Foodborne Viruses: Control Options in Food...
Transcript of Foodborne Viruses: Control Options in Food...
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Sophie Zuber, PhDFood Safety Microbiologist – Virus Issue Manager
Nestlé Research Centre, Switzerland
Food SURE Summit
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
May 24, 2017
Foodborne Viruses:Control Options in Food Processing
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Outline
24/05/172 Sophie Zuber, NRC
Set the scene▪ Recent virus outbreaks
▪ Critical raw materials
▪ Which matrix-process combinations?
Virus inactivation studies▪ Challenges
▪ Case study berries:
▪ Effect of thermal and non-thermal technologies on viruses
Outlook▪ Development of training tools for farmers and suppliers
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RASSF virus alerts 2017
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Recent foodborne virus outbreaks
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Hepatitis E virus
▪ Symptoms are similar to those of HAV
▪ In pregnant women, illness due to HEV is often severe, with a 25% risk of mortality
▪ Unlike NoV and HAV, under-cooked or raw meat products (pork, deer, wild boar)
represent a risk factor for acquisition of HEV infection
▪ 2013 UK pig abattoir study shows that pig seroprevalence of HEV was 92.4%
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Which matrix-process combinations?
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Processparameters?
Cooking
Steaming
HPP
Washing
Blanching
Drying
Freeze-drying
Candying
Pasteurising
Cooking
Curing
HPP
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Effectiveness of control measures
7 Sophie Zuber, NRC
1 ICMSF conceptual equation
Microbiological testing in
Food Safety Management,
ICMSF (International
Commission on
Microbiological Specifications
for foods) (2002); Book 7
Initial load
at primary
production
Reduction(Supplier and Factory)
Performance
objectiveIncrease (Growth,
Recontamination)
Ho - Σ RA,B,C + Σ I A,B,C ≤ POs 1
Performance
objectiveIncrease (Growth,
Recontamination)
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Virus inactivation studies: major challenge
8
NoV
HAV
HEV
MNV (Murine Norovirus)
FCV (Feline calicivirus)
TV (Tulane virus)
HAV HM-175
HEV genotype 3
strain 47832c
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➢ Pathogen versus surrogate
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Control measures Matrix Virus Log10 reduction Reference
72°C, <0.3 min Cell culture medium HAV 1 Hewitt et al., 2009
72°C, 0.88 min Cell culture medium HAV 1 Bozkurt et al. , 2014
72°C, 0.91 min Spinach HAV 1 Bozkurt et al., 2015
72°C, 1.07 min Mussels HAV 1 Bozkurt et al., 2014
Thermal processing
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ALTERNATIVE
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➢ Boiling water (for min 60s) effectively (>4 log10 reduction) inactivates viruses (enteroviruses, HRV, huNoV, HAV and HEV) that are transmitted by contaminated water (CDC 2009)
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Control measures
11
• Conventional
• Alternative
Intrinsic and extrinsic food
factors
• Conventional
• AlternativeProcessing
technologies
ALTERNATIVEpH, aw
ALTERNATIVEchilled & frozen storage
ALTERNATIVE
ALTERNATIVEantiviral food component &
food packaging
ALTERNATIVEsanitizers
ALTERNATIVEhigh pressure processing,
irradiation, light
ALTERNATIVEthermal processing
Sophie Zuber NRC24/05/17
http://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi
/pdf/10.3920/978-90-8686-780-6_06
Bosch et al., Review Int J Food Micro, submitted April 2017
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Case study berries
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harvestinggrowing processing
SUPPLIER NESTLE FACTORY
processing packing
picking washing toppingfreezing
➢ Minimize risk at primary production and processing
➢ Add alternative processing step
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24/05/1713
2 Gaseous treatments
- Hydrogen peroxide - Ozone
Selection of technologies for berries
Sophie Zuber, NRC
8 Other additional technologies
- High Pressure Processing (HPP)- Cold plasma- Irradiation- Pulsed light- Pulsed electric fields- Steam ultrasound- Supercritical CO2- UV-C
5 Washes
- Chlorine - Electrolyzed water- Levulinic acid- Ozone - Peracetic acid
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HPP
Selected five technologies
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LevulinicacidWash
Ozone Gas
UV-C PulsedLight
1- Chemical foodsafety assessment
2- Sensoryevaluation
3- Viral and bacterial pathogen
inactivation
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Efficacy of Levulinic Acid + Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on viruses on fresh strawberries?
