FOREST RESOURCES - Southern Research · Forest industry holdings increased 175,500 acres to a total...
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Transcript of FOREST RESOURCES - Southern Research · Forest industry holdings increased 175,500 acres to a total...
FOREST RESOURCESOFTENNESSEE
Paul A . Murphy
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREFOREST SERVICE
SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION
New Orleons, Louisiono
1972
C o n t e n t s
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This report states the principal findings ofa new forest survey of Tennessee. Data forgrowth and cut are given for 1970, and theinventory is reported for January 1, 1971. Acanvass of forest products output in 1970 alsocontributed information.
Because forests were cleared for agriculture,the amount of land available for timber pro-duction is now 12.8 million acres, a declineof 5 percent from 1961. About three-fourthsof the diversion was to pasture, mostly in cen-tral Tennessee. The rest occurred in the west-ern part of the State for row crops such ascotton, corn, and soybeans.
The only substantial change in ownershippatterns was a 14-percent decline in farmer-owned forest-a consequence of land clearing.Although public ownership in the federal cate-gory increased moderately, private ownersstill hold the bulk of the commercial forestarea: about 90 percent.
Despite the loss in forest area, the timbersupply picture has brightened considerably.Softwood growing stcck rose 26 percent, whilehardwood increased 11 percent.
Softwood growing stock now totals 1.8 bil-lion cubic feet. Most of it is shortleaf pine andVirginia pine, both of which are most abundantin eastern Tennessee. About 58 percent is largeenough to be considered sawtimber; the re-maining is poletimber. Most of the volumeincrease was in trees 6 to 12 inches in diameter.
About 8.6 billion cubic feet are in hardwoodgrowing stock trees, chiefly oaks, hickories,and yellow-poplar. Sawtimber now comprises57 percent of the growing stock volume-equivalent to 22 billion board feet. Most ofthe volume increase was in trees 10 to 16 inchesin diameter.
Stocking has improved and has stimulatedgrowth considerably. In 1970, growth was 40cubic feet per acre, an increase over the 1960growth of 30 cubic feet. A promise of stillfurther increase lies in the present excess ofgrowth over cut for both hardwoods and soft-woods.
The number of sawmills in Tennessee hasdeclined since 1960. The attrition was in smallmills, which cut most of the softwoods. Thesubsequent drop in softwood saw log produc-tion has had a salutary effect on the pine re-source. The larger mills process mainly hard-wood, and, though they more than doubled innumber, hardwood saw log output for 1970 wasslightly below its 1960 level.
Because of expansion in the State’s pulpingcapacity in the last decade, pulpwood produc-tion reached a record level in 1970. Neverthe-less, Tennessee mills import over one-half oftheir requirements from other States. Use ofwood residues for pulp has been increasingsteadily for the last 10 years.
Veneer and cooperage plants decreased bothin number and in output. As a consequence ofthe decline of these industries and the closingof many small sawmills, the total volume oftimber products cut was less in 1970 than in1960.
Despite the recent resource improvement,hardwood forest types occupy almost 5 millionacres that are better suited to growing pines,and cull trees preempt much growing spacethat could be occupied by growing stock. Byremedying these conditions, Tennessee canhelp supply the increased requirements of itspulpmills and maintain its hardwood sawmillindustry.
FOREST AREA Loss in Forest Area
Forests occupy 13.1 million acres or 50 per-cent of the land area in Tennessee (fig. 1).About 12.8 million acres are classified as com-mercial-that is, they are capable of growingtrees for timber products, and cutting is per-mitted. Some 300,000 acres are reserved fromcutting. Total commercial acreage is 5 percentless than at the time of the last previous forestsurvey in 1961 ( table I 1. This decline reversesa trend of increasing acreage that had beendocumented in 1961.’ Nevertheless, there isstill more forest now than 20 years ago.
Much of the loss was a consequence of farmowners increasing their pasture and arableacreage by clearing forest land (table II). Thedeclines have been greatest in the Central,Plateau, and West regions.
Statewide, 1.2 million of the acres desig-nated by the 1961 survey as commercial forestland have been converted to agricultural use.About 75 percent went into pasture, and mostof the remainder into row crops-soybeans,cotton, and corn. The change to pasture oc-curred mostly in the Central and Plateau re-gions, the shift to row crops in the West region.1 Sternitzke, H. S. Tennessee forests. USDA Forest Serv.
South. Forest Exp. Stn. Forest Surv. Release 86. 29 p. 1962.
Table I. Commercial forest land in 1971 and change since1961
RegionCommercial Change since Proportion of
forest last survey region forested ’Thousand Percent Percent
acreSWest 1,768.5 - 7 29West Central 2,290.g - 1 67Central 2,276.3 - 1 2 36Plateau 3,077.o - 3 70East 3.407.1 - 2 54All regions 12,819.8 - 5 49‘Total forest, including noncommercial, as a proportion of
total area in the region.
Other uses, chiefly urban and highway ex-pansion, claimed an additional 309,000 acres.
While large acreages were being cleared,nearly a million acres of crop and pasture landwere allowed to revert to forest. The rever-sions were insufficient to offset the withdraw-als, and the net loss diminished the growingstock inventory. Moreover, the effect wasgreater than is indicated by acreage changesalone. Land diverted from commercial forestusually contains some growing stock; land re-verting to forest usually has no timber at all.
Additions to forests will continue to comefrom former farm lands, but a substantial di-
Table II. Changes in commercial forest land, 1961-l 971
Additions from : Diversions to :
RegionNet
change Total NonforestNoncommercial
forest Total Agriculture Other
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thousand acres _ _ - - _ _ - - _ _ - - - - -
West - 130.8 126.3 126.3 . 257.1 221.8 35.3West Central - 11.8 67.5 67.5 79.3 70.2 9.1Central -304.2 307.0 307.0 611.2 557.9 53.3Plateau -101.0 264.4 264.4 365.4 208.5 156.9East - 64.8 95.8 85.8 10.0 160.6 105.6 55.0
All regions -612.6 861.0 851.0 10.0 1,473.6 1,164.0 ’ 309.6
’ Includes 34,300 acres diverted to water impoundments and 63,000 acres transferred to non-commercial forest.
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Figure 1. Forest resource regions in Tennessee.
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version to agriculture will also persist, andurbanization and other uses will continue toexpand. Therefore, the prospect is that thecurrent decline will continue.
Change in Ownership
Ninety percent of the forest land is privatelyowned.’ Farmers hold a substantial amount-about 5 million acres. Chiefly because of theclearing for pasture and crops, acreage in thisclass diminished 14 percent since 1961.
Miscellaneous private owners hold about 5.3million acres. Within this group, individualsown the bulk-some 4.6 million acres; the restis in corporate ownership. There was littleacreage change for either category since 1961.
Forest industry holdings increased 175,500acres to a total of 1.1 million. These firmshave better resources for forest managementthan do most other private owners.
Public ownership increased moderately. Thebiggest single change was the acquisition byTVA of 64,000 acres in the Land-Between-The-Lakes area.
Forest Type
The forest type covering any area is partlythe result of past uses and disturbances. Fire,logging, and reversion of agricultural land toforest all affect the species composition. Forestlands in Tennessee may be divided into threebasic site classes-pine, upland hardwood, andbottom-land hardwood-according to their suit-* Table 2 in the appendix shows the acres of commercialforest land by ownership classes.
ability for growing certain timber types. Theseclasses do not necessarily describe what typesare actually present; rather, they indicate whatcommercial types the sites are best able to sup-port.
About 5.9 million acres, 46 percent of thecommercial forest area, are suitable for Vir-ginia pine, shortleaf pine, and, in some places,loblolly pine. Most pine sites occur in the Eastand Plateau regions (fig. 2). The primary for-est types now on these sites are loblolly-short-leaf pine, oak-pine, and oak-hickory (table III).Thus a great proportion of the pine sites arepresently supporting hardwood. The oak-hick-ory type alone occupies 3.5 million acres thatcould grow pine.
Sites best suited for upland hardwoods com-prise 48 percent of’the total. They are mostnumerous in the Central and West Centralregions, but all regions have substantial acre-ages. This class lost more land to agriculture
Table III. Commercial forest land by forest twes and sites
Forest typeSite
Southern Upland Bottom-landpine hardwood hardwood
----Thousandacres----
White pine 28.9 10.0Cedar 188.3 483.7Loblolly-shortleaf pine 998.8Oak-pine ’ 1,184.7 33.3Oak-hickory 3,532.3 5,575.7Oak-gum-cypressElm-ash-cottonwoodMaple-beech-birch 84.4
All types 5,913.0 6,187.l’ Includes white pine-hardwood type.
21.8
547.2150.7
.719.7
P I N E q UPLAND q BOTTOM-LANDH A R D W O O D HARDWOOD
Figure 2. Commercial forest land by region and site.
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than any other. The primary forest types areoak-hickory, cedar, and maple-beech-birch. Theoak-hickory is overwhelmingly the largestwhile the maple-beech-birch occurs only in thePlateau and East regions. Some redcedar isalso present, mainly in the Central region. Mostof the existing upland types-including thecedar-are suitable.
Only 6 percent of the commercial forest landis in the bottom-land hardwood site class, andthe only substantial occurrence is in the Westregion. Elm-ash-cottonwood and oak-gum-cy-press stands occupy these sites and are consid-ered desirable.
TIMBER VOLUME
The commercial forests of Tennessee con-tained over 12 billion cubic feet of wood in1971. This total includes the volumes of roughand rotten trees that are unsuitable for timberproducts. Growing stock trees, which areneither rough nor rotten, made up 10.4 billioncubic feet of the total volume.
Specifications for growing stock trees andmethods _ of computing tree volumes havechanged since the last survey. Therefore, the1961 volume data were adjusted to permitdirect comparisons with 1971.
Softwood Volume Increased Moderately
Softwood volume increased 26 percent, from1.4 billion to 1.8 billion cubic feet, between sur-veys (table IV). Most is shortleaf pine andVirginia pine (fig. 3). The East and Plateauregions have 81 percent of the shortleaf pineand 99 percent of the Virginia pine. The gains
Table IV. Growing stock volume in 1971 andchange since 1961
Softwood HardwoodRegion
Volume Change Volume Change
Million Percent Million Percentcu. ft. cu. ft.
West 155.5 +58 1,484.3 + 3West Central 108.0 +62 1,710.4 +18Central 46.0 +65 1,302.l + 8Plateau 467.5 + ‘7 2,056.l + 7East 1,022.8 +28 2,043.l +20
All regions 1,799.8 +26 8,596.0 +11
S H O R T L E A F P I N E
VIRGIN IA P INE
O T H E R S O F T W O O D S
W H I T E O A K S
R E D O A K S
H I C K O R Y
Y E L L O W - P O P L A R
SWEETGUM
E L M
S O F T M A P L E
A S H
0 0 . 5 1.0 1.5 2 . 0 i
BILLION CUBIC FEET
Figure 3. Growing stock by species.
