of spread, initial area, fireshape length/width ratio, and control-line con-struction rate. Equation also can be used tofind the line construction rate needed to holdthe burned area to a fixed value, knowing theother variable listed. Potential uses for thiscapability are in preliminary fire control plan-ning and as a dispatching aid.

Carolyn H. ChaseUSDA Forest ServiceIntermountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station507 25th StreetOgden, UT 84401TI-59 • 750 and 273 Steps • Free

2 Spot Fire Distance Equation for Pocket Cal-culatorsProgram presents equations for calculatingmaximum spot fire distance from firebrandsources in the Intermountain West based onprevailing windspeed, vegetation cover, andterrain. The equations include the capability to

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predict spotting distance from a torchingtree(s) or from a continuous flame source suchas slash piles or jackpots of heavy fuels.Potential uses are in fire management plan-ning and realtime fire behavior predictions.Carolyn H. ChaseUSDA Forest ServiceIntermountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station507 25th StreetOgden.UT 84401TI-59 • 470 Steps • Free

6 — 3 Fire Danger/ Fire Behavior ComputationsA fire danger/fire behavior Custom Read OnlyMemory (CROM) developed for use in officeor field situations to compute both 1978 Na-tional Fire Danger Rating (NFDR) indexes andcomponents and several variables used toestimate wildfire behavior. Calculations can beperformed in three operational modes: 1)Compute NFDR indexes and componentsfrom standard NFDRs weather observations;2) compute NFDR indexes and componentsusing direct entry of live and dead fuel mois-tures; and 3) perform computations requiredby fire behavior officers.Charles Hardin, NFDR LiaisonBoise Interagency Fire Center3905 Visto AvenueBoise, ID 83705TI-59 • 5000 Steps • $25.00

6 — 4 Fuel InventoryProgram reduces field data taken by planarintersect to fuel loading by size class.R. Gordon SchmidtUSDA Forest ServiceAviation and Fire ManagementRegion SixP.O. Box 3623Portland, OR 97208HP-67/97*Free

6 — 5 Downed Woody ComputationProgram performs calculations described inthe "Handbook for Inventorying DownedWoody Material" by James K. Brown (USDAForest Service General Technical Report,I NT-16,1974).DirectorAviation and Fire ManagementNorthern RegionBox 7669Missoula, MT 59807TI-59 • 440 Steps • Free

7 — Forest Silviculture

7 — 1 Simulation of Thinning OptionsProgram is based on Richardson's GrowthModel and Dynamic Programming solutions to

simulate growth and yield (intermediate andfinal) for managed stands under alternativeuse specified, management/cutting regimes.Forest EconomistMinnesota Department of Natural ResourcesBox 44, Centennial Office Building658 Cedar StreetSt. Paul, MN 55155HP-67/97 • 213 Steps • S.A.S.E.

7 — 2 Silviculture ExamA series of programs that calculate basal area,volume in cubic or board feet, volume growthin cubic or board feet (Scribner), basal areagrowth, and average dbh for each measuredtree. A summary program calculates BA/acre,trees/acre, volume/acre, BAG/acre, and vol-ume growth/acre. A program also correctsdata input if needed.Ken EstesLassen National Forest707 Nevada StreetSusanville, CA 96130HP-41C* 155 Steps* Free

7 — 3 Red Pine Yield ProjectionProgram projects the yield of red pine standswhen regular commercial thinning is em-ployed. For any set of initial stand conditionsat minimum age 25, and for any selectedresidual basal area and thinning interval, pro-gram projects the stand age, tree height,number of trees, average dbh, basal area,total cubic foot yield, cordwood yield andsawtimber yield for the total stand and forthinnings, at the end of each interval.Robert Marty, Department of ForestryMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Ml 48824TI-59• 799Steps* Free

7 — 4 Tree SpacerProgram converts trees per acre to the aver-age area occupied by each tree and gives thedimensions of that area expressed as the sideof a square or a diameter of a circle. Programconverts all information (including number oftrees per unit area) from English to metric andfrom metric to English units.Robert J. LaackePacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station2400 Washington AvenueRedding, CA 96001TI-59• 184Steps* Free

7 — 5 Marden Scarification — Cost PredictionProgram calculates the total cost and cost perhectare of salaries, fringe benefits, tractor,Marden, transportation, administration andothers. Necessitates 11 input data.

