Food self-sufficiency in urban areas: Rooftop greenhouse...
Transcript of Food self-sufficiency in urban areas: Rooftop greenhouse...
Food self-sufficiency in urban areas:
Rooftop greenhouse systems
- Introductory course on Environmental Science: Water, waste, agriculture and bioindicators -
Agriculture
MSc. Esther Sanyé
Dr. Joan Rieradevall
Dr. Juan Ignacio Montero
Dr. Jordi Olvier
Contents
1. Urban areas, food and environment
2. Rooftop greenhouse systems
3. Barriers and opportunities
4. RTG potential in urban areas
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
6. Energy benefits for the building
7. Further research
1. Urban areas, food and environment
1. Urban areas, food and environment
2. Rooftop greenhouse systems
3. Barriers and opportunities
4. RTG potential in urban areas
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
6. Energy benefits for the building
7. Further research
50.3% of worlwide population (70% estimated by 2050)[1] Cities
[1] UN-Habitat (2010) State of the world’s cities 2010/2011. Bridging the urban divide. Earthscan, London; [2]Jones A, An Environmental Assessment of Food Supply Chains: A case study on Dessert Apples. Environ Manage 30: 560 – 576 (2002); [3]Milà i Canals L, Cowell SJ, Sim
S and Basson L, Comparing Domestic versus Imported Apples: A focus on energy use. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14: 338 – 344 (2007); [4]Torrellas
M, de León WE, Raya V, Montero JI, Muñoz P, Cid MC and Antón A, LCA and tomato production in the Canary Islands. The Eighth International Conference on EcoBalance, 10-12 December, Tokyo (2008).
1. Urban areas, food and environment
Cities
Food demand
50.3% of worlwide population (70% estimated by 2050)[1]
Increase of food transportation requirements to urban areas (importation)
[1] UN-Habitat (2010) State of the world’s cities 2010/2011. Bridging the urban divide. Earthscan, London; [2]Jones A, An Environmental Assessment of Food Supply Chains: A case study on Dessert Apples. Environ Manage 30: 560 – 576 (2002); [3]Milà i Canals L, Cowell SJ, Sim
S and Basson L, Comparing Domestic versus Imported Apples: A focus on energy use. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14: 338 – 344 (2007); [4]Torrellas
M, de León WE, Raya V, Montero JI, Muñoz P, Cid MC and Antón A, LCA and tomato production in the Canary Islands. The Eighth International Conference on EcoBalance, 10-12 December, Tokyo (2008).
1. Urban areas, food and environment
Cities
Food demand
50.3% of worlwide population (70% estimated by 2050)[1]
Increase of food transportation requirements to urban areas (importation)
Environmental impacts[2,3,4]
↑Food
importation Cities has displaced production
areas (urban expansion)
↑Logistics
requirements Increase of energy consumption and associated GHG emissions
Globalization Expansion of distance between
production and consumption areas
[1] UN-Habitat (2010) State of the world’s cities 2010/2011. Bridging the urban divide. Earthscan, London; [2]Jones A, An Environmental Assessment of Food Supply Chains: A case study on Dessert Apples. Environ Manage 30: 560 – 576 (2002); [3]Milà i Canals L, Cowell SJ, Sim
S and Basson L, Comparing Domestic versus Imported Apples: A focus on energy use. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14: 338 – 344 (2007); [4]Torrellas
M, de León WE, Raya V, Montero JI, Muñoz P, Cid MC and Antón A, LCA and tomato production in the Canary Islands. The Eighth International Conference on EcoBalance, 10-12 December, Tokyo (2008).
1. Urban areas, food and environment
Cities
Food demand
50.3% of worlwide population (70% estimated by 2050)[1]
Increase of food transportation requirements to urban areas (importation)
Environmental impacts[2,3,4]
↑Food
importation Cities has displaced production
areas (urban expansion)
↑Logistics
requirements Increase of energy consumption and associated GHG emissions
Globalization Expansion of distance between
production and consumption areas
Urban sustainability
Food transportation and urban production (self-sufficiency) are KEY POINTS
[1] UN-Habitat (2010) State of the world’s cities 2010/2011. Bridging the urban divide. Earthscan, London; [2]Jones A, An Environmental Assessment of Food Supply Chains: A case study on Dessert Apples. Environ Manage 30: 560 – 576 (2002); [3]Milà i Canals L, Cowell SJ, Sim
S and Basson L, Comparing Domestic versus Imported Apples: A focus on energy use. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14: 338 – 344 (2007); [4]Torrellas
M, de León WE, Raya V, Montero JI, Muñoz P, Cid MC and Antón A, LCA and tomato production in the Canary Islands. The Eighth International Conference on EcoBalance, 10-12 December, Tokyo (2008).