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were not uniform throughout the range of treediameters (fig. 4). Most of the increase wasjn the 6- to la-inch classes.
Because pines as a group have good formand low incidence of decay, virtually all canbe considered as growing stock (fig. 5 ) . About42 percent of the growing stock volume is inpoletimber. Sawtimber comprises 58 percent,or almost 4.7 billion board feet.
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D. 8. H. (;CHESIIU d
Figure 4. Softwood growing stock by tree diameter,1961 and 1971.
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GROWING STOCK
EiEl SAWTIMBER
S O F T W O O D H A R D W O O D
Figure 5. Volume of softwoods and hardwoods byclass of timber.
Softwood sawtimber volume increased 22percent (table V) . The small sawmills in Ten-nessee cut chiefly softwood, and a recent de-cline in the number of these mills a has dim-inished the pressure on the resource.
Table V. Sawtimber volume in 1971 and changesince 1961
Softwood HardwoodRegion Volume Change Volume Change
Million Percent Million Percentbd. ft. bd. ft.
West 450.1 +40 4,415.3 + 5West Central 201.5 +60 3,434.3 +27Central 27.2 +26 3,224.l + 9Plateau 1,363.3 +24 5,293.5 +12East 2,656.Q +15 5,273.Q +13All regions 4,699.0 +22 21,641.l +14
Most of the sawtimber volume is in non-industrial private ownership (fig. 6)) but someis on industrial or public land. The regionaldistribution follows that of growing stock:most of it is in the East and Plateau regions.‘Elertelson, D. F. Tennessee forest industries. USDA ForestServ. Resour. Bull. 50-30. 2’7 p. South. Forest Exp. Stn..New Orleans, La. 1971.
P U B L I C
F O R E S T
INDUSTRY
O T H E RP R I V A T E
0 IO
B I L L I O N B O A R D FEET
@J S O F T W O O D S H A R D W O O D S
Figure 6. Sawtimber volume by class of ownership.
Hardwood Volume Increased Slightly
Despite the loss of 600,000 acres of commer-cial forest land between surveys, hardwoodgrowing stock volume increased from 7.7 bil-lion to 8.6 billion cubic feet, or 11 percent( table IV).
White oaks, red oaks, hickories, and yellow-poplar comprise most of the growing stockvolume (fig. 3). The oaks are most abundantin the East, Plateau, and West Central regions,while over two-thirds of the yellow-poplarvolume is in the East and Plateau regions.
Tennessee’s forests contain almost 10.3 bil-lion cubic feet of hardwood. About 16 percentis in rough and rotten trees; the hardwoodsdo not have the pines’ inherently better formand low incidence of decay. Some 8.6 billioncubic feet of the total is growing stock; pole-timber trees comprise 43 percent of the grow-ing stock volume, and the remainder is in saw-timber.
Hardwood sawtimber volume is 22 billionboard feet, 14 percent more than in the previ-ous survey (table V). The overwhelming partis privately owned (fig. 6). Saw log qualityimproved slightly; about 36 percent of thehardwood sawtimber volume is now in grade-2logs or better.
Most of the volume increase was in trees 10to 16 inches in diameter (fig. 7 ) .
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Figure 7. Hardwood growing stock by tree diam-eter, 1961 and 1971.
GROWTH AND REMOVALS
In 1970, the inventory of growing stock inTennessee increased by almost 293 millioncubic feet (table VI). This increase is netgrowth minus removals. Growth exceeded re-movals by a wide margin for both hardwoodsand softwoods.
Table VI. Summary of volume-change statistics, 1970
Growing stock SawtimberItem Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard-
wood wood species wood wood
Million Millioncubic feet board feet
Net growth, 1970 102.9 406.2 509.1 309.0 lJ19.2Timber removals, 1970 33.2 183.2 216.4 124.0 695.6Net change, 1970 +69.7 +223.0 +292.7 +185.0 +423.6
Removals totaled more than 216 million cu-bic feet in 1970, and the hardwood cut greatlyexceeded that of softwoods. A favorablegrowth-cut ratio existed for most species. Incypress, tupelo, and blackgum, however, theratios indicate that the sawtimber inventoryis being reduced.
Gross growth for 1970 was about 552 millioncubic feet. This growth can be divided intofive components : ( 1) survivor growth-theincrement in net volume of trees in the grow-ing stock at the beginning of the year and sur-viving to its end; (2) ingrowth-the net vol-
ume of trees at the time they grew into growingstock during 1970; (3) growth on ingrowth-the increment in net volume of trees after theygrew into growing stock; (4) growth on re-movals-the increment in net volume of grow-ing stock trees that were cut during the year;(5) mortality-the net volume in growingstock trees that died during the year.
Survivor growth made up 74 percent of thegross growth during 1970, ingrowth and growthon ingrowth contributed 17 percent, andgrowth on trees removed added another 1 per-cent (table VII). The volume of trees dyingwas 8 percent of gross growth.
Survivor growth was the biggest growthcomponent for the hardwood species group. Italso accounted for the greatest part of grossgrowth in softwoods, except that in the Centralregion ingrowth was the biggest component.Substantial softwood ingrowth also occurredin the West Central region.
The net growth was about 509 million cubicfeet, of which 52 percent occurred in the Pla-teau and East regions. These regions also con-tained most of the growing stock volume. TheWest Central region contributed 18 percent tonet growth, the West 16, and the Central re-gion 14.
Net volume growth can be compared withits potential to determine how fully the sitesare being utilized. The growth potential ofeach survey plot was determined, and the re-sults indicate that the commercial forest landin Tennessee has an average potential produc-tivity of 71 cubic feet per acre annually. In1970, net annual growth was 40 cubic feetper acre, or only 56 percent of potential. Whyis growth not at its capacity? Stocking andstand structure provide an answer.
Stocking is a measure of the extent to whichthe growth potential of a site is utilized bytrees, and it is determined by comparing thestand density (in terms of number of trees orbasal area) with a specified standard. Full or100 percent stocking is the level at which thereis no increase in growth with an increase instocking.
About 80 percent of the commercial forestland in Tennessee is less than fully stockedwith growing stock trees. In some stands, spaceis preempted by rough and rotten trees; conse-
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quently, little natural improvement will occur forest land are either nonstocked or in saplinguntil this space is made available to growing or seedling stands. Another 4.9 million acresstock. In other stands part of the space is un- are in poletimber, and sawtimber occupies 3.3occupied by any trees, good or bad. million acres. Thus over one-third are in
Stand structure also affects per-acre volume seedling and sapling stands, which contributegrowth. About 4.6 million acres of commercial little volume growth.
Table VII. Growth components of growing stock on commercial forest land by species group and resourceregion, Tennessee, 1970
Region andspecies group
WestSoftwoodHardwood
Total
West CentralSoftwoodHardwood
Total
CentralSoftwoodHardwood
Total
PlateauSoftwoodHardwood
Total
EastSoftwoodHardwood
Total
All regionsSoftwoodHardwood
Total
’ Negligible.
Growth components Total
SurvivorIngrowth
Growth on Growth onMortality
Gross Netgrowth ingrowth removals growth growth
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Million cubic feet _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - _ _ _ _ _
7.1 1.6 (‘1 0.2 0.5 9.4 8.961.4 7.8 0.2 1.5 8.6~ 79.5 70.9
68.5 9.4 .2 1.7 9.1 88.9 79.8
5.2 3.0 (‘) .l .2 8.5 8.369.4 15.0 .2 .5 6.2 91.3 85.1
74.6 18.0 .2 .6 6.4 99.8 93.4
1.9 2.3 (‘) .l .2 4.5 4.350.9 13.1 .2 .7 6.3 71.2 64.9
52.8 15.4 .2 .8 6.5 75.7 69.2
21.5 4.5 .l .l 2.5 28.7 26.271.2 16.1 .2 .8 7.5 95.8 88.3
92.7 20.6 .3 .9 10.0 124.5 114.5
42.3 12.2 .2 .5 4.3 59.5 55.277.1 18.9 .2 .8 7.0 104.0 97.0
119.4 31.1 .4 1.3 11.3 163.5 152.2
78.0 23.6 .3 1.0 7.7 110.6 102.9330.0 70.9 1.0 4.3 35.6 441.8 406.2
408.0 94.5 1.3 5.3 43.3 552.4 509.1
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Tennessee’s output of industrial roundwoodin 1970 was 137 million cubic feet,” a declineof 6 percent from 1960. An additional 24 mil-lion cubic feet were cut for domestic use, chief-ly firewood.
LARGE SAWMILLS INCREASE
In 1970, the total saw log production was 534million board feet or 89 million cubic feet(fig. 8). Most of the saw logs harvested inTennessee also received primary processingthere. Imports and exports were a small frac-tion of the total.
SAWLOGS _
V E N E E R L O G S >
PULPWOOD> . . . . . . ..:::,;: ..(_. :( ..,....: . . . . . .‘:“:...:: :.., $3 . ...,.: ..;. !..:>!,+i.i. . . . ..::* ,...._,.
C O O P E R A G E 4
OTHERINDUSTRIAL
NONCOMMERCIAL . . .POSTS .<:
F”ELWOOD !...:‘L;‘...i.‘~.:-i~..:,t;:; :;.;.: j :I. y::.:,.. . . . I0 25 5 0 75
MILLION CUBIC FEET
Figure 8. Output of Tennessee roundwood by prod-uct, 1970.
Softwood saw logs comprised 69 millionboard feet. Two-thirds of this volume wassouthern pine, and the remainder was cypress,white pine, redcedar, and hemlock.
Softwood lumber is sawn mainly by smallmills. That two-thirds of the softwood sawlogs were converted into lumber without hav-ing crossed a county line attests both the mod-est requirements of individual mills and theiraggregate importance in the State’s softwoodlumber industry.
Softwood saw log production was 56 percentless than in 1960. Considerable attrition of
Tennessee sawmills has occurred in the last 25years. In 1946, there were 2,789 sawmills:that number had decreased to 1,135 in 1960and 546 in 1970. Competition from largermills, equipment obsolescence, and rising laborcosts all contributed to the decline.
The output of hardwood saw logs in 1970 was465 million board feet, slightly less than the1960 total of 477 million. Oaks comprised 59percent of the total.
