Food safety assessment in the European and global context · Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel,...
Transcript of Food safety assessment in the European and global context · Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel,...
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Food safety assessment in the European and global context
Andreas Hensel
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 2
• Further growth of world population to 10.9 bn in 2100
• Changes in consumption behavior in developing countries and increase in purchasing power (China, India etc.)
• Competition of food and feed production with renewable resources and energy plants
• Development of supply, demand, and prices increase the trade in food of low quality and safety
• Systematic control of all commodities and science- based services at borders impossible
Challenges of globalisation
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 3
40 years in retrospect, 40 years ahead
Source: FAOSTAT and TI
World population / bn
World cereal production / bn t
World meat production / bn t
0 2 4 6 8
10
Pop
ulat
ion
/ bn
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
2032
2034
2036
2038
2040
2042
2044
2046
2048
0
1
2
3
4
bn t
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
2032
2034
2036
2038
2040
2042
2044
2046
2048
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
bn t
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
2032
2034
2036
2038
2040
2042
2044
2046
2048
+191 %
+117 %
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 4
Animal products produced in different regions
Source: FAOSTAT, TI
Milk
Meat
Europe North America
South America
Africa Asia Oceania
0 50
100 150 200 250 300
m t
0 20 40 60 80
100 120
m t
Fish and aquaculture
0 20 40 60 80
100 120
m t
1976/78 1986/88 1996/98 2006/08 Aquaculture
-16%
+277% +47% +150% +133% +100%
+6% +78% +225% +129% +387%
+330% +107% +124% +40% +15% +232%
+38%
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 5
Globalization of food chains
Are we prepared for the global food chain network ?
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 6
KR (14 t GOS)
UK
NO
BE FR
PE
HK
CN
TW
USA
NL
RASFF: Distribution of Galacto-Oligosaccharides (GOS)
Delivery from producer to importer/ manufacturer of infant formulae Onward sale to companies from .... Sale of GOS / infant formulae to ...
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 7
Food chain management
Meeting the challenges of global food chains
A conceptual framework for supply chain collaboration:
Empirical evidence from the agri-food industry
Supply Chain Management 12(3):177-186 · May 2007 DOI: 10.1108/13598540710742491
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 8
Web Service: Food Chain-Lab Visualisisation and interactivity using web tools
(Currently planned project to monitor the spread of contaminations)
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 9
Hazard and risk
Hazard A negative health effect that is induced by a biological, chemical, or physical agent.
Risk Describes the probability of health impairment by a certain amount / dose of a given substance.
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 10
Public Authorities
• Public agencies face similar problems all over the world.
• Solutions found elsewhere are often effective and acceptable in other countries.
• Interests of public authorities are not identical to the interests of food / feed enterprises.
• Interests of public authorities are not identical on national and global level.
• International networking benefits consumers in the home country.
• International networking benefits fair trade in the world.
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 11
Risk analysis framework
Risk communication Interactive exchange of information and
opinions concerning the risk
Risk assessment Scientifically based
Risk management Decisions of the executive
Application of Risk Analysis to Food Standards Issues, a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, Switzerland, 13-17 March 1995
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 12
Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council
• 28.1.2002
• laying down the general principles and requirements of food law
• establishing the European Food Safety Authority
• laying down procedures in matters of food safety
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 13
• 130 public authorities to work on food safety
• Who does what in Europe?
www.bfr.bund.de/cm/364/eu-food-safety-almanac.pdf
Legal structures of agencies
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 14
Structure in the European Union
Analytics & diagnostics
research
Risk assessment
Risk management
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 15
• Member States have undertaken numerous reforms of their structures in order to bring their systems in line with the EU legislation.
• This has led to a network of public authorities and institutions linking the national and European levels.
• Smaller countries have difficulties in building up institutionally separate risk assessment units.
28 countries 28 different systems
Present situation in Europe in food safety
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 16
Risk Assessment Bodies Authorities responsible for
Risk Assessment and Risk Management
Institutional separation of Risk Assessment and
Risk Management
• Belgium (FPS) • Bulgaria (MZH) • Cyprus (MOH) • Czech Republic (MZE) • Estonia (VTA) • Finnland (Evira) • Greece (EFET) • Ireland (FSAI) • Latvia (PVD) • Luxemburg (OSQCA) • Malta (MCCAA) • Netherlands (VWA) • Portugal (ASAE) • Romania (ANSVSA) • Spain (AESAN) • Sweden (SLV) • United Kingdom (FSA) • Iceland (MAST)
• Germany (BfR) • France (ANSES) • Denmark (DTU)
• Austria (AGES) • Hungary (NÉBIH) • Italy (ISS) • Lithuania (NMVRVI) • Poland (NIZP-PZH, PIWET) • Slovakia (VÚP)
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 17
• Population size (Malta: 0.4 m ≠ Germany: 81.8 m)
• Federal or centralised tradition of administration
• Scientific traditions
• Variety of institutions requesting risk assessments
• Actual necessities
Structure dependent on
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 18
Rights to protect by law
1. health
• no harmful substances
2. freedom of choice
• no wrongful information
• no misleading information
3. health and freedom
• basic needs in democratic societies
4. interdisciplinary approach
• chemists, veterinarians, lawyers, journalists
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 19
How to protect the rights - how to influence the system
1. administrative law: the traditional way
• setting up regulations (health and information standards)
• controlling the standards on the market
• taking forbidden food from the market
2. penal law • punishing breach of law
3. civil law:
• The first responsibility lies with the businesses!