15
Inoculated fresh strawberries withvirus inoculumHepatitis A virus, Murine norovirus-1, MS2 bacteriophage
Treated with 4 different washing solutions for 2 min:
- Potable water- Chlorine (50 ppm) - 0.5 % LVA + 0.5 % SDS- 5 % LVA + 2 % SDS
Z. Zhou et al. , submitted
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LevulinicacidWash
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Inactivation efficiency of 2 min LVA + SDS on HAV and MS2
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0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Water Chlorine 0.5% LVA+ 0.5%
SDS
5% LVA +2% SDS
Log
(N0\N
t)
MS2
ABCD BCD BCD
Z. Zhou et al.,
submitted
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0.001.002.003.004.00
Water Chlorine 0.5% LVA +0.5% SDS
5% LVA +2% SDS
Log
(No
\Nt)
HAV
A
ABCBC
BC
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➢ In the future, LVA based sanitizer treatment could potentially be used as an alternative to chlorine
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UV-C experimental set-up
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Spiking point Best UV-C exposure Why this approach?
Clear picture ofthe maximum
log-reduction achievablewith this technology
UV-C
UV-C
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Inactivation ≈ 2.5-2.8 log for fresh and frozen
Inactivation ≈ 1.1-1.8 log for fresh, less on frozen
Inactivation ≈ 1-1.5 log for fresh and frozen> 1 log
Blueberries Raspberries Strawberries
Fresh
Frozen
20 60 120 20 60 120 20 60 120
-5.0
-2.5
0.0
-5.0
-2.5
0.0
time [s]
log(
N/N
0) [
TC
ID 5
0] +
95%
Tol
eran
ce I
nter
val
MNV
Inactivation of Murine Norovirus by UV-C (20, 60 and 120s) on fresh and frozen berries
➢ Insufficient reduction, thus UV-C technology not suitable for berries
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Application of HPP (High Pressure Processing) on fresh and frozen strawberries
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HPP
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Application of HPP on fresh and frozen strawberries and blueberries to inactivate Murine Norovirus
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➢ Quality of fresh berries high after processing, > 4 log10
reductions of MNV and Salmonella on strawberries
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Case study berries
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harvestinggrowing processing
SUPPLIER NESTLE FACTORY
processing packing
picking washing toppingfreezing
➢ Minimize risk at primary production and processing
➢ Add alternative processing step
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Development of training tools in collaboration with our farmers and suppliers
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2. Supplier & farm visits
to understand good/bad practices
to adapt the tools to the end users
3. Writing and reviewing with corporate quality
management, agricultural services & academic
experts
7 main routes of
contamination
4. Testing and implementation with the business
1. Literature review & expert opinion
More specific info on
microbiology Gives How to achieve
the requirement
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Berry-specific booklet
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Roll-out & implementation at farm level
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Testing in pilots On-site trainingImplementation
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Primary processing
Tools to facilitate awareness and assessment
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Primary production
Training booklets
Posters
Crop production area assessment list
Wash
Drying
Steaming
Mild Heat
Guidance
Assessment
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Outlook
27
Minimizing the risk of virus contamination at primaryproduction and primaryprocessingthrough GAPs iskey!
A standardisedmethod for evaluating virus decontamination strategies for foods is lacking.
In which forum could such a standard be developed?
Research efforts needs to becontinued intoalternative technologies
Sophie Zuber, NRC30/03/1724/05/17
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Acknowledgements
Sophie Zuber, NRC24/05/1728
University of Gent, BELGIUM:• Prof. Mieke Uyettendaele• Prof. Frank Devlieghere
• Zijin Zhou
IFSH Institute for Food Safety and Health, US:• Dr. Alvin Lee
• Dr. Mu Ye
Nestle Research Centre:• Sophie Butot• Frederique Cantergiani• Lise Michot• Thierry Putallaz• Francoise Julien-Javaux• Mireille Moser• Matteo Campagnoli• Adrianne Klijn
• Laurence [email protected]