1. Urban areas, food and environment
Food distribution centre in Barcelona: MercaBarna
1. Urban areas, food and environment
Barcelona 13.64% 0 – 100 km
Girona 0.61% 100 – 150 km
Lleida 2.73% 100 – 200 km
Tarragona 2.60% 100 – 200 km
CATALUNYA 19.58% 0 – 250 km
ESPANYA 67.85% 1.000 km (average)
Rest of the World 32.15% 300 km (FR)
20.000 km (NW)
The last year were sold:
520.060 tonnes of vegetables
Less distance
Lower impacts
Promotion of local food
(i.e. Slow food
movement, km. 0
certification)
Integration of
agriculture into cities6,7
(i.e. planning, agrourban
systems)
Need of growing food nearer to
the cities
Urban challenge
Sustainable actions
[6] Cerón I, Sanyé E, Rieradevall J, Montero JI, Oliver-Solà J. Barriers and opportunities to implement Roof Top Eco-Greenhouse (RTEG) in Mediterranean Cities of Europe. J Urban Tech 19 (4): 87-103; [7] Despommier D. The vertical farm: controlled environment agriculture carried out
in tall buildings would create greater food safety and security for large urban populations. Journal of Consum Prot Food Saf 6: (2) 233-236 (2010)
1. Urban areas, food and environment
Integration of agriculture into cities
URBAN FARMING
1. Urban areas, food and environment
INTO BUILDINGS
Periurban farming
Community gardens
Guerrilla gardening
PERIURBAN URBAN SPACE
Rooftop gardening
Unprotected Protected
Vertical farming
Rooftop greenhouse
1. Urban areas, food and environment
INTO BUILDINGS
Protected
Vertical farming
Rooftop greenhouse
1. Urban areas, food and environment
2. Rooftop greenhouse systems
3. Barriers and opportunities
4. RTG potential in urban areas
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
6. Energy benefits for the building
7. Further research
2. Rooftop greenhouses (RTGs)
Lineal system (open)
Circular system (closed)
Agriculture area
City
Production Retail Distribution Consumption
Roof Top Greenhouse
Agriculture production
ConsumptionDistribution
RetailCity
2. Rooftop greenhouses (RTGs)
Real experiencies
Kentucky University Fairmont Royal Hotel
GothamGreens
Brooklyn, NY
Labelled in
supermarkets
2. Rooftop greenhouses (RTGs)
SERVICES RESEARCH Sm
all
scale
COMMERCIAL
Larg
e s
cale
Lufa farms
Montreal, Canada
Pilot project: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
2. Rooftop greenhouses (RTGs)
RESEARCH
Sm
all
scale
New ICTA-ICP Building
Expected: 2014
Bellaterra, Barcelona
1st interconnected RTG in Spain
3. Barriers and opportunities
1. Urban areas, food and environment
2. Rooftop greenhouse systems
3. Barriers and opportunities
4. RTG potential in urban areas
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
6. Energy benefits for the building
7. Further research
3. Barriers and opportunities
• Reduced transport costs
• Cost savings related to energy and
water consumption
• Revaluation of unproductive space
•Innovative project attractive to
investors
• Existence of financial aid for new
products
• High cost of supporting
infrastructure, management and
investment
• Narrow profit margin for horticultural
products
• Investor distrust of new products
• Long-term repayment
• Labor availability
ECONOMICAL
Opportunities Barriers
Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Sanyé-Mengual E, Montero JI & Rieradevall J (2012) Barriers and opportunities regarding the implementation of Rooftop Greenhouses (RTEG) in Mediterranean cities of Europe. Journal of Urban Technology 19 (4): 87-103
3. Barriers and opportunities
• Reducing impacts associated with
transport
• Reuse of gray water and rainwater
• Minimization of resource use in
hydroponic systems
• Carbon fixation
• Naturalization of the city
• Reduction of energy demand in the
building
• Reduction of surface area for rooftop
solar panels
• Environmental impact of the
greenhouse construction materials
ENVIRONMENTAL
Opportunities Barriers
Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Sanyé-Mengual E, Montero JI & Rieradevall J (2012) Barriers and opportunities regarding the implementation of Rooftop Greenhouses (RTEG) in Mediterranean cities of Europe. Journal of Urban Technology 19 (4): 87-103
3. Barriers and opportunities
• Trend of self-sufficiency in cities
• Experience in greenhouses and
climatic architecture
• Minimizing consumption through
regulating or controlling energy
systems
• Technological complexity
• Complexity of adapting existing
buildings / Rehabilitation
• Building overloading
• Possible need to strengthen the
structure
• Lack of simulation models for these
agro-architectural hybrid systems
TECHNOLOGICAL
Opportunities Barriers
Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Sanyé-Mengual E, Montero JI & Rieradevall J (2012) Barriers and opportunities regarding the implementation of Rooftop Greenhouses (RTEG) in Mediterranean cities of Europe. Journal of Urban Technology 19 (4): 87-103
3. Barriers and opportunities
• Development of sociability
• Value of fresh produce
• Food safety
• Integration in education system
• Incompatible uses
• Need to train qualified personnel
SOCIAL
Opportunities Barriers
Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Sanyé-Mengual E, Montero JI & Rieradevall J (2012) Barriers and opportunities regarding the implementation of Rooftop Greenhouses (RTEG) in Mediterranean cities of Europe. Journal of Urban Technology 19 (4): 87-103
4. RTG potential
1. Urban areas, food and environment
2. Rooftop greenhouse systems
3. Barriers and opportunities
4. RTG potential in urban areas
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
6. Energy benefits for the building
7. Further research
Case study: Zona Franca park (Barcelona)
-Quantification of real potential
-Identification of criteria for short-term implementation
-Creation of a geospatial database
Aim: Quantification of the potential for implementing RTGs in urban areas (industrial and services parks)
Methods: - Geospatial analysis: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - Environmental analysis: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
4. RTG potential
Why logistics/ industrial parks?