• fair-trade problems
• product liability problems
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 20
• norms and standards, not made by parliament or ministries, e. g. EN/ISO norms,
Dt. Lebensmittelbuch, Stiftung Warentest
• associations, trade partners, enterprises become motivated by government and authorities to fulfil the requirements, e. g. QS in Germany
• strengthening competition
• risk communication and participation
Encouraging self-regulatory mechanisms:
the „new approach“
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 21
Requirements for risk assessments
• starting point: the legal provision, the scientific question
• define the state of appropriate science
• scientifically sound (intramural scientists, external experts)
• wording: regarding scientific and legal terminology, understandable for the audiences
• harmonising risk assessments leads to harmonised risk management decisions
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 22
Risk management options
• no action needed
• legislation for some products
• ban of dangerous products
• withdrawal of a charge of a product
• (rapid) alert
• recommendation by the competent authority
• even raising awareness may reduce a risk remarkably
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 23
Challenge: Dynamic Reality
Objective: Strategies to improve
food safety
communication of risks arising from food
Safe food in an era of global trade?
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 24
Challenge: Dynamic Reality
• New technologies and new products (novel foods)
• New contaminants
• Product piracy and food fraud
• Packaging materials
• New substances, additives, technical aids (pesticides,
veterinary drugs, flavourings etc.)
• Process contaminants (acrylamide, 3-MCPD, furan,
glycidol fatty esters etc.)
• Higher standards in using alternative methods of
animal experiments
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 25
Predictable Trends – Emerging Challenges
• Climate change, global warming
• Increasing world population
• Globalisation in production, trade, and consumption
• New markets
• Demographic trends
• New energy policies
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 26
Consequences of global trends
• New strategies for agricultural production • New technologies (nanotechnology, genetic engineering) • Traceability to fight fraud and product piracy • Problems from recycling processes • Increase of aquaculture production • Active packaging • Import controls • Bioethanol production • New feeding stuffs
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 27
Risk Assessment: What is needed
• New analytical strategies • Global harmonisation of standards, methods, and data interpretation • Global quality assurance and traceability systems • Science-based approach • Harmonisation of risk assessment procedures (assessment criteria, uniform terminology) • Joint risk assessment • Transparent and target group-oriented risk communication that integrates public‘s risk perception
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 28
Professional risk assessment – a rational factor in consumer safety
• Less subjectivity - more objectivity
• Less undercover influence of stakeholders, more transparency
• Less prejudice, scientific and other
• Better reasons and arguments
for interpreting existing law
target groups: authorities, food business, law courts
for changing / not changing existing law
target groups: politicians, associations, parliament
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 29
Standards are influencing
Food Safety/Security Food Fraud Freedom of Choice
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Challenge: Analytics
Challenge: Traceability
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 31
Codex Alimentarius: Traceability / product tracing:
the ability to follow the movement of a food through
specified stages of production, processing and distribution. Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 §3 p 15
Traceability systems trace and track food packaging
Definition Traceability
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 32
Authenticity of food
Motivation
Food Quality
Food Fraud I1 Gain: Economic
Food Safety
Food Fraud II Food Defense
Harm: Public Health,
Economic or Terror
Unintentional Intentional
Action
1 Includes economically motivated adulteration and food counterfeiting J Spink, DC Moyer; J Food Sci; 76(9): 157-163; 2011
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• Geographical origin
• Production origin
• Species origin
Integrated traceability systems
are being developed for the food industry
that can verify:
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 34
Benefits of traceability
for the food industry:
• Meet legislation and commercial requirements, including certification • Labour and cost reduction, rationalisation, better control • Satify needs of buyers and consumers • Competitive advantage
• Effective control • More targeted recalls
for the authorities:
• Food safety • More targeted recalls • Access to all food properties • More informed choice when buying
for the consumer:
Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Hensel, 18.11.2015, Bonn Page 35
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1. kanonical DA (δ 18O oil)
2. k
anon
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DA
(δ
13C
oil
und
δ15
N re
sidu
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USA
Turkey
Iran
Stable Isotope Ratios:
Origin of Pistachios
Heier, 2006, PhD thesis
Commercial samples
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1H-NMR measurements
TMS
Ole
finic
Methyl
Methylen
ß-C
arbo
xyl
α−O
lefin
ic
α−C
arbo
xyl
Dia
llylic
Glycerol (α−position)
Glycerol
(β−position)
Discriminant Analysis
Hazelnut oil
Sunflower oil
Olive oil
Blending of Olive Oil
Detection of blending
with
hazelnut oil
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Example: Determination of melamine • Investigation of different milk powders
(bought in 2008) • Analysis using 1H-NMR (400 MHz) • Identification of melamine via exogenous
signal at 5.93 ppm (NH2