Forensic Phonetics Dr Erica Gold A-Level Teacher Symposium 20.06.15.
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Transcript of Forensic Phonetics Dr Erica Gold A-Level Teacher Symposium 20.06.15.
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Forensic PhoneticsDr Erica Gold
A-Level Teacher Symposium20.06.15
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Outline
• Introduction• What is Forensic Phonetics?• What tasks are involved?• Forensic speaker comparison• Case examples• Methodologies• Limitations
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Introduction
• Forensics has gained a popular following in recent years with the growth of forensics in popular culture
= ‘CSI Effect’• Positives and negatives of the ‘CSI Effect’
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Introduction
• Forensic Science is the term used to describe the processes/methodologies involved in examining/analyzing information that can be used in a court of law or for investigative purposes
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What is Forensic Phonetics?
• The use of speech (or phonetics) as evidence or for investigate purposes in the context of the legal system.
• What is phonetics?• A branch of linguistics that is concerned with
the study of human speech/sounds
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Phonetics
• Articulatory – the way in which sound(s) are produced
• Acoustic – the physical representation of sound(s)
• Auditory – the perception and reception of sound(s)
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Phonetics
• Segmental– Vowels– Consonants
• Suprasegmental– Voice quality– Fundamental frequency (pitch)– Stress– Rhythm
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What Tasks are Involved?
• Transcription• Voice Line-Ups• Disputed Utterances• Speaker Profiling• Forensic Speaker Comparison
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Transcription
• The transcription of speech and sounds– Often includes elements of speaker attribution
• UK Regulations – require transcriptions done by experts
• Includes time stamps, descriptions of non-speech sounds, notations for inaudible speech, etc.
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What Tasks are Involved?
• Transcription• Voice Line-Ups• Disputed Utterances• Speaker Profiling• Forensic Speaker Comparison
![Page 11: Forensic Phonetics Dr Erica Gold A-Level Teacher Symposium 20.06.15.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e525503460f94b478ab/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Voice Line-Ups/Voice Parade
• Similar to visual, police line-ups except with voices rather than actual faces
• Performed in accordance with the MacFarlane Guidelines (2003)
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What Tasks are Involved?
• Transcription• Voice Line-Ups• Disputed Utterances• Speaker Profiling• Forensic Speaker Comparison
![Page 13: Forensic Phonetics Dr Erica Gold A-Level Teacher Symposium 20.06.15.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e525503460f94b478ab/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Disputed Utterances
• What is (or is not) being said• E.g. Did they say ‘fun’ or ‘gun’?
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What Tasks are Involved?
• Transcription• Voice Line-Ups• Disputed Utterances• Speaker Profiling• Forensic Speaker Comparison
![Page 15: Forensic Phonetics Dr Erica Gold A-Level Teacher Symposium 20.06.15.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e525503460f94b478ab/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Speaker Profiling
• Considering any voice evidence with the aim of deducing who the speaker on a recording may be
• Accent, gender, pathologies, education, idiosyncrasies , etc.
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What Tasks are Involved?
• Transcription• Voice Line-Ups• Disputed Utterances• Speaker Profiling• Forensic Speaker Comparison
![Page 17: Forensic Phonetics Dr Erica Gold A-Level Teacher Symposium 20.06.15.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e525503460f94b478ab/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Forensic Speaker Comparison
• The task of forensic speaker comparison generally involves expert judgment of whether a criminal and suspect recording have come from the same person.
• More specifically - the probability of obtaining the evidence given the prosecution hypothesis, over the probability of obtaining the evidence given the defence hypothesis.
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Forensic Speaker Comparison
Conducted an International Survey of Forensic Speaker Comparison Practices in 2011:
• 36 survey participants from 5 continents in 13 countries
• 70% of case work involves forensic speaker comparisons
• 18,221 cases, someone as many as 6,000 in their lifetime
• 2-50 years experience
• 18 - universities or research institutes, 13 - government laboratories/agencies, 9 - private laboratories, and 7 - individuals
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Forensic Speaker Comparison
• Analysis:– Auditory– Acoustic– Auditory + Acoustic– Automatic Speaker Recognition– Automatic + Auditory/Acoustic
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Case Examples
Conspiracy to blow up the London Stock Exchange and related terrorist charges |In the matter of R -v- Mohammed Chowdhury, Gurukanth Desai, Nazam Hussain, Usman Khan, Omar Latif, Abdul Miah, Mohibur Rahman, Shah Rahman and Mohammed Shahjahan.
Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman| Murder case in the state of Florida
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Case Examples
The Yorkshire Ripper Hoaxer
Plebgate| Altercation between Conservative MP Andrew Mitchell and the police, which took place on 19 September 2012. It gained notoriety for the conduct claimed of Mitchell.
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Methodologies
• The UK is largely human-based analysis, but varies in other countries
• The UK approves the expert rather than the evidence• Other countries do the opposite– e.g. USA
• Methods are continually evolving, only started gaining popularity as evidence in the late 1980s
• Need lots more research on specific areas, especially on different accents
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Limitations
• Voice is not like other biometric data• Population statistics• Different countries have different rules and
regulations regarding the use of voice evidence (and forensic evidence more generally)
• The presentation of evidence• Judge and jury understanding
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Thank You
Questions or Comments?