The large mills process mainly hardwoodsaw logs. Mills cutting at least 3 million boardfeet annually more than doubled in numberduring the last decade. As an indication of theroundwood requirements of these plants, al-most half of the hardwood saw log volume cutin Tennessee was transported across countyboundaries for primary processing.
Locations of sawmills and other primarywood-using plants are mapped in figure 9.
PULPWOOD PRODUCTION A RECORD
With construction of two mills and expansionof existing facilities, Tennessee’s 24-hour pulping capacity rose from 2,357 tons in 1960 to3,670 tons in 1970. Daily capacity of the aver-age mill increased from 471 to 524 tons.
The 1970 pulpwood harvest reflects the in-dustry expansion. A total of 437,000 cords wereremoved from Tennessee’s forests *-a 24 per-cent increase over 1960 and a record for theState. Concurrently with the pulping capacity,the rate of pulpwood production has been in-creasing since 1966.
Over half of the cordage is hardwood. Tenyears ago the proportion of pine was greaterthan that of hardwood, but since 1964 hard-wood has exceeded pine.
Despite the increase inmore than half the wood4 Beltz. R. C. southern pulpwoodForest Serv. F&sour. Bull. SO-28,Stn.. New Orleans, La. 1871.
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pulpwood harvest,used by Tennesseeproduction, 1970. USDA22 p. South. Forest Exp.
b.
1010
pulpmills is imported. These imports, chieflysouthern pine, totaled 505,000 cords in 1970;only 40,000 cords were exported.
OTHER PRODUCTS
Veneer log production in 1970 was 7 millionboard feet, a decline of 37 percent from 1960and a very small fraction of the total round-wood output. Hardwoods, mostly yellow-pop-lar and sweetgum, comprised 99 percent of thetotal. The number of veneer mills droppedfrom nine to six during the decade.
Cooperage is also a declining industry; thenumber of mills decreased by two-thirds dur-ing the decade. Output of cooperage boltsdropped accordingly to 11 million board feet-a decline of 58 percent from 1960. Most ofthe bolts were white oak for tight cooperage.
Other products comprised less than 8 per-cent of the total. Among these are handlestock,charcoal, commercial posts, excelsior, furniturestock, mine timbers, miscellaneous dimension,piling, poles, and shuttleblocks.
Domestic use, largely for fuel, was 50 percentof the total roundwood production in 1949,20 percent in 1960, and 15 percent in 1970.Movement of rural populations to the cities
and a switch to more modern fuels among thoseremaining in the country explain the steadydecrease in fuelwood.
PLANT RESIDUES AND BYPRODUCTS
In 1970, Tennessee forest industries pro-duced 51 million cubic feet of residues in con-verting roundwood into primary products. Thistotal was equally divided between coarse andfine residues. Coarse residue is material, suchas slabs and edgings, that can be made intopulp chips. Fine residue consists mainly ofsawdust and shavings, which cannot be con-verted into pulp chips.
More than half of the residue was utilized.Ten million cubic feet went into pulp andparticleboard; the use of residues in pulp hasbeen expanding consistently since 1960. About12 million cubic feet were burned for fuel,and more than 5 million cubic feet were usedfor other products such as animal bedding,charcoal, and soil mulch.
The nonutilized portion of the residues to-taled 23 million cubic feet in 1970-equivalentto the growing stock volume on 29,000 acresof Tennessee’s commercial forest land. Two-thirds of the unused residues are fines.
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Demand for timber will probably increase.But what about the supply? Projections canaid in evaluating Tennessee’s prospects of satis-fying future demand. Projections are not pre-dictions, since no attempt is made to estimatewhat conditions will be in the future. Theyshow only what will occur if certain assump-tions hold true.
Two projections, prospective cut and po-tential cut, were made for Tennessee. In thepropective cut, the assumption is that the cutwill be brought into balance with growth. Inthe potential cut, it is assumed that forestmanagement will be intensified so that therewill be a better balance of tree sizes in 30years, the-end of the projection period.
PROSPECTIVE CUT
In this projection the cut is adjusted eachyear until the last year of the projection period,when it is assumed to equal the growth ongrowing stock (figs. 10 and 11). The otherassumptions are that the commercial forestarea, growth rates, and mortality rates willnot change.
The growth-cut ratios were favorable forsoftwoods in 1970: 3.1 for growing stock and2.5 for sawtimber. These ratios mean thatthe annual cut can be increased without dimin-ishing the softwood inventory. In the year2,000 the growth and cut are 135 million cubicfeet (fig. 10).
Most of the inventory increase will be in thelower diameter classes (fig. 12). About 75percent of the softwood sawtimber volume isin the 14-inch class and less.
The proportions of growth to cut for hard-wocd in 1970 were 2.2 for growing stock and1.6 for sawtimber. As in softwood, the cut ofgrowing stock trees can be increased greatlyduring the projection period (fig. 11). In the
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GdOWING STO’CK
0
6 0 0
SAWTIMBER
IOl I I
1970 1980 1990 2oc
Figure 10. Prospective growth and cut of softwood,1970-2000.
year 2000, growth and cut are 556 millioncubic feet.
Growth and cut are initially favorable forhardwood sawtimber. As the projection periodproceeds, however, the ratio diminishes. By1977, and for every year thereafter, the cut islarger than the growth. The result is a diminu-tion of the sawtimber inventory (fig. 13) _
z /-2 200 ’
GROWING STOCK
01 I I I
ISAWTIMBER
ILO
I I 1I980 1990 2000
Figure 11. Prospective growth and cut of hardwood,1970-2000.
6 IO 14 22+
D. B. H. (INCHES)
Figure 12. Comparison of 1971 softwood growingstock with prospective and potentialinventories of 2001.
2,500
2,000
k
t2 1,500
Q
2
$ 1.000.4
s
500
Figure 13. Comparison of 1971 hardwood growingstock with prospective and potential in-ventories of 2001.
The management goal in the prospective cutis a modest one. The deficit of trees in theupper diameter classes was not considered;consequently, a reduction of the hardwoodsawtimber inventory occurred. More ambiti-ous management goals are possible, and theyare considered in the potential cut.
POTENTIAL CUT
In calculating the potential cut, it is assumedthat the commercial forest area will remainthe same as now but that the oak-pine foresttype will be converted to pure pine by theend of the projection period. With the conver-sion there will be 2.9 million acres in the soft-wood type and 9.9 million acres in the hard-wood type. Growth and mortality rates remainunchanged.
To correct the deficit of trees in the largerdiameter classes, a goal for both types is toimprove the distribution of tree sizes by ad-justing the annual cut. With the 1971 inven-tory and the desired inventory of 2001 as thebases, stand tables for each year of the projec-tion period were found by interpolation. Thecut each year was adjusted so that the inter-polated stand was attained. In the early yearsof the projection period the cut is reduced, butas growth rebuilds the inventory the removals
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are increased. The cut is concentrated in thelower tree sizes so that the deficit in largetrees is gradually ameliorated.
The specific goals for the softwood type area basal area of 80 square feet per acre and agrowing stock proportion of 97 percent of thetotal stand. The goals for the hardwood typeare a density of 90 square feet per acre anda growing stock proportion of 90 percent ofthe total stand.
If these goals are achieved, Tennessee’s for-ests will have an annual growth of 704 millioncubic feet or 55 cubic feet per acre in 2000.The growing stock needed for this growth is
seen in figures 12 and 13. Softwood comprises20 percent of the inventory.
Although the cubic-foot growth does notincrease much, the sawtimber growth is in-creased markedly-to 187 board feet per acrein the year 2000, as opposed to 135 board feetfor the prospective cut in 2000 and 111 boardfeet at present.
The potential inventory for both speciesgroups has much more volume in the higherdiameter classes than does the 1971 inventory.Thus, the potential cut indicates that Ten-nessee’s forests could furnish much more tim-ber than they now do.
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PINE SITES
Tennessee is considered primarily a hard-wood State. However, 46 percent or 5.9 millionacres of the commercial forest area belong inthe pine site class. Since only about 1 millionacres are currently in pine, almost 5 millionacres are candidates for conversion. The timefor conversion depends upon the managementpotential of the present stands.
Pine sites that are poorly stocked with grow-ing stock trees total 594,000 acres. Thesestands have little management potential andare candidates for immediate conversion. Only59,000 acres have an adequate pine seedsource; the remaining would have to be plantedor seeded.
The other pine sites contain stands that areat least 60 percent stocked with growing stocktrees. The stands can be managed and regen-erated to pure pine subsequently. These areastotal 5.3 million acres, and only 1.6 millionacres have an adequate pine seed source.
HARDWOOD SITES
One problem with the hardwood resourceis an unfavorable distribution of tree sizes.As indicated by the projection of potential cut,a better distribution may be obtained by con-centrating annual removals on trees too smallfor saw logs. The hardwood pulpwood marketoffers an outlet for this material.
Another problem is inadequate stocking withdesirable trees. Desirable trees are growingstock which have high vigor, possess no seriousdefects to limit prospective or present use, andcontain no pathogens likely to cause death orserious deterioration before rotation age. AC-ceptable trees are growing stock that do notqualify as desirable. Sample plots of the sur-vey were classified according to their conditionclass-that is, as having poor, medium, or goodstocking of desirable trees-and these data
were used to estimate the amount of commer-cial forest land in each condition class.
Poorly Stocked Stands
Some 1.4 million acres of hardwood sites arepoorly stocked with growing stock trees. Allregions have some acreage in this conditionclass, but a large proportion occurs in the Cen-tral region. Some areas are suitable for theplanting of yellow-poplar; on others, cull treeremoval may facilitate natural restocking.
Another 5.4 million acres are poorly stockedwith desirable trees but have medium or betterstocking of growing stock trees. More hard-wood sites occur in this condition class thanany other. Stands can be improved by remov-ing cull trees and favoring desirable trees inintermediate cuts or thinnings.
Medium Stocked Stands
On 16,000 acres desirable trees supply me-dium stocking, and less than 30 percent of thearea is occupied by other trees or conditionsthat prevent occupancy by desirable trees.These areas occur in the Central and Plateauregions. No stand treatments are necessary.
On 81,000 acres of hardwood sites desirabletrees provide medium stocking, but 30 percentor more of the area is occupied by other trees.This condition class occurs in the Central, Pla-teau, and West regions. Thinning of accept-able trees and removal of culls can improvestocking of desirable trees.
Well Stocked Stands
About 6,000 acres are well stocked with de-sirable trees, but not overstocked. All are inthe West Central region. Since these standshave maximum growth in desirable trees, nospecial treatments are necessary.
