Forest Health Panel - Insects - USFS and Jim Northum, AFC
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Transcript of Forest Health Panel - Insects - USFS and Jim Northum, AFC
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INSECTS AFFECTING FORESTS IN ARKANSAS
Oct 2013
USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Forest Health Protection
Joe Pase, Texas A&M Forest Service
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Most Damaging Insects The most well known pest of southern
pines is the Southern Pine Beetle The SPB currently is in outbreak
status in Mississippi. Efforts to find SPB in Arkansas through trapping have found very low numbers.
The trap numbers are not zero, but have not been more than ten SPB in any one trap/date
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SPB in Mississippi
More than 1000 SPB spots detected More than 80% treated or have gone
inactive Most treated with cut and leave due
to problems with the market Funding from federal sources
difficult to organize and procure due to budget constraints
Thinning study says there are positive benefits to thinning pulpwood size timber to reduce SPB hazard.
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FHPStates
SRS Bark Beetles
Southern Pine Beetle
Black Turpentine Beetle
Pine Engraver Beetles
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FHPStates
SRS Bark Beetles
Bark beetles have four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Note there are several larval stages (called instars). As the larvae feed, they grow in size. Once beetles reach the adult stage, they never increase in size.
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FHPStates
SRS Bark Beetles
Bark Beetle Activity Is Often Associated with Lightning Strikes
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FHPStates
SRSBark Beetles
Some Common External signs of Pine Bark Beetle
ActivityPitch TubesBoring Dust
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Southern Pine Beetle
Winding S-shaped galleries typical of SPB
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Southern Pine Beetle
Completes 7 generations per yearSPB outbreaks are cyclic, reaching outbreaks
every 7-9 years, or longer (last outbreak in AR ended in 1995)
Multiple-tree infestations may expand rapidly without control
Prompt direct control can reduce losses by 90%
Slow growing or injured trees are most prone to initial attack
Even healthy pines will be attacked and killed as infestations expand
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Southern Pine Beetle
Active SPB Infestation
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FHPStates
SRS
Ips Engraver Beetles
Ips Kill; Single Tree
Ips Top Kill
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Ips Engraver Beetles
Scattered attack pattern typical of pine engraver
beetles
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FHPStates
SRS Defoliators
It can be said that for every tree there is a worm.(Theophrastus, ca. 300 BC)
Joe Pase, Texas A&M Forest Service
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FHPStates
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Fall Webworm
Fall webworms build webbing around branches where they are feeding. They feed on a variety of hardwoods as well as cypress (left photo).
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FHPStates
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Fall Webworm
Young larvae of fall webworms skeletonize the leaves.
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FHPStates
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Gypsy Moth
Introduced, exotic pest from Europe
Moved SE from NY to VA and threatening NC
Prefer oaks, basswood, birch, poplar, sweetgum, etc.
Defoliation is mid-summer, June and July
No damage threshold
Mark Robinson,US Forest Service,
www.Forestry Images
Haruta Ovidiu, Univ. of Oradea, www.Forestry Images
Jon Yuschock, www.Forestry Images
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FHPStates
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Gypsy Moth
Egg masses may be present over winter until April-May
Larvae present June-July Adult moths present
late July-August
Jim Occi, BugPics, www.Forestry Images
Steve Katovich,US Forest Service,
www.Forestry Images
John Ghent, US Forest Service, www.Forestry Images
USDA APHIS, PPQ, www.Forestry Images
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FHPStates
SRS
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Forest
Tent Caterpillar
Forest tent caterpillars (“foot prints” along back) don’t make tents
Eastern tent caterpillar
Eastern tent caterpillar
Forest tent caterpillar
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Eggs that have hatched
Tent caterpillars overwinter as eggs encircling twigs of host plants
Eggs that have not hatched
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Forest Tent Caterpillar
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Eastern Tent CaterpillarForest Tent Caterpillar
Forest tent caterpillar can defoliate thousands of acres of bottomland mixed hardwood forest in many areas of the southern U.S.
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The eastern tent caterpillar is especially fond of wild cherry, plum, and hawthorn. Distinct tents can be found in the early spring at branch junctions.
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Forest Tent Caterpillar
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The eastern tent caterpillar larvae are easily identified by the solid, light-colored line down the center of their back.
Eastern Tent Caterpillar
Forest Tent Caterpillar
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Defoliat
ors
Complex of Fall Defoliators
Orangestriped oakworm
Spiny oakworm
Pinkstriped oakworm
Yellownecked caterpillar
Walnut caterpillar
Maybe some others
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FHPStates
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Defoliators
Walnut Caterpillar
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FHPStates
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Defoliat
ors
Walnut Caterpillar
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FHPStates
SRS Boring Insects
15026 Red oak borer 15065 Nantucket pine tip
moth 15087 Emerald ash borer
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Red Oak Borer
Round-headed borer
Almost exclusively on red oaks, occasionally on white oaks
Mostly an issue with lumber degrade, but associated with oak decline (later)
Two-year life cycle Adults emerge
mostly in odd numbered years
Joe Pase,Texas A&M Forest
Service
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FHPStates
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Red Oak Borer
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Red Oak Borer
Emergence holes are large and round
Warty bark defects may be prior generation damage that the tree has closed over
Fresh attacks or emergence holes can be sappy
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Nantucket Pine Tip Moth
Young pine and Christmas tree plantations (1-5 years old) are very susceptible. Larvae bore in growing tips of terminal and lateral branches.
Ronald F. Billings, Texas A&M Forest Service, www.Forestry Images
James A. Richmond, USDA Forest Service, www.Forestry Images
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FHPStates
SRS Nantucket Pine
Tip Moth
Young pine plantation showing heavy tip moth infestation
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FHPStates
SRS Asian Longhorned
BeetleAsian longhorned beetle has not yet been found in the South, but the threat of introduction from the northeast or Ohio is substantial.
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Asian Longhorned Beetle
In the South, there is a longhorned beetle that is somewhat similar to the Asian Longhorned beetle. The cottonwood borer is a native beetle that infests cottonwood and willow. It is usually not considered a serious pest. Every year we get calls from a person who says they have found the Asian longhorned beetle, but it has always been the cottonwood borer.
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FHPStates
SRSEmerald Ash Borer, A Coming Problem for Arkansas
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FHPStates
SRS Emerald Ash
Borer
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FHPStates
SRSEAB Map 2013
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FHPStates
SRS EAB 2013
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ONF FLT
Many others joining in the “Don’t Move Firewood” campaign
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ONF FLT
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ONF FLT
Firewood Poster:‘generic’ version in use in Region 8 (Including AR)
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Will EAB Become a Problem in Arkansas?1. There are 224,910 acres of WRP plantings in Arkansas.2. There are 278,182 acres of WRP plantings in LA3. There are 176,948 acres of WRP plantings in Mississippi
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ONF FLT
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EAB Purple Trap
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ONF FLT
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Authors This presentation assembled by:
Dale A. Starkey, Plant Pathologist and Forest Health Monitoring Program Manager, USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Forest Health Protection
H. Joe Pase,(photography) Entomologist, Texas A&M Forest Service
James D. Smith, Entomologist, USFA Forest Service,
Southern Region, FHP October, 2013