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Pierre GarceauCompagnie Internationale de Papier

du Canada168 Main Street SouthManiwaki, Quebec J9E 1Z7TI-59* 319 Steps* Free

7 — 6 All Age Size-Class Distribution (Q Factor)Given inputs of v/8", maximum dbh desired tomanage, desired residual basal area, programcalculates and prints dbh and associatednumber of trees/acre for selected distributionof Q (for 1 " dbh classes) in descending order.Also prints total number of trees/ acre.

R.H. GreeneBowridge HillRFD1,Box311Ashland, ME 04732TI-59* 363 Steps* $4.00

9 — General Forestry

9 — 1 Constraint Quanta — An Index of DiversityA modification of the Shannon diversity indexbased on percentages of habitats or vegeta-tion types. Formula based on work of StephenBoyce, Southeastern Experiment Station.

David A. TiceMid-Atlantic Forestry Services, Inc.6 Tennis DriveCharlottesville, VA 22901TI-59(+100C Printer)* 139Steps* Free

9 — 2 Hand-Held-Calculator Programs for the FieldForesterA library of programs written for hand-heldprogrammable calculators which eliminatesmany of the computations previously done byhand in the field. Programs for scaling aerialphotos, variable plot cruising, basal area fac-tor gauge calibration, and volume calculationsare included.

Wayne D. ShepperdGeneral Technical Report RM-76Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station240 W. Prospect StreetFort Collins, CO 80526Outline for adaptation to any programmable cal-culator • Free

9 — 3 TI-59 Calculator Programs for the Field Fores-terDetailed program listings developed for theTI-59 programmable calculator following theoutlines featured in the USDA Forest ServiceTechnical Report RM-76, by Wayne D. Shep-perd (see above).

Michael J. BeauregardDepartment of Forestry126 Natural Resources Building

9 — 4

Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Ml 48824TI-59 • Free

Universal Plane Triangle Program (Hewlett-Packard Program No. 00930D)Program automatically selects and executessolution procedures when given any threeparts (except three angles) of any planetriangle; calls for and outputs the six triangleparts. No format restrictions except standardlabeling of triangle parts.

Robert L. Neal, Jr., Research ForesterPacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station2400 Washington AvenueRedding, CA 96001

orOrder ProcessingHewlett-Packard Company1000 NE Circle Blvd.Corvallis, OR 97330HP-67*219Steps<

$6.00 from HPFree from author,

9 — 5 Slope CalculationProgram calculates slope in degrees, % andtopographic (feet/chain) units given informa-tion from topographic maps. Inputs required:Map scale, elevation change, and horizontaldistance expressed as number of scale (ruler)units. Inputs can be either English or metricunits.

Robert J. LaackePacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station2400 Washington AvenueRedding, CA 96001TI-59 • 94 Steps • Free

9 — 6 TABLEProgram adds up lines and rows of a table ofmaximum dimension (lines x rows) of 90. Avalidation step is provided.

Pierre GarceauCompagnie Internationale de Papier

du Canada168 Main Street SouthManiwaki, Quebec J9E 1Z7TI-59* 158Steps* Free

9 — 7 Percent HandlingProgram calculates the proportion (in percent)of each input datum and applies the per-centages to another value.