Large rooftop areas
Single-owner property
Well-communicated
Food distribution centers
Potential flows exchange
Sanyé-Mengual E, Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Montero JI, Rieradevall J (2013) A guideline for assessing the implementation of agrourban production through Rooftop Greenhouse (RTG) systems in industrial and logistics buildings in parks. Habitat International (submitted to)
Case 2: Zona Franca Park Implementation criteria
4. RTG potential
Planning
Agriculture
Ecomomy Legal
Technical Selective criteria
SPECIFICATIONS Planning must allow
greenhouse installations in rooftops
PRODUCTIVITY Non-shady roofs
STABILITY Type: Flat
Material: Concrete
AVAILABILITY Free space for RTG
SPECIFICATIONS Accomplishment of
specific technical codes
VIABILITY Minimum area of 500 m2
METHOD: Expert consultations
Sanyé-Mengual E, Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Montero JI, Rieradevall J (2013) A guideline for assessing the implementation of agrourban production through Rooftop Greenhouse (RTG) systems in industrial and logistics buildings in parks. Habitat International (submitted to)
SHORT-TERM potential: 13,1 ha (≈ 8% polígon)
4. RTG potential
Case 2: Zona Franca Park Potential implementation area
Sanyé-Mengual E, Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Montero JI, Rieradevall J (2013) A guideline for assessing the implementation of agrourban production through Rooftop Greenhouse (RTG) systems in industrial and logistics buildings in parks. Habitat International (submitted to)
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
SHORT-TERM potential: 13,1 ha
≈ 8% polígon
Potential PRODUCTION: ≈ 2000 t tomato
(per year)
CO2 savings: ≈ 850 t CO2eq
due to the AVOIDED DISTRIBUTION
ENERGY savings:
≈ 3500 GJ due to the AVOIDED DISTRIBUTION
TOMATO SELF-SUFFICIENCY:
≈ 150.000 people (≈10% of BCN population)
Case 2: Zona Franca Park Indicators
4. RTG potential
Sanyé-Mengual E, Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Montero JI, Rieradevall J (2013) A guideline for assessing the implementation of agrourban production through Rooftop Greenhouse (RTG) systems in industrial and logistics buildings in parks. Habitat International (submitted to)
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
1. Urban areas, food and environment
2. Rooftop greenhouse systems
3. Barriers and opportunities
4. RTG potential in urban areas
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
6. Energy benefits for the building
7. Further research
Aim: Quantification of the environmental and energy benefits related to the avoided distribution of tomato from agrourban production (RTG) in Barcelona
Methods: -Environmental analysis: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -Specific data: Interview with the managers + Surveys to sellers
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
Sanyé-Mengual E, Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Montero JI, Rieradevall J (2013) Environmental analysis of the logistics of agricultural products from Roof Top Greenhouse (RTG) in Mediterranean urban areas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 93(1): 100–109.