15
RESOURCE IMPROVEMENT
Despite the net loss of about 600,000 acres ofcommercial forest since 1961, the timber re-source of Tennessee has improved. Among theimprovements are increases in stocking, vol-ume of desirable species, and growth. How-ever, problems still remain. Only 20 percentof the commercial forest area is well stocked,large trees are scarce, and hardwoods occupymany acres that could support pine.
Two ways of improving the resource havebeen mentioned. One is the conversion ofsuitable areas to pine. The other is stand treat-ment in the hardwood type.
The identification of stand conditions andpine sites does not necessarily mean that im-provements should be undertaken. In somesituations, the cost of improvement may begreater than the financial returns, and thegains from some treatments, such as cull treeremoval, are sometimes difficult to assess.Nevertheless, some priorities can be outlinedon the basis of cost and technical feasibility.
Priorities on pine sites can be assigned onthe basis of conversion cost. If stands that canbe profitably managed are excluded, the firstpriority would be sites that can be regeneratednaturally to pine. Some stands already havepine reproduction, which can be released byharvesting or deadening any competing over-story. Others have a pine seed source but noreproduction. On these areas a pine under-
story can be established naturally before theoverstory is eliminated.
Conversions which necessitate artificial re-generation of pine are second in priority. Con-version costs will vary widely according tostand conditions. Some areas have a few largetrees which can be deadened economically.Most stands, however, are composed of manystems of varying sizes, and heavy machineryis needed to clear and prepare for planting.Machine clearing is expensive, but there is noother way of restoring these sites.
On hardwood sites management should beaimed at increasing the stocking of desirabletrees. Ranking first in priority is the har-vesting of merchantable but less desirabletrees, next is deadening of large culls, andfinally is deadening of small culls. The har-vesting of less desirable trees can provide animmediate economic return while freeing grow-ing space. Large culls can be treated singly,while blanket treatment may be needed forsmall culls. In some cases, areas can be clearedof their present stand and profitably plantedto yellow-poplar.
Though the stand treatments outlined hererequire the careful judgement of foresters andoften will entail a large financial outlay, theyare feasible in many situations. The extent towhich land managers adopt them will deter-mine the future productivity of Tennessee’sforests.
16
Appendix
SURVEY METHODS
The data on forest acreage and timber vol-ume in this report were secured by a samplingmethod involving a forest-nonforest classifica-tion on aerial photographs and on-the-groundmeasurements of trees at sample locations. Thesample locations were at the intersections ofa grid of lines spaced 3 miles apart. In Ten-nessee, 121,290 photographic classificationswere made and 4,665 ground sample locationswere visited.
The initial estimates of forest area that wereobtained with the aerial photographs were ad-justed on the basis of the ground check.
A cluster of 10 variable-radius plots was in-stalled at each ground sample location. Eachsample tree on the variable-radius plots repre-sented 3.75 square feet of basal area per acre.Trees less than 5.0 inches in diameter weretallied on fixed-radius plots around the plotcenters. Together, these samples provided mostof the information for the new inventory. Asubsample of trees on the plots was measuredin detail to obtain data for calculating timbervalumes.
The plots established by the prior surveywere remeasured to determine the elementsof change and were the basis for estimatinggrowth, mortality, removals, and changes inland use.
With the assistance of the Tennessee ValleyAuthority and the Tennessee Department ofConservation, a special study was made to de-termine product output. It consisted of a can-vass of all primary wood-using plants activein Tennessee during 1970. Out-of-State firmsknown to use Tennessee roundwood were alsocontacted. Additionally, fuelwood and otherdomestic uses were determined from an areasample.
RELIABILITY OF THE DATA
Reliability of the estimates may be affectedby two types of errors. The first stems from
17
the use of a sample to estimate the whole andfrom variability of the items being sampled.This type is termed sampling error; it is sus-ceptible to a mathematical evaluation of theprobability of error. The second type-oftenreferred to as reporting or estimating error-derives from mistakes in measurement, judg-ment, or recording, and from limitations ofmethod or equipment. Its effects cannot beappraised mathematically, but the Forest Serv-ice constantly attempts to hold it to a minimumby proper training and good supervision, andby emphasis on careful work.
Statistical analysis of the data indicates asampling error of plus or minus 0.3 percent forthe estimate of total commercial forest area,1.7 percent for total cubic volume, and 2.7percent for total board-foot volume. As thesetotals are broken down by forest type, species,tree diameter, and other subdivisions, the possi-bility of error increases and is greatest for thesmallest items. The order of this increase issuggested in the following tabulation, whichshows the sampling error to which the timbervolume and area estimates are liable, twochances out of three:
Commercialforest
Sampling Cubic Sampling Board-foot Sampling
area error’ volumes e r r o r ’ volume a error 1
I I I I I
ThousandPeTcent
Million
acres cubic feetPercent ,E:JFtet Percent
l&819.81,153.8
288.4128.2
72.1
46.211.5
5.12.91.8
0.31.0 10,395.82.0 7,454.53.0 3,313.l4.0 1,863.6
5.0 1,192.710.0 298.215.0 132.520.0 14.525.0 47.7
1.72.0
3.04.0
26,340.221,335.612,001.3
217
3.04.0
5.0 7,680.8 5.010.0 1,920.2 10.015.0 853.4 15.020.0 480.1 20.025.0 307.2 25.0
’ By random-sampling formula.’ Growing-stock volume on commercial forest land’ Sawtimber volume on commercial forest land.
The sampling error to which the estimatesof growth, mortality, and removals are liable,on a probability of two chances out of three,are :
Net annual growth Annual removals
Cubic Sampling Board foot Sampling Cubic Sampling Board foot Samplingvolume error ’ volume error ’ volume error ’ volume error ’
Million Million Million Millioncubic feet Percent board feet Percent cubic feet Percent board feet Percent
509.1 2.4325.8 3.0 1,428.2 3.8 216.4 3.2 819.6 3.0
183.3 4.0 1,289.0 4.0 138.5 4.0 461.0 4.0
117.3 5.0 824.9 5.0 88.6 5.0 295.1 5.0
29.3 10.0 206.2 10.0 22.2 10.0 73.8 10.0
13.0 15.0 91.7 15.0 9.8 15.0 32.8 15.0
7.3 20.0 51.6 20.0 5.5 20.0 18.4 20.0
4.7 25.0 33.0 25.0 3.5 25.0 11.8 25.0
’ By random-sampling formula.
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Forest Land Class
Forest land.-Land at least 16.7 percent stockedby forest trees of any size, or formerly having suchtree cover and not currently developed for non-forest use.
Commercial forest land.-Forest land that is pro-ducing or is capable of producing crops of industrialwood and not withdrawn from timber utilization.
Nonstocked land.-Commercial forest land lessthan 16.7 percent stocked with growing-stock trees.
Productive-reserved forest land.-Productivepublic forest land withdrawn from timber utiliza-tion through statute or administrative regulation.
Unproductive forest land.-Forest land incapableof yielding crops of industrial wood because ofadverse site conditions.
Tree Species
Commercial species.-Tree species presently orprospectively suitable for industrial wood products;excludes so-called weed species such as blackjackoak and blue beech.
Hardwoods.-Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad-leaved and deciduous.
Softwoods.-Coniferous trees, usually evergreen,having needle or scale-like leaves.
Forest Type
White pine.-Forests in which eastern white pinecomprises a plurality of the stocking. Commonassociates include hemlock, birch, and maple.
Spruce-fir.-Forests in which spruce or true firs,singly or in combination, comprise a plurality ofthe stocking. Common associates include maple,birch, and hemlock.
Loblolly-shortleaf pine.-Forests in which south-ern pines comprise a plurality of the stocking. Com-mon associates include oak, hickory, and gum.
Oak-pine .-Forests in which hardwoods (usuallyupland oaks) comprise a plurality of the stockingbut in which softwoods, except cypress and easternredcedar, comprise 25-50 percent of the stocking.Common associates include gum, hickory, and yel-low-poplar.
Cedar.-Forests in which eastern redcedar com-prises 25 percent or more of the stocking. Commonassociates include southern pines, oak, and hickory.
Oak-hickory.-Forests in which upland oaks orhickory, singly or in combination, comprise a plur-ality of the stocking except where pines comprise25-50 percent, in which case the stand is classifiedoak-pine. Common associates include yellow-pop-lar, elm, maple, and black walnut.
Oak-gum-cypress.-Bottom-land forests in whichtupelo, blackgum, sweetgum, oaks, or southern cy-press, sjngly or in combination, comprise a pluralityof stocking except where pines comprise 25-50 per-cent, in which case the stand is classified oak-pine.Common associates include cottonwood, willow, ash,elm, hackberry, and maple.
Elm-ash-cottonwood.-Forests in which elm, ash,or cottonwood, singly or in combination, comprisea plurality of the stocking. Common associates in-clude willow, sycamore, beech, and maple.
Maple-beech-birch.-Forests in which sugarmaple, beech, or yellow birch, singly or in combina-tion, comprise a plurality of the stocking. Commonassociates include hemlock, elm, basswood, andwhite pine.
Class of Timber
Growing stock trees.-Sawtimber trees, poletim-ber trees, saplings, and seedlings; that is, all livetrees except rough and rotten trees.
18
Desirable trees.-Growing-stock trees that haveno serious defects to limit present or prospectiveuse, are of relatively high vigor, and contain nopathogens that may result in death or serious deteri-oration before rotation age. They comprise thetype of trees that forest managers aim to grow;that is, the trees favored in silvicultural operations.
Acceptable trees.-Trees meeting the specifica-tions for growing stock but not qualifying as desii-able trees.
Sawtimber trees.-Live trees of commercial spe-cies, 9.0 inches and larger in diameter at breastheight for softwoods and 11.0 inches and largerfor hardwoods, and containing at least one la-footsaw log.
Poletimber trees.-Live trees of commercial spe-cies 5.0 to 9.0 inches in d.b.h. for softwoods and5.0 to 11.0 inches for hardwoods, and of good formand vigor.
Saplings.-Live trees of commercial species, 1.0inch to 5.0 inches in d.b.h. and of good form andvigor.
Rough and rotten trees.-Live trees that are un-merchantable for saw logs now or prospectively be-cause of defect, rot, or species.
Salvable dead trees.-Standing or down deadtrees that are considered currently or potentiallymerchantable.
Stand-Size Class
Sawtimber stands.Ctands at least 16.7 percentstocked with growing-stock trees, with half or moreof this stocking in sawtimber or poletimber trees,and with sawtimber stocking at least equal to pole-timber stocking.
Poletimber stands.Ctands at least 16.7 percentstocked with growing-stock trees, with half or moreof this stocking in sawtimber or poletimber trees,and with poletimber stocking exceeding that ofsawtimber stocking.