Pierre GarceauCompagnie Internationale de Papier

du Canada168 Main Street SouthManiwaki, Quebec J9E 1Z7TI-59* 129 Steps* Free

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9 — 8 Elevation Profiles for Visual AnalysisWith input of elevations at intervals along sightline, program prints graph of elevation change(profile). Can be used to determine areasvisible from observation point to analyze visualimpact of proposed forestry plans.David A. TiceMid-Atlantic Forestry Services, Inc.6 Tennis DriveCharlottesville, VA 22901TI-59 (+100C Printer) • 338 Steps • Free

12 — Timber Harvesting

12 — 1 Allowable HarvestProgram uses Keen's formula to determineallowable harvest.Bob IrvineP.O. Box 1137Alamosa, CO 81101HP-97* 100 Steps* Free

12 — 2 Spar Tree Analysis and Spar Tree DBHProgram is designed to compute guyline ten-sions and buckling forces on a standing treerigged with two guylines that is to be used as atailspar for skyline yarding. The computationsinvolved require that one guyline be rigged oneach side of the skyline. The intent is toperform the desired analysis with inputparameters that can be easily measured in thefield.John W. Mann, DirectorForestry and Harvesting Training CenterGulf Park CampusLong Beach, MS 39560HP-67 • 266 Steps • S.A.S.E.

12 — 3 Board Footage of Logs/Doyle and Interna-tional VA" ScaleGiven the two variables, diameter and length,program solves for the approximate number ofboard feet in a log by Doyle Rule and/orInternational W scale. Values are printed onthe PC100A or C or displayed if appropriateR/S steps are entered.Professional Program ExchangeP.O. Box 53Lubbock, TX 79408TI-59* 354Steps•$3.00

12 — 4 Weak Link Logging System AnalyzerProgram calculates weak link and loggingcosts as described by Baumgras and Martin,Forest Service researchers at Princeton, WV.Joe SmithNE Area, State and Private ForestryFederal Building, 80 Daniel StreetPortsmouth, NH 03801HP-97* 440Steps* Free

12 — 5 Spacing Logging RoadsWith tables prepared by Penn Peters, ForestService Researcher at Morgantown, WV, pro-gram calculates optimum spacing of loggingroads and landings.Joe SmithNE Area, State and Private ForestryFederal Building, 80 Daniel StreetPortsmouth, NH 03801HP-97 • 200 Steps • Free

12 — 6 Forest Service Road AppraisalProgram gives prompts for appraisal of ForestService roads.Gordon EstepU.S. Forest ServiceDale, OR 97880HP-140*Free

12 — 7 Calculation of End Areas for Forest RoadsProgram uses the cut/fill over centerline andthe side slope at each station to determine theend area at each station.Mike WnekRagan Logging Co.227 Fifth StreetSt. Maries, ID 83861HP-33E • 47 Steps • Free

12 — 8 Calculation of Excavation Quantities for ForestRoadsProgram uses calculations from program 12-7to determine excavation and embankmentquantities for roads.Mike WnekRagan Logging Co.227 Fifth StreetSt. Maries, ID 83861HP-33E • 48 Steps • Free

12 — 9 Map Profile Reduction (MAPRO)Given map scale, contour interval, elevation offirst point, and convenient measuring scale,program computes horizontal distance fromorigin and elevation of proceeding points (con-tour lines) for development of skyline profilesfrom maps.Dennis J. CairdU.S. Forest Service — TM (Logging Systems)517 Gold Avenue SWAlbuquerque, NM 87102HP-41C* 87 Steps* Free

12 —10 Log Density — Water MeasureThrough measurements of log diameter andsubmerged depth of a floating log, the densityin pounds/cubic foot is obtained. Results ofindividual measurements are statisticallyanalyzed. Data is helpful in determining logweights for skyline payload analysis.

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Dennis J.CairdU.S. Forest Service — TM (Logging Systems)517 Gold Avenue SWAlbuquerque, NM 87102HP-41C and HP-67/97 • 69 Steps (41C), 73 Steps(67/97) • Free

12 — 11 Column Failure (COLFAIL)If species, diameters inside bark, and height ofa spar or tail tree are known, program calcu-lates maximum permissible vertical load andnotifies user of the failure mode (buckling orcrushing). If "E" value and allowable com-pression stress are known, any species canbe used. Original HP-67/97 version used "E"values for species indigenous to Pacific NW:Douglas fir, Western Hemlock, redwood, Sitkaspruce, and ponderosa pine. HP-41C versionis for use in southern Rocky Mountains anduses ponderosa pine, inland Douglas fir, En-glemann spruce, and white fir.