Current Linear System (CLS) scenario Produced: Almeria Distributed to: MercaBarna Sold and consumed: Barcelona
1.166 kg Tomato
+ packaging
TomatoProducer
Warehouse (Almeria)
Retail
Distribution Centre
(Barcelona)
1.1 kg tomato + packaging
1 kg tomato
Return with other products
Return without cargo
System boundaries
0,743 Wh
BUILDING LIGHTING
1.166 kg tomato
+ packaging
1.1 kg tomato
+ packaging
0.166 kg H2O(g)
Dry Air Refrigeration
0.1 kg damaged product
Packagingproduction
Rawmaterials
1.166 kg Tomato
Packaging
Composting
Return
without cargo
Greenhousestructure
Auxiliary equipment
Climate system
Pesticides Fertilizers Agriculture production
Packaging production
Distributionstage
Retail stage
Consumption
Packaging waste
Agriculture production
waste
Compost
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
Sanyé-Mengual E, Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Montero JI, Rieradevall J (2013) Environmental analysis of the logistics of agricultural products from Roof Top Greenhouse (RTG) in Mediterranean urban areas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 93(1): 100–109.
Packagingproduction
Rawmaterials
1 kg Tomato Packaging
Greenhousestructure
Auxiliary equipment
Climate system
Pesticides Fertilizers Agriculture production
Packaging production
Consumption
Packaging waste
Agriculture production
waste
Retail
1 kg tomato
Packaging
Retail stage
Packaging
TomatoProducer
Distribution stage
1 kg Tomato+ Packaging
After 50 uses
System boundaries
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
Rooftop Greenhouse (RTG) scenario Produced: Barcelona Distributed to: --- Sold and consumed: Barcelona
Sanyé-Mengual E, Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Montero JI, Rieradevall J (2013) Environmental analysis of the logistics of agricultural products from Roof Top Greenhouse (RTG) in Mediterranean urban areas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 93(1): 100–109.
CLS Scenario RTG Scenario
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
ADP AP EP GWP ODP HTP CED
Agriculture production Packaging production
Distribution Retail
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
ADP AP EP GWP ODP HTP CED
Agriculture production Packaging production
Distribution Retail
Causes Packaging use optimization 55.4–85.2% Transport reduction 7.6–15.6% ↓ Product losses 7.3–37%
RTG Implementation ↓ Environmental impact:44.4–75.5% ↓ Energy consumption: 73.5%
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
Sanyé-Mengual E, Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Montero JI, Rieradevall J (2013) Environmental analysis of the logistics of agricultural products from Roof Top Greenhouse (RTG) in Mediterranean urban areas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 93(1): 100–109.
6. Energy benefits
1. Urban areas, food and environment
2. Rooftop greenhouse systems
3. Barriers and opportunities
4. RTG potential in urban areas
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
6. Energy benefits for the building
7. Further research
DesignBuilder
Arquitectura
6. Energy benefits
Aim: Analyse the synergies between the greenhouse and the building through the interconnection, focusing on the energy exchange
Methods: -Flows analysis: Energy analysis – Simulation of buildings
Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Sanyé-Mengual E, Montero JI & Rieradevall J (2013) Energy and environmental analysis of heat flows in Rooftop Eco-Greenhouse: A case study in the Mediterranean city of Barcelona. Building and environment (submitted to)
6. Energy benefits
Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Sanyé-Mengual E, Montero JI & Rieradevall J (2013) Energy and environmental analysis of heat flows in Rooftop Eco-Greenhouse: A case study in the Mediterranean city of Barcelona. Building and environment (submitted to)
6. Energy benefits
Savings of 3.7% in all winter (October to march)
79% of the energy requirements for heating
Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Sanyé-Mengual E, Montero JI & Rieradevall J (2013) Energy and environmental analysis of heat flows in Rooftop Eco-Greenhouse: A case study in the Mediterranean city of Barcelona. Building and environment (submitted to)
7. Further research
1. Urban areas, food and environment
2. Rooftop greenhouse systems
3. Barriers and opportunities
4. RTG potential in urban areas
5. Environmental benefits of logistics
6. Energy benefits for the building
7. Further research
Environmental and energy analysis of the infrastructure of a Rooftop Greenhouse
Study system: New ICTA-ICP building
Environmental analysis: LCA
Energy analysis: Cumulative Energy Demand (CED)
Environmental impact of the infrastructure
Energy sinergies
Legal barriers
7. Further research
Energy modelling of the exchange waste heat flows between the greenhouse and the building
Study system: New ICTA-ICP building
Energy modelling: DesignBuilder
Environmental impact of the infrastructure
Energy sinergies
Legal barriers
7. Further research
Legal barriers for implementing RTGs in urban buildings (e.g. secutiry,…)
Study system: New ICTA-ICP building
Aim: Identification of barriers and proposal of
solutions
Environmental impact of the infrastructure
Energy sinergies
Legal barriers
7. Further research
Thanks!
And... Questions?
Agriculture
- Introductory course on Environmental Science: Water, waste, agriculture and bioindicators -
MSc. Esther Sanyé
Dr. Joan Rieradevall
Dr. Juan Ignacio Montero
Dr. Jordi Olvier