Sapling-seedling staands.-Stands at least 16.7 per-cent stocked with growing-stock trees, with morethan half of this stocking in saplings or seedlings.
Nonstocked areas.-Commercial forest lands lessthan 16.7 percent stocked with growing-stock trees.
Stocking
Stocking is a measure of the extent to which thegrowth potential of the. site is utilized by trees orpreempted by vegetative cover. Stocking is deter-mined by comparing the stand density in terms ofnumber of trees or basal area with a specifiedstandard. Full stocking is assumed to range from100 to 133 percent of the stocking standard.
The tabulation below shows the density standardin terms of trees per acre, by size class, required forfull stocking:
D.b.h. Number of(inches) trees
D.b.h. Number of(inches) trees
Seedlings 600 16 722 560 18 604 460 20 516 340 22 428 240 24 36
10 155 26 3112 115 28 2714 90 30 24
Volume
Volume of sawtimber.-Net volume of the saw-log portion of live sawtimber trees in board feetof the International rule, l/a-inch kerf.
Volume of growing stock.-Volume of soundwood in the bole of sawtimber and poletimber trees.from stump to a mini&m 4.0-inch top outside barkor to the point where the central stem breaks intolimbs.
Volume of timber.-The volume of sound woodin the bole of growing stock, rough, rotten, andsalvable dead trees 5.0 inches and larger in d.b.h.from stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top outside barkor to the point where the central stem breaks intolimbs.
Area Condition Class
A classification of commercial forest land basedupon stocking by desirable trees and other condi-tions affecting current and prospective timbergrowth.
Class lO.-Areas 100 percent or more stockedwith desirable trees and not overstocked.
Class 20.-Areas 100 percent or more stockedwith desirable trees and overstocked with all livetrees.
Class JO.-Areas 60 to 100 percent stocked withdesirable trees and with less than 30 percent of thearea controlled by other trees, inhibiting vegetation,slash, or nonstockable conditions.
Class 40.-Areas 60 to 100 percent stocked withdesirable trees and with 30 percent or more of thearea controlled by other trees, or conditions thatordinarily prevent occupancy by desirable trees.
Class IO.-Areas less than 60 percent stockecIwith desirable trees, but with 100 percent or morestocking of growing-stock trees.
Class 60.-Areas less than 60 percent stockedwith desirable trees, but with 60 to 100 percentstocking of growing-stock trees.
Class 70.-Areas less than 60 percent stocked withdesirable trees and with less than 60 percent stock-ing of growing-stock trees.
19
Miscellaneous Definitions
Basal area.-The area in square feet of the crosssection at breast height of a single tree or of allthe trees in a stand, usually expressed as squarefeet per acre.
D.b.h. (Diameter breast high) .-Tree diameterin inches, outside bark, measured at 4% feet aboveground.
Diameter classes.-The 2-inch diameter classesextend from 1.0 inch below to 0.9 inch above thestated midpoint. Thus, the la-inch class includestrees 11.0 inches through 12.9 inches d.b.h.
Site classes.-A classification of forest land interms of inherent capacity to grow crops of indus-trial wood.
Log grades.-A classification of logs based onexternal characteristics as indicators of quality orvalue.
Gross growth.-Annual increase in net volumeof trees in the absence of cutting and mortality.
Net annual growth.-The increase in volume ofa specified size class for a specific year. Compon-ents of net annual growth include the incrementin net volume of trees at the beginning of the spe-cific year surviving to its end plus volume of treesreaching the size class during the year minus thevolume of trees that died during the year minus thenet volunie of trees that become rough or rottenduring the year.
Mortality.-Number or sound-wood volume oflive trees dying from natural causes during a speci-fied period.
Timber removals.-The net volume of growing-stock trees removed from the inventory by har-vesting, cultural operations such as timber-standimprovement, land clearing, or changes in land use.
Timber products.-Roundwood products andplant byproducts. Timber products output includesroundwood products cut from growing stock oncommercial forest land; from other sources, suchas cull trees, salvable dead trees, limbs, and sap-lings; from trees on noncommercial and nonforestlands; and from plant byproducts.
Roundwood products.-Logs, bolts, or other roundsections cut from trees for industrial or consumeruses. Included are saw logs, veneer logs and bolts,cooperage logs and bolts, pulpwood, fuelwood, pil-ing, poles and posts, hewn ties, mine timbers, andvarious other round, split, or hewn products.
Logging residues.-The unused portions of treescut or killed by logging.
Plant byproducts.-Wood products, such as pulpchips, obtained incidental to manufacture of otherproducts.
Plant residues.-Wood materials from manufac-turing plants not utilized for some product. In-cluded are slabs, edgings, trimmings, miscuts, saw-dust, shavings, veneer cores and clippings, andpulp screening.
20
STANDARD TABLES
NOTE: Regional tables, identical in format to standard State tables l-22, are availablefor each of the five forest resource regions in Tennessee. They are free on request to theSouthern Forest Experiment Station.
1 .-Area by land classes . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.-Area of commercial forest land by ownership classes . . . . . .
3.-Area of commercial forest land by stand-size and ownership classes . . . .
4.-Area of commercial forest 1,5.-Area of commercial forest
nents6.-Area of commercial forest7.-Area of commercial forest
and by stand-volume and ownership classes . .land by stocking classes based on selected stand compo-
. . . .land by area-condition and ownership classes . .land by site and ownership classes . . . .
8.-Area of commercial forest land by forest types and ownership classes . .
9.-Area of noncommercial forest land by forest types . . . . . . .lO.-Number of growing-stock trees on commercial forest land by species and diameter
classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ll.-Volume of timber on commercial forest land by class of timber and by softwoodsand hardwoods . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.-Volume of growing- stock and sawtimber on commercial forest land by ownershipclasses and by softwoods and hardwoods . . . . . . . .
13.-Volume of growing stock on commercial forest land by species and diameter classes14.-Volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land by species and diameter classes .15.-Volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land by species and log grade . .
16.-Annual growth and removals of growing stock on commercial forest land by species17.-Annual growth and removals of growing stock on commercial forest land by owner-
ship classes and by softwoods and hardwoods . . . . . . .18.-Annual growth and removals of sawtimber on commercial forest land by specieslg.-Annual growth and removals of sawtimber on commercial forest land by owner-
ship classes and by softwoods and hardwoods . . . . . . .20.-Mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forest land by species .
21.-Mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forest land by ownershipclasses and by softwoods and hardwoods . . . . . . . .
22.-Mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forest land by causes andby softwoods and hardwoods . . . . . . . . . .
23.-Total output of timber products by product, by type of material used, and by soft-woods and hardwoods . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.-Output of roundwood products by source and by softwoods and hardwoods .
25.-Timber removals from growing stock on commercial forest land by items and bysoftwoods and hardwoods . . . . . . . . . . .
26.-Timber removals from live sawtimber on commercial forest land by items and bysoftwoods and hardwoods . . . . . . . . . . .
27.-Volume of plant residues by industrial source and type of residue and by softwoodsand hardwoods . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28.-Projections of net annual growth, available cut, and inventory of growing stock andsawtimber on commercial forest land . . . . . . . . .
Page
22222222
2323232424
24
25
2525262727
2828
2829
29
29
3031
32
32
32
33
21
Table 1. Area by kind classes, Tennessee, 1971
Land class Area
Thousand acres
Forest:CommercialProductive-reservedUnproductive
12,819.8316.5
Total forest 13,136.3
Nonforest:Cropland 1 7,855.2Pasture and range ’ 1,808.2Other ’ 3,675.2
Total nonforest 13,338.6
All land ’ 26,474.g
’ Source: Census of Agriculture.* Includes swampland, industrial and urban areas,
other nonforest land, and 36,500 acres classed aswater by Forest Survey standards but defined bythe Bureau of the Census as land.
’ Source: United States Bureau of the Census, Landand Water Area of the United States.
Table 2. Area of commercial forest land by owner-ship classes, Tennessee, 1971
Ownership class Area
Thousand acres
Public :National forest 599.7Other federal 340.3State 324.0County and municipal 22.2
Total public 1,286.2
Private:Forest industry ’ 1,121.4Farmer 5,079.lMiscellaneous private :Individual 4,577.2Corporate 755.9
Total private 11,533.6
All ownerships 12,819.8
1 Not including 53,700 acres of farmer-owned andmiscellaneous private lands leased to forest indus-try.
Table 3. Area of commercial forest land by stand-size and ownership classes,Tennessee, 1971
Stand-size class All NationalFarmer
Other Forestownerships forest public industry
and misc.private
__---_----Thousandacres__-_------
Sawtimber 3,297.8 257.0 297.8 233.2 2,509.8Poletimber 4,893.6 230.6 271.5 432.2 3,959.3Sa,pling and seedling 4,595.g 112.1 117.2 456.0 3,910.6Nonstocked areas 32.5 . . . . 32.5All classes 12,819.8 599.7 686.5 1,121.4 10,412.2
Table 4. Area of commercial forest land by stand-volume and ownership classes,Tennessee, 1971
Stand-volumeper acre 1
All National Other ForestFarmer
ownerships forest public industryand misc.private
--___-_--- Thousandacres _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Less than 1,500 board feet 6,953.01,500 to 5,000 board feet 4,555.gMore than 5,000 board feet 1,310.g
AII classes 12.819.81 International %-inch rule.
153.2 272.7 617.0 5,910.l285.5 265.2 380.8 3,624.4161.0 148.6 123.6 877.7
599.7 686.5 lJ21.4 10,412.2
22
Table 5. Area of commercial forest land by stocking classes based on selected standcomponents, Tennessee, 1971
Stockinn classified in terms ofStocking
percentage Alltrees
Growing-stock trees Rough and Inhibiting
Total 1 Desirable 1 Accentable rotten trees vegetationI I I I I I
_------------ Thousand acres - - - - - - - - - - - - -
160 or more150 to 160140 to 150130 to 140120 to 130110 to 120100to110
90 to 10080 to 9070 to 8060 to 7050 to 6040 to 5030 to 4020 to 3010 to 20
Less than 10
All areas
11.628.0
275.0629.2
1,420.Q2,706.63,254.32,431.Q1,194.4
477.9236.5
97.744.910.9
.
.
12,819.8
11.6 . .11.7 . . .I. .50.7
11:15.3 . . . .
147.8 15.2 . .318.5 5.7 27.9 . . . .773.4 35.1 124.0 . . . .
1,286.7 22.3 298.5 6.4 .1,917.3 62.4 782.7 . . .2,514.5 67.0 1,498.3 23.52,193.5 164.5 2,201.8 71.31,619.2 243.2 2,262.2 171.8 .lJ70.6 370.8 2,121.Q 415.4 .