Devon B. Nickerson, Dennis J. CairdU.S. Forest Service — TM (Logging Systems)517 Gold Avenue SWAlbuquerque, NM 87102HP-41O 190 Steps* Free

12 —12 Skyline Pay load AnalysisProgram determines single-span skylinepayloads at any point in the span for live orrunning skylines; provides associated payloadat mid-span for standing skylines. Uses eitherspan geometry or terrain point coordinates forinput. Also can compute live skyline tensions ifpayload needs are known. Mainline and haul-back line tensions also provided.

Devon B. Nickerson, Ward W. CarsonU.S. Forest Service —TM (Logging Systems)P.O. Box 3623Portland, OR 97208HP-41O371 Steps* Free

12 —13 Library of Programs from the Logging Sys-tems Group, Region 6The following programs for Hewlett-Packard67 and 97 programmable calculators havemade easy solution possible for an array oflogging systems problems:

100 Tower and Landing Design101 Column FailureProgram predicts the mode of failure and theaxial load at failure of wooden spars (col-umns) of known size and species.

102 Wooden Spar AnalysisProgram approximates the diameter insidebark at the support height for a wooden sparbased on Bhere's Hyperbolic Formula. Tocalculate the maximum axial force that canbe supported without buckle guys, userselects the appropriate modulus of elasticityfor the tree species being used.

110 Guyline TensionProgram first approximates the guylinelength using slope distance, % slope andtower height. Tension is then calculatedusing the wave cycle method.

111 Tower LoadsProgram calculates the result of a number offorces acting on a tower.

112 Guyline AnalysisProgram computes tension and horizontal/vertical components in two guylines, giventheir geometry and the geometry and tensionof a skyline. Compressive force in the spar isalso returned.

200 Field Survey and Road Design211 EarthworkProgram calculates mass, end-areas andstaking information for simple road cross-sections: Balances, unbalances, throughout,throughfill and full bench.

221 Simple Curves and Self-PropelledYarders

Program will determine the radius of a simplecurve; calculate minimum radius that a self-propelled yarder with tower unit can negotiate;compute curve widening needed for the curvemeasured; and find the tower offsets front orrear.

222 Log Truck Turn RadiusProgram computes the minimum road widthrequired in a deep curve for a log truck orlowboy.

223 Curve RadiusGiven chord length and middle ordinate, pro-gram computes the radius of a curve.

231 Profile Coordinates and Plot (Field Data)Program takes data from a field traverse of askyline profile, reduces it to coordinate form,and produces a "plot" on the HP-97 printout.

232 Profile Plot (Topographic Map)Program takes data from a topographic maptraverse of a skyline profile, reduces it tocoordinate form, and produces a "plot" on theHP-97 printout.

233 Profile ReductionProgram will convert slope distance, % slopeto horizontal and vertical coordinates. Also,horizontal distances and elevation differencescan be used to calculate slope in percent ordegrees.234 RangefinderProgram calculates the horizontal distanceand elevation difference to a distant point,based on compass and clinometer shots fromtwo observation points.236 Skyline Profile and Traverse ClosureGiven profile and traverse information, pro-gram reduces slope distance and % slopebetween profile points to station and elevationat each point. It also computes the traverseclosure, azimuth and horizontal distance fromany profile point to either the starting point orto a point of known azimuth and horizontaldistance from the starting point.

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237 TraverseProgram will calculate the area enclosed by atraverse and the azimuth and distance of theclosure error. Inputs may be slope distanceand % slope, horizontal distance, or slope intopogs and distance in chains.

241 Air Photo Height EquationProgram computes the change in elevationbetween two points from measurementstaken from an aerial photograph stereo pair.

300 Skyline Design330 Singlespan with Mainline, Load and

TensionProgram determines the load that can besupported by a single span skyline whichproduces a specific tension in the skyline.With the cable system geometry and cableweights specified, program determines theload that can be supported and the tensionwhich must be supplied by the mainline tohold the load and carriage in position.

331 Singlespan with Mainline, Tension andLength

Program determines the tension in the singlespan skyline caused by supporting a specificload at a specific point. The program will alsodetermine the stretched and unstretchedskyline lengths so that a load path for a fixedlength skyline can be generated.