525.0 669.8 1,669.l 932.0 .190.6 1,150.4 989.2 1,902.2 5.450.9 1,962.2 529.0 3,203.2 14.226.4 3,134.4 169.4 3,598.0 75.611.4 4,920.Q 125.3 2,496.0 12,724.6
12,819.8 12,819.8 12,819.8 12,819.8 12,819.8
Table 6. Area of commercial forest land by area-condition and ownershipclasses, Tennessee, 1971
,Area-
conditionclass
All National Other ForestFarmer
ownerships forest public industryand misc.
private
- - - - - - - - - Thousand acres - - - - - - - - - -
10 50.820 23.430 79.440 457.750 2,129.760 8,103.Q70 1,974.Q
.
.11.7
148.6330.7108.7
8.0 10.8 32.25.3 14.8 3.35.3 11.1 63.0
10.1 45.8 390.196.4 251.0 1,633.7
458.4 630.2 6,684.6103.0 157.9 1,605.3
All classes 12,819.8 599.7 686.5 1,121.4 10,412.2
Table 7. Area of commercial forest land by site and ownership classes, Tennessee,1971
165 cu. ft. or more120 to 165 cu. ft.85 to 120 cu. ft.50 to 85 cu. ft.Less than 50 cu. ft.
All classes
----_-_-_ Thousand acres - - - - - - - - -
165.2 . . . 16.8 40.6 107.8379.7 5.5 50.6 11.3 312.3
2,465.7 104.9 160.0 151.4 2,049.46,497.2 334.1 335.5 626.2 5,201.43,312.0 155.2 123.6 291.9 2,741.3
12,819.8 599.7 686.5 1,121.4 10,412.2
23
Table 8. Area of commercial forest land by forest Table 9. Area of noncomme&aZ forest land by foresttypes and ownership classes, Tennessee, types, Tennessee, I9711971
TypeAll
Public Privateownerships
- - Thousand acres - -
Type
A l l Productive- Un-reserved productive
areas areas areas
- - Thousand acres - -
White pine 38.9 21.9 17.0 Spruce-fir 15.6 15.6Loblolly-shortleaf pine 998.8 151.0 847.8 White pine 55.8 55.8 .Oak-pine 1,198.O 199.3 998.7Cedar 693.8 39.9 653.9 Loblolly-shortleaf pine 11.6 11.6Oak-hickory 9,108.O 759.6 8,348.4 Oak-pine 44.8 44.8 .
Oak-gum-cypress 547.2 80.6 466.6 Oak-hickory 155.4 155.4 .
Elm-ash-cottonwood 150.7 10.3 140.4 Maple-beech-birch 33.3 33.3 .Maple-beech-birch 84.4 23.6 60.8
All types 316.5 316.5 .All types 123819.8 1,286.2 11,533.6
Table 10. Number of growing-stock trees on commercial forest land by species and diameter classes, Tennessee,1971
Species
Diameter class(inches at breast height)
All 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- ll.O- 13.0- 15.0- lZ.O- 1 9 . 0 - 2 1 . 0 -29.0
classes 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9and
larger
_____-___----_---__Tho~so,,+-Z&ees------_-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - -
Softwood:Shortleaf pine 87,357 38,984 25,285 14,274 5,672 2,035 773 276 46 12Loblolly 41,421 25,349 11,335 3,068 1,132 323 157 39 9 9Virginia pine 90,244 44,833 22,900 12,916 6,396 2,507 471 166 38 17Pitch pine 10,300 5,353 2,070 1,487 553 466 157 124 82 8Table-Mountain pine 1,694 653 579 199 134 78 51White pine 10,346 2,299 2,474 2,021 1,219 892 608 410 182 216 ‘25He&lock 4,846 1,141 1,391 705 518 383 295 71 77 58 9Redcedar 39,590 26,602 9,703 2,313 638 171 113 42 8Cypress 1,201 254 233 118 194 123 90 42 64 52 ‘3;
Total 286,799 145,468 75,970 37,101 16,454 6,978 2,715 1,170 506 372 65
Hardwood:Select white oaks ’ 152,596Select red oaks ’ 43,665Other white oaks 123,406Other red oaks 159,268Pecan 328
Other hickories 152,454Sweetgum 36,090Tupelo and blackgum 29,164Hard maple 25,806 10,668 6,706 4,060Soft maple 42,044 21,189 10,087 5,792
Beech 12,496 3,592Ash 33,236 16,866Cottonwood 865 171Basswood 4,375 1,435Yellow-poplar 61,389 22,608
3,6397,236
1,23213,792
1,9414,291
8369,417
Black walnutBlack cherryWillowMagnolia
(Magnolia spp.)American elm
9,788 3,385 2,866 1,7669,065 3,995 3,170 1,0011,730 732 380 38
2,400 734 723 34916,248 7,912 3,639 2,531
Other elms 15,206 8,569 2,787 2,194Hackberry 10,597 4,760 2,740 1,374Sycamore 5,106 1,417 996 949Other hardwoods 66,964 45,409 13,221 4,257
59,51113,15947,90259,216
139
64,13313,69612,619
37,136 25,248 14,328 8,4698,712 8,253 5,018 3,700
30,341 19,141 11,925 7,21635,881 26,934 15,777 10,894
105
39,867 23,6059,646 5,9408,064 3,942
13,065 6,3673,600 1,4602,284 1,2451,776 1,3802,787 791
885 7971,721 1,323
80402 300
6,905 3,946
1,064 465563 223153
330 1541,024 515
961 415805 433661 397
1,734 1,210
4,269 2,261 626 7152,210 1,070 559 9013,721 1,642 788 6725,827 2,422 1,063 1,066
39 36 9
3,096 1,257 510996 432 129472 290 172596 229 215811 338 132
672 324 276850 381 421193 77 68123 120 62
2,732 955 666
533175
76168109
354342245
85342
189 3169 4489 232
22
8i 25
47 26 10 27232 171 98 97
107 43 104 26330 80 63 12299 102 95 187587 248 121 161
338358
182
2116
88
185
31
‘26
.29
316
Total 1,014,286 423,617 242,867 153,764 87,768 51,780 28,517 12,814 6,317 6,307 535
All species 1,301,085 569,085 318,837 190,865 104,222 58,758 31,232 13,984 6,823 6,679 600
‘Includes white, swamp chestnut, swamp white, chinkapin and bur oaks.‘Includes northern red, Shumard, and cherrybark oaks.
24
Table 11. Volume of timber on commercial forest Table 12. Volume of vowing stock and sawtimber on comme&uZ forestland ~ZI class of timber and by soft- Zund b ownership &asses and h softwoods and ?xa?~Zwoods,woods and hardwoods, Tennessee, 1971 Tennessee, 1971
Class of timber I s$L!es I tZtl 1 “,“,‘,“a
Sawtimber trees :Saw-log portionUpper-stem portion
Total
4,615.9 893.8 3,722.l1,288.g 144.9 1,144.0
5,904.8 1,038.7 4,866.l
Poletimber 4,491.0 761.1 3,729.g
All growing stock 10,395.8 1,799.8 8,596.0
Rough trees lJ11.6 37.1 1,074.5Rotten trees 605.0 20.7 584.3Salvable dead trees 26.8 12.8 14.0
All timber 12.139.2 1.870.4 10.268.8
- - Million cubic feet - -
Ownershipclass
National forest
Other public
Forest industry
Farmer and misc.private
All ownerships
Growing stock Sawthnber
All soft- H a r d - AZ1 Soft- Hard-species wood wood species wood wood
- Million cubic feet - - - Million board feet - -
7 3 6 . 5 2 6 1 . 0 475.5 2,096.5 8 6 3 . 6 1,232.g
7 2 4 . 6 1 9 7 . 8 526.8 2J66.7 6 2 1 . 6 1,545.l
9 0 4 . 3 1 7 0 . 8 733.5 2,406.6 4 4 6 . 3 1,960.3
8,030.4 lJ70.2 6,860.2 19,670.4 2,767.6 16,902.8
10,395.8 1,799.8 8,596.0 26,340.2 4,699.l 21,641.l
Table 13. Volume of growing stock on commercial forest land by species and diameter cZusses, Tennessee, 1971
I Diameter class(inches at breast height)
All 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- ll.O- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- lV.O- 21.0- 29.0classes 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 and
larger
Species
Softwood:Shortleaf pineLoblolly pineVirginia pinePitch pineTable-Mountain pineWhite pineHemlockRedcedarCypress
Total
634.7 111.5 157.2 163.2 103.6 52.7 30.0 13.2 2.6 0.7 .184.5 61.3 58.3 29.3 19.2 8.0 4.9 2.0 .8 .7 .560.8 109.9 127.2 135.4 106.7 57.3 14.7 6.5 2.1 1.0 .
71.2 12.6 11.0 12.0 7.8 11.6 5.7 6.0 4.1 .4 .10.1 1.4 2.9 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.0 . . .
151.1 5.4 13.2 20.0 19.7 22.2 19.6 18.2 9.9 19:o 3:955.2 2.4 7.5 7.4 7.2 8.9 9.3 2.9 4.4 4.3 .V
103.6 43.5 32.9 15.0 6.2 2.6 2.4 .V .l28.6 1.0 1.9 .8 3.1 3.6 2.9 2.7 3.6 413 4 : ;
1,799.8 349.0 412.1 384.7 275.3 168.3 90.5 52.4 27.6 30.4 9.5
Hardwood:Select white oaksSelect red oaksOther white oaksOther red oaksPecan
1,305.4 136.4 196.6 248.2554.7 33.6 51.3 84.3
1,016.6 107.4 158.6 172.71,486.4 135.7 192.3 255.0
5.7 .2 1.0
229.2 194.1 130.682.4 84.2 70.4
179.2 154.2 103.8245.0 237.8 173.6
87.5 30.840.4 28.860.2 35.795.8 52.7
1.8 2.3
49.3 2.769.8 9.539.7 5.174.0 24.5
.4
Other hickories lJ91.5 135.8Sweetgum 337.4 30.0Tupelo and blackgum 196.4 23.9Hard maple 200.0 24.6Soft maple 264.1 50.5
Beech 138.5 7.9Ash 259.0 36.9Cottonwood 54.8 .3Basswood 52.7 3.4Yellow-poplar 724.0 58.3
217.7 235.7 219.0 153.5 101.855.4 84.5 68.5 39.9 34.638.8 35.6 33.8 26.6 13.934.5 35.9 27.5 29.2 17.054.4 51.9 43.1 17.6 23.4
17.6 16.2 12.3 15.9 17.341.8 41.5 27.9 29.0 26.0
. .6.5 ;:3
. 3.2 8.17.7 8.8 4.6
85.6 107.4 138.8 111.0 102.3
52.8 28.9 43.618.6 8.2 15.211.1 7.5 5.2
9.0 10.1 11.210.3 5.9 6.2
11.1 12.7 26.313.7 19.1 22.73.9 6.0 27.95.7 3.3 5.4
46.8 40.7 29.3
2.72.5.
1 0..8
1.2.4
5.4.3.8
Black walnut 73.0 8.8Black cherry 54.5 9.4Willow 30.0 1.5Magnolia (Magnolia spp.) 26.5 1.9American elm 105.5 16.3
14.8 15.215.9 10.6
2.3 .44.0 4.8
16.1 21.2
13.7 17.913.0 10.85.8 11.1
16.5 10.2 5.59.2 4.7 2.82.3 4.55.9 4:; 1.9
15.8 10.9 5.4
15.0 9.6 2.910.4 9.6 9.411.2 10.2 8.928.8 25.7 15.9
1.11.9
12.31.15.8
.9
4.3.5
4.3
.2.41.95.5
.
.
.
.4.2
Other elmsHackberrySycamoreOther hardwoods
Total
83.768.273.0
294.4
16.48.12.9
1.2 4.9 2.13.8 2.3 .83.5 4.3 14.7
10.4 5.9 12.1
.
89.4 65.3 39.1
..4
1.8
8 , 5 9 6 . 0 9 3 9 . 6 1,302.O 1,488.3 1,429.5 lJ90.4 8 8 4 . 6 5 0 9 . 8 3 2 0 . 1 4 6 5 . 7 66.0
All species 10,395.8 1,288.6 1,714.l 1 , 8 7 3 . 0 1,704.8 1,358.7 9 7 5 . 1 5 6 2 . 2 3 4 7 . 7 4 9 6 . 1 75.5
_______-__ ______ _MiZZion&&feet ______ __-________
25
Table 14. Volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land by species and diameter classes, Tennessee, 1971
Diameter class(inches at breast height)
Species All 9.0- ll.O- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0-
classes 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9
21.0- 29.0
28.9and
larger
-------______ Million board feet _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Softwood:Shortleaf pineLoblolly pineVirginia pinePitch pineTable-Mountain pineWhite pineHemlockCypressRedcedar
1,691.5 665.2 501.8 270.4280.6 104.2 91.5 41.7
1,428.6 510.6 498.4 291.3217.1 36.7 35.5 59.8
22.1 4.6 5.6 7.1622.3 71.7 89.3 106.7211.9 27.7 30.3 43.3130.0 1.4 12.7 18.995.0 43.0 24.1 12.2
4,699.l 1,465.l 1,289.2 851.4
163.125.075.030.04.8
98.044.114.410.7
72.4 14.610.6 3.936.1 11.631.0 22.3
50:o25.618.6
.5
4.03.7 .5.6 .1.8 .
’98.2 19.122.2 4.522.2 25.4
Total 465.1
89:314.216.44.5
274.5 147.1 157.7 49.0
Hardwood:Select white oaksSelect red oaksOther white oaksOther red oaksPecan
3,133.01,781.02.494.03,966.6
20.8
..
.
.
.
..
.
.
847.3 845.5315.7 382.7659.9 664.79 0 1 . 1 1,028.O
.
608.1331.5477.5796.5
421.4 147.3 251.0200.5 140.1 363.6287.3 178.5 198.9473.2 261.9 390.0
8.7 9.4 2.7
12.446.927.2
115.9
Other hickories 2,796.4Sweetgum 839.8Tupeloand blackgum 410.9Hard maple 460.4Soft maple 446.5
516.8 268.4 156.8 244.0165.9 93.7 41.5 82.5
69.8 54.9 34.7 25.278.7 45.1 51.1 57.9
102.2 46.5 28.8 31.9
14.513.9
Beech 440.9Ash 624.6Cottonwood 278.6Basswood 164.5Yellow-poplar 2,112.1
81.6 58.5 65.5 118.8121.7 68.2 90.1 105.8
38.4 20.6 31.7 143.921.7 27.3 15.7 27.6
485.1 228.7 204.4 150.9
5.65.4
7.02.1
30.5
20.0
Black walnut 147.4Black cherry 74.6Willow 145.3Magnolia (Magnolia spp.) 71.3American elm 240.7
881.9 714.0255.7 186.6119.5 106.899.5 122.5
158.1 73.6
43.7 65.8103.1 133.6
. 13.529.2 43.0
528.1 494.9
65.0 47.331.6 20.6
8.325.6 19:460.5 46.6
60.6 41.437.1 39.731.7 44.7
108.9 111.4
24.9 6.113.2 9.228.0 67.6
8.6 5.626.4 31.7
4.1 . .
2817 12:72.9 9.2
21.7 30.6 2312
Other elms 162.6Hackberry 151.2Sycamore 232.4Other hardwoods 445.5
13.4 6.2 25.7 15.342.2 17.9 11.4 2.940.4 14.3 23.3 75.375.6 50.9 27.8 61.2
.
2:79.7
Total 21,641.l . 5,372.l 5,246.3 4,168.2 2,512.5 1,603.l 2,401.g 337.0
All species 26,340.2 1,465.l 6,661.3 6.097.7 4,633.3 2,787.0 1,750.2 2,559.6 386.0
26
Table 15. Volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land by species and loggrade, Tennessee, 1971
SpeciesAll
grades Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
- - - - - - - Million board feet - - - - - - -
Softwood:Yellow pines ’Cypress 1Redcedar ’Other softwoods ’
3,639.g130.0
95.0834.2
Total
Hardwood:’Select white and red oaksOther white and red oaksHickoryHard mapleSweetgumAsh, walnut, and black cherryYellow-poplarOther hardwoods
4,699.l-z=?_
4,914.0 848.9 1,069.86,460.6 1,044.2 1,251.42,817.2 375.0 493.6
460.4 65.8 75.2839.8 119.8 164.2846.6 182.9 197.6
2,112.l 362.6 351.63,190.4 553.1 633.2
371.7 429.3 2,838.g Ci)37.8 20.5 71.7 C1)95.0 (‘) (‘) 027.4 113.5 397.5 295.8
531.9 563.3 3,308.l 295.8__~
Total 21,641.l 3,552.3 4,236.6
2,386.83,289.l1,545.g
241.8417.6390.7965.6
1,466.4_.A10,703.g
608.5875.9402.7
77.6138.2
75.4423.3537.7
3.148.3
All species-26,340.2 4,084.2 4,799.g 14.012.0 3,444.l
‘Based on Southern Pine Log Grades for Yard and Structural Lumber, ResearchPaper SE-39, published by the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station in 1968.
’ Not applicable.’ All redcedar saw logs are graded as No. 1.‘Based on Trial Log Grades for Eastern White Pine, prepared by the North-eastern Forest Experiment Station in 1960.
‘Grades l-3 are based on Hardwood Log Grades for Standard Lumber, issuedby the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory under the designation D1737A in 1961.Grade-4 tie and timber log specifications are based chiefly on knot size and logsoundness.
Table 16. Annual growth and removals of growing stockon commercial forest land by species, Ten-nessee, 1970
SpeciesNet annual Annual
growth removals
Million cubic feet
Softwood:Yellow pinesWhite pineCypressOther softwoods
85.1 20.95.3 2.8
.7 1.711.8 7.8
Hardwood:Select white and red oaksOther white and red oaksHickoryHard mapleSweetgumTupelo and blackgumAsh, walnut, and black cherryYellow-poplarOther hardwoods
Total
All species
102.9
85.7 36.2124.9 47.9
51.1 21.09.3 3.3
13.7 8.58.3 4.2
19.4 10.127.8 10.066.0 42.0
33.21
406.2====z==509.1
183.2
216.4
27
Table 17. Annual growth and removals of growing stock on commercial forestland by ownership classes and by softwoods and hardwoods, Ten-nessee, 1970
Net annual growth Annual removalsOwnership
class All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard-species wood wood species wood wood
-----__-__ Million cubic feet - - - - - - - - - -
National forest 36.7 14.1 22.6 9.5 3.4 6.1Other public 36.2 11.4 24.8 12.5 1.4 11.1Forest industry 44.5 9.9 34.6 14.1 1.1 13.0Farmer and misc.
private 391.7 67.5 324.2 180.3 27.3 153.0
All ownerships 509.1 102.9 406.2 216.4 33.2 183.2
Table 18. Annual growth and removals of sawtimber oncommercial forest land by species, Tennessee,1970
SpeciesNet annual Annual
growth removals
Million board feet
Softwood:Yellow pinesWhite pineCypressOther softwoods
267.5 67.424.2 13.5
3.1 9.014.2 34.1
Total 309.0
Hardwood:Select white and red oaksOther white and red oaksHickoryHard mapleSweetgumTupelo and blackgumAsh, walnut, and black cherryYellow-poplarOther hardwoods
Total
235.6 137.2342.1 162.9151.6 81.623.6 14.538.3 33.014.7 15.157.7 37.5
102.7 51.8152.9 162.0
1.119.2
124.0m
695.6All species
L
1,428.2 L819.6
Table 19. Annual growth and removals of sawtimber on commercial forestland by OWneTShip classes and by softwoods and hardwoods,Tennessee, 1970
Ownershipclass
- -
National forestOther publicForest industryFarmer and misc.
private
All ownerships
Net annual growth Annual removals
All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard-species wood wood species Hard- wood
- - - - - - - - Million board feet - - - - - - - -
111.4 51.9 59.5 47.0 18.6 28.4122.5 40.2 82.3 45.7 2.4 43.3138.1 32.4 105.7 48.8 4.5 44.3
1,056.2 184.5 871.7 678.1 98.5 579.61,428.2 309.0 1,119.2 819.6 124.0 695.6
28
Table 20. Mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forestland by species, Tennessee, 1970
Species ) G r o w i n g s t o c k 1 Sawtimber
Softwood:Yellow pinesWhite pineCypressOther softwoods
6.5 14.6.4 1.5.3 1.5.5 1.6
Total 7.7B
19.2
Hardwood:Select white and red oaksOther white and red oaksHickoryHard mapleSweetgumTupelo and blackgumAsh, walnut, and black cherryYellow-poplarOther hardwoods
3.8 9.19.2 23.64.4 7.51.8 .92.1 3.82.2 5.92.6 3.81.4 3.38.1 17.7
Total 35.6 75.6
All species 4 3 . 3 94 .8
Million cubic feet Million board feet
Table 21. Mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forestland by ownership classes and by softwoods and hardwoods,
Tennessee, 1970
Growing stock SawtimberOwnership
class All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard-species wood wood species wood wood
- Million cubic feet - - Million board feet -
National forest 2.7 1.1 1.6 8.7 4.1 4.6Other public 3.2 .9 2.3 7.9 2.6 5.3Forest industry 3.8 .7 3.1 7.6 1.5 6.1Farmer and misc.
private 33.6 5.0 28.6 70.6 11.0 59.6
All ownerships 43.3 7.7 35.6 94.8 19.2 75.6
Table 22. Mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forestland by causes and by softwoods and hardwoods, Tennessee,1970
Cause of deathGrowing stock Sawtimber
All Soft- Hard- All soft- H a r d - -species wood wood species wood wood
- Million cubic feet - - Million board feet -
Fire 2.1 0.3 1.8 4.7 1.0 3.7Insects .4 .4 . 1.7 1.7 .Disease .6 .l .5 .5 .5Other 5.2 1.4 3.8 17.7 4:8 12.9Unknown 35.0 5.5 29.5 70.2 11.7 58.5
All causes 43.3 7.7 35.6 94.8 19.2 75.6
29
Table 23. Total output of timber products by product, by type of material used, and by softwoods and hard-woods, Tennessee, 1970
RoundwoodProduct and Standard Total output products Plant byproducts
species group unitsNumber 1 M cu. ft. Number 1 M cu. ft. Number 1 M cu. ft.