332 Singlespan with Haulback, Load andTension

Program determines the load that can besupported by a single span skyline whichproduces a specific tension in the skyline.With the cable system geometry and cableweights specified, program determines theload that can be supported and the tensionwhich must be supplied by the haulback tohold the load and carriage in position.

333 Singlespan with Haulback, Tension andLength

Program determines the tension in the singlespan skyline caused by supporting a specificload at a specific point. Program will alsodetermine the stretched and unstretchedskyline lengths so that a load path for fixedlength skyline can be generated.

334 Running Skyline, Load and TensionThis program determines the load that can besupported by a running skyline system whichproduces a specific tension in the skyline (i.e.running haulback line). With the cable systemgeometry and cable weights specified, thisprogram determines the load that can besupported and the tensions which must besupplied by the mainline and slack-pulling (oroperating) line.

335 Running Skyline Load PathIt is helpful to know what the path of ananticipated load will be before setting up askyline corridor. Program determines thecoordinates of this load path when the anchorpoint locations, equipment specifications andanticipated load are supplied. This enablesthe operator to more efficiently match the

capabilities of his particular piece of equip-ment to the profile of a given corridor.

336 Error In Rigid-Link AnalysisThe skyline design programs use an approx-imation to the more accurate catenary-typeanalysis of cable system. Errors are intro-duced by this approximation. The magnitudeof error depends on the geometry of the cablesegment, its weight per unit length and thetension in the segment. In general, the error issmall for taut cables. This program computesthe percent and magnitude of error. The forestengineer should use this program to becomefamiliar with the error.

337 Elliptical Load PathThe path followed by a load suspended on afixed length skyline is closely approximated byan ellipse with the foci at the left and rightanchor points. Program determines the coor-dinates of such an ellipse when the anchorpoint geometry and the skyline length of thesingle span system are supplied.

338 Standing Skyline Abney MethodProgram determines the load and log turnsize that can be supported by a single spanstanding skyline which produces a specifictension in the skyline. With the cable systemgeometry and cable weights specified, pro-gram determines the load that can be sup-ported by the skyline, and the dimensions of alog that produces this load.

341 Live Skyline, Clamped CarriageProgram calculates skyline payloads whenusing a carriage that is clamped to the skyline.

342 Slackline, Rowley-Parker CarriageProgram calculates payloads and cable ten-sion when using a Rowley-Parker type(three-drum slackpulling) carriage.

343 Maximum Gravity Outhaul DistanceProgram computes the maximum horizontalouthaul distance for a gravity return carriageon a skyline.

344 Singlespan with Mainline, PartialSuspension

Program performs the same payload calcula-tions as 330, except that the logs may haveone end on the ground.

345 Running Skyline, Partial SuspensionProgram performs the same payload calcula-tions as 334, except that the logs may haveone end on the ground.

346 Partial/Full Suspension Log RatioProgram calculates the ratio of vertical forcerequired for full suspension vs partial suspen-sion of log payloads, using the payloadgeometry and coefficient of friction betweenlog and ground.

347 Live Skyline Contour Map SolutionProgram performs the same payload calcula-tions as 330, except that the user can workdirectly from a topographic map.

351 Unloaded Skyline TensionProgram calculates the line tension in a

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skyline (or any cable segment) using thewave cycle method.

352 Log WeightProgram will estimate the weight and volumeof a log if the large or small end diameter isknown. Can also be used to computemaximum log diameter for a given payloadcapacity.

353 Critical Skyline Tension at a MultispanJack

Program calculates the minimum upper-endtension in a multispan skyline to ensure thatthe carriage will pass over the intermediatejack traveling uphill.

361 Profile ReductionProgram allows input of skyline profile data(slope distance, % slope), for up to 99 legs.Data can be listed, edited, stored on blankcards, then reduced to coordinates, alsostored on blank cards. The profile, in coordi-nate form, may be analyzed by Critical Stand-ing Skyline #362, and Critical Running/LiveSkyline #363.

362 Critical Standing SkylineProgram allows input and headspar andtailhold height and location, clearance, andyarding limits, then calculates the minimumlive skyline length encountered between yard-ing limits. Program incorporates EllipticalLoad Path #337 to calculate all the geometryparameters necessary for calculating the criti-cal standing skyline payload, using Single-span, Load and Tension #330 or #332.

363 Critical Running/Live SkylineProgram allows input of headspar and tailholdheight and location, clearance, and yardinglimits, then searches to find the critical pointfor Running or Live Skyline payloads, usingan approximation of the Bergstrom Observa-tion method of critical point identification. Pro-gram calculates all geometry parametersnecessary for computing payload, usingSinglespan Load and Tension #330 or #332(for Live Skyline) or Running Skyline Loadand Tension #334.

400 Economic Analysis401 Interior Road Standard # 1Program determines the optimum number ofstations to construct a low-standard road be-fore upgrading to a high standard, for a roadwhere the volume being hauled increases at aconstant rate.

402 Interior Road Standard #2Program computes the optimum number ofstations to skid by ground skidder beforeupgrading the skid trail to a swing road for asetting where the volume being hauled in-creases at a constant rate.

403 Interior Road Standard #3Program computes the optimum number ofstations to construct a low-standard road be-fore upgrading to a high standard, for a roadwhere the volume being hauled increases at avariable rate.

411 Multiperiod Road Spacing AnalysisProgram calculates the optimum (cheapest)road spacing for tractor-yarded stands loggedin stages over time. Program uses Matthews'optimization formulas.

412 Two-Way Skid, Parallel Roads andLandings

Program estimates optimum road spacing,given landing spacing and yarding costs, fortwo-way tractor yarding to landings on paralleltruck roads. Total cost/MBF is calculated, asis cost for suboptimal spacing configurations.

413 Optimum Road/Landing SpacingProgram simultaneously solves for both roadand landing spacing that produce optimumlogging cost. A second card calculates costsassociated with suboptimal spacing configura-tion.

414 Tractor Skid, Parallel Roads, NoLandings

Program calculates optimum road spacing forone-way or two-way yarding direct to haulroads, and associated logging costs.

415 Optimize Lateral Yarding DistanceProgram computes economic optimum yard-ing distance and associated logging costs forparallel or fan-shaped settings.

421 Cost/MBFProgram computes the average cost of yard-ing and average production per hour fromcost and production relationships.

431 AYD Continuous LandingsProgram computes the average yarding dis-tance for a continuous landing by breaking thearea into segments and summing the mid-length of each segment multiplied by thesegment's area.

432 AYD, Single Landings, Irregular SettingsProgram calculates the acreage and averageyarding distance for irregular-shaped settingsyarded to a single landing.

441 Interest and Annuity FactorsProgram calculates compounding, discount-ing, annuity, and gradient factors for dealingwith cash flows.

451 Quickie Time-Study AidProgram uses the HP-67 as a timer to recordtime observations on up to four different prod-uction elements: Mean, standard deviation,cumulative mean and cumulative standarddeviation of observations.

500 Watershed and Hydrologic Analysis501 Culvert DischargeProgram uses the HP-67 as a timer to esti-mate the flow, in cubic feet per second, andvelocity, in feet per second, of water through apipe or pipe-arch culvert.

502 Stream GaugingProgram reduces streamflow velocity data fornatural or artificial streamchannel cross-sections into velocity, discharge, andManning's Roughness Coefficient.

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503 Throughfall (Interception Losses)Program predicts losses of precipitation dueto interception and evaporation from conifer-ous forest canopy, based on models by twodifferent west-coast researchers.

504 Bethlahmy's Two-Axis RaingaugeMethod

Program weights observations from severalraingauges to find an average figure for pre-cipitation in a watershed.

505 Flood Event ProbabilitiesProgram uses known frequency observationsto predict the chance of occurrence (ornonoccurrence), and the average returnperiod of a flood event (or any other proba-blistic event).

506 Potential EvapotranspirationProgram computes potential moisture lossesthrough evaporation and transpiration from aforest canopy for determining water balancefor forested terrain.