Saw logs:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Veneer logs and bolts:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Pulpwood:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Cooperage:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Piling:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Poles:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Gine timbers (round) :SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Commercial posts (round and split) :SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Other!SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Total industrial products:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
M bd. ft. ’M bd. ft. ’M bd. ft. ’
69,218 11,386 69,218 11,386464,823 77,486 464,823 77,486
534,041 88 ,872 534 ,041 88,872---___PBP_
M bd. ft.M bd. ft.
M bd. ft
70 12 70 126,941 1,165 6,941 1,165
7,011 -7,011__-~ 1,177 1,177 i
Std. cords ’Std. cords ’Std. cords *
202,245 16,378 190,105 15,398 12,140 980365,099 29,211 246,836 19,747 118,263 9,464
__ - ~ -~567,344 45,589 436,941 35,145 130,403 10,444B ___ =p __=
M bd. ft.M bd. ft.
M bd. ft.
112 18 112 1810,773 1 , 5 5 1 1 0 , 7 7 3 1,551
10,885 1,569- 10,885 -1,569----- B __ A_ ---
M linear ft.M linear ft.
M linear ft.
6 4 6 4
6 4 6 4_ _ ; __ p
M piecesM pieces
M pieces
M cu. ft.M cu. ft.
M cu. ft.
M pieces 762 502 762 502M pieces 2 1 2 1
M pieces 764 503-764 503---
M cu. ft.M cu. ft.
M cu. ft.
690690 690690 267 267 423 42314,541 14,541 9,530 9,530 5,011 5,011
15,231 15,231- 9,797 9,797- 5,434 5,434~ B ;;
27,904 1,403109,574 14,475
__ ___137,478 ~ 15,878~~=___
Noncommercial posts (round and split) :Softwood M piecesHardwood M pieces
Total M pieces
Fuelwood:Softwood Std. cordsHardwood Std. cords
Total Std. cords
All products:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
’ International v4 -inch rule.
987 651 987 6513,671 2 , 4 1 6 3 , 6 7 1 2,416
4,658 3,067- 4,658 3,067---___ B _ _ _ _ i_p p
44,832 3 , 3 7 9 2 , 5 3 8 190 4 42,294 ’ 3,189384,370 28 ,828 274 ,770 20,608 ’ 109,600 a 8,220
429,202 32,207277,308 20.798 ‘G ’ 11,409L_- s_==
28,745 4,592132,598 22,695- -16z __ 27,287-
’ Rough wood basis (for example, chips converted to equivalent standard cords).’ Includes chemical wood, handle stock, miscellaneous dimension, miscellaneous domestic use, and other
minor industrial products. Additionally, byproducts include material used for livestock bedding, mulch, etc.‘Includes plant byproducts used for industrial and domestic fuel.
30
Table 24. Output of roundwood products by source and by softwoods and hardwoods, Tennessee, 1970
Product andspecies group
Industrial products:Saw logs:
SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Veneer logs and bolts:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Pulpwood:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Misc. industrial products:Cooperage:
SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Piling:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Poles:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Mine timbers (round) :SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Commercial posts (round and split):SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Other:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
All misc. industrial products:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
All industrial products:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
Growing-stock trees ’ Rough
All and S a l v a b l e Other
sources TotalSaw- Pole- rotten dead
sources itimber timber trees trees z
-------___ Thousand cubic feet - - - - - - - - - -
11,386 11,310 11,268 42 14 6277,486 74,604 74,511 93 1,023 1,812 47
88,872 85,914 85,779 135 1,037 1,812 109
12 12 121,165 1,145 1,145 ‘15 5
1,177 1,157 1,157 15 5-
15,398 14,663 10,109 4,554 102 63319,747 15,863 8,909 6,954 2,995 51 838
35,145 30,526 19,018 11,508 3,097 51 1,471
18 18 17 11,551 1,530 1,530 ‘11 10
1,569 1,548 1,547 1 11 10
4 4 4
4 4 4
317 315 279 36 2
317 315 279 36 2
94
94
502 457 457 451 1 1
94 94
94 94
503
2679,530
458 458 45
246 94 152 219,008 6,057 2,951 177 79 266
9,797 9,254 6,151 3,103 177 79 287
1,108 1,040 394 646 6811,176 10,633 7,587 3,046 188 79 276
12,284 11,673 7,981 3,692 188 79 344
27,904 27,025 21,783 5,242 116 763109,574 102,245 92,152 10,093 4,221 1,942 1,166
137,478 129,270 113,935 15,335 4,337 1,942 1,929
): __Noncommercial posts (round and splitSoftwoodHardwood
Total
Fuelwood:SoftwoodHardwood
Total
All uroducts:
651 588 320 268 28 352,416 2,180 635 1,545 105 131
3,067 2,768 955 1,813 133 166
190 131 70 61 6 13 4020,608 14,220 6,467 7,753 596 1,388 4,404
20,798 14,351 6,537 7,814 602 1,401 4,444
-Softwood 28,145 27,144 22,173 5,571 150 13 838Hardwood 132,598 118,645 99,254 19,391 4,922 3,330 5,701
Total 161,343 146,389 121,427 24,962 5,072 3,343 6,5391 On commercial forest land.’ Includes noncommercial forest land, nonforest land such as fence rows, trees less than 5.0 inches in diam-
eter, and treetops and limbs.
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Table 25. Timber removals from growing stock on Table 26. Timber removals from live sawtimber oncommercial forest land by items and commercial forest land by items andby softwoods and hardwoods, Tennes- by softwoods and hardwoods, Tennes-see, 1970 see, 1970
ItemAll S o f t - Hard-
species wood wood
- Thousand cubic feet -
Roundwood products:Saw logsVeneer logs and boltsPulpwoodCooperage logs and boltsPilingPolesMine timbersPostsOtherFuelwood
85,9141,157
30,5261,548
4315
943,2269,254
14,351
All products 146,389
11,310 74,604I2 1,145
14,663 15,86318 1,530
4315
1,0459 4
2,181246 9,008131 14,220
27,744 118,645
Logging residues 37,923 1,958 35,965 Logging residues 81,096 3,293 77,803
Other removals 31,997 3,450 28,547 Other removals 69,997 8,306 61,691
Total removals 216,309 33,152 183,157 Total removals 819,598 124,012 695,586
ItemAll S o f t - Hard-
species wood wood
- Thousand board feet
Roundwood products:Saw logsVeneer logs and boltsPulpwoodCooperage logs and boltsPilingPolesMine timberspostsOtherFuelwood
All products
504,988 68,380 436,6086,803 69 6,734
74,710 40,191 34,51910,393 98 10,295
26 261,609 1,609
3,730 1,269 2,46;34,327 423 33,90431,919 348 31,571
668,505 112,413 556,092
Table 27. Volume of plant residues by industrial source andtype of residue and by softwoods and hardwoods,Tennessee, 1970
Species group Alland type industries Lumber
Veneer andplywood Other
----_ Thousand cubic feet - - - - -
Softwood:Coarse 1 1,463 1,454 5 4Fine ’ 1,559 1,502 57
Total 3,022 2,956 5 61
Hardwood:Coarse 6,097 5,647 115 335Fine 14,166 13,093 11 1,062
Total 20,263 18,740 126 1,397
All species:Coarse 7,560 7,101 120 339Fine 15,725 14,595 11 1,119
AJl types 23,285 21,696 131 1,4581 Unused material suitable for chipping, such as slabs, edgings,and veneer cores.
? Unused material not suitable for chipping, such as sawdustand shavings.
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Table 28. Projections of net annual growth, available cut, and inventory of growing stock and sawtimber oncommercial forest land, Tennessee, 1970-2000 ’
Speciesgroup
Growing stock Sawtimber1970 1980 1990 2000 1970 1980 1990 2000
_ - - - - T h o u s a n d cubic feet - - - - - - - - - - Thousand board feet - - - - -
Softwood:cut 33,200 94,900 120,400 135,300 124,000 301,000 380,000 430,000Growth 102,900 124,100 134,100 135,300 309,000 384,000 421,000 430,000Inventory ’ 1,799,800 2,161,200 2,367,500 2,420,OOO 4,699,100 5,739,ooo 6,332,OOO 6,518,OOO
Hardwood:cut 183,200 404,900 493,300 555,800 695,600 1,270,OOO 1,420,OOO 1,456,OOOGrowth 406,200 478,000 531,800 555,800 1,119,200 1,237,OOO 1,282,OOO 1,300,000Inventory ’ 8,596,OOO 9,425,600 9,966,100 10,159,800 21,641,100 22,304,OOO 21,303,OOO 19,777,OOO
Total:cut 216,400 499,800 613,700 691,100 819,600 1,571,ooo 1,800,OOO 1,886,OOOGrowth 509,100 602,100 665,900 691,100 1,428,200 1,621,OOO 1,703,000 1,730,000Inventory ’ 10,395,800 11,586,800 12,333,600 12,579,800 26,340,200 28,043,OOO 27,635,OOO 26,295,OOO
1 Based on the assumption that the cut of the growing stock will be in balance with growth by the year 2000,and that forestry progress will continue at the rate indicated by recent trends.
’ Inventory as of January 1 of the following year.
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