511 Darcy's Permeability LawProgram determines rate of flow through aporous medium, given head and coefficient ofpermeability; or coefficient of permeabilitygiven head and rate of flow.

512 Soil ConsolidationProgram determines ultimate settling that canbe expected on unconsolidated or preconsoli-dated plastic soils under load.

513 Approximate Bearing CapacityProgram calculates approximate factors todetermine load-bearing capacity of plasticsoils.

600 Mechanical Engineering

610 TorsionProgram will find maximum stress, requiredtorque, or amount of torsion for hollow, cylin-drical, or tapered shafts.

620 Wood Density Water MeasureProgram computes wood density in lbs/ftbased on a ratio of submerged log end area tototal end area of a floating log.

630 General Catenary SolutionProgram uses cable segment length, heightdifference, horizontal span, and weight perfoot to determine the catenary parameter,lowest point, tension, and orientation at eachsupport, using a numerical solution for thecatenary equation requiring no initial guess.

640 Stress/StrainStrain is a function of applied force, Modulusof Elasticity, length, and cross-section area.Given any four of these parameters, programdetermines the fifth. Either English or metricunit may be used.

Regional ForesterUSFS-Region 6P.O. Box 3623Portland, OR 97208Attn: TM-Logging System

13 — Urban Forestry131 — 1 Instant Inventory for City Trees

In the past, tree inventories have meant a fieldtally of tree data with transfer of data to tape orcards followed by computer processing. Usingthis program (program 1), data for each tree isentered into the calculator as one 6 digitnumber. Inventory values are generated andsummarized by the calculator while walking tothe next tree. Summarized data can be printedout at any time using a second printout pro-gram (program 2). Answers show tree values(dollars) and numbers by species, size class,tree condition and treatment needed.George N. SemmensT.W.I.G.Route 2, Box179-DEscanaba, Ml 49829TI-59 • # 1 -1445 Steps #2-2470 Steps • $18.00

15 — Wood Products15 — 1 A Series of Programs to Calculate Log Vol-

ume, Lumber Recovery, and Log ScaleThe following calculations are made by theprogram series: 1) Log Volume by Smaliansformula, 2) Lumber Recovery Factor, 3) Over-length on Logs, 4) Log Scale and percentoverrun for the Doyle, International VA" andScribner rules.Philip H. SteeleState and Private ForestryU.S. Forest Products LabMadison, Wl 53705TI-59 • 400 Steps • Free

15 — 2 Lumber Value and Volume EquationsThere are two programs, one for lumber sell-ing value and the other for lumber tally vol-ume. Equations cover the following species:Inland Douglas-fir, young growth Douglas-fir(lumber and veneer), western white pine, oldgrowth ponderosa pine and western larch.Janet Ayer Sachet, Timber Quality ResearchPacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station809 NE 6th AvenuePortland, OR 97232HP-96 • Volume-168 Steps, Value-169 Steps •Free

16 —Other16 — 1 Maple Syrup Evaporator Thermal Efficiency

Program calculates thermal efficiency of anoil-fired open pan evaporator, boiling water.Paul E. SendakNortheastern Forest Experiment StationGeorge D. Aiken Sugar Maple LaboratoryP.O. Box 968, 705 Spear StreetBurlington, VT 05402HP-67« 35 Steps* Free

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MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY MSU Is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution. Cooperative Extension Service programs are open to all without regardto race, color, national origin, or sex.Issued In furtherance of cooperative extension work In agriculture and home economics, acts of May 8, and June 30, 1914, Incooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Gordon E. Guyer, Director, Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan StateUniversity, E. Lansing, Ml 48824.This information is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement

Q O O P E R A T I V E bv t n e Cooperative Extension Service or bias against those not mentioned. This bulletin becomes public property upon publicationIfjM an(* m a y °® r e P r l n t 9 d verbatim as a separate or within another publication with credit to MSU. Reprinting cannot be used toIwIN endorse or advertise a commercial product or company.

I SERVICE 1P-2M-2:82-UP-KMF,$1.10, For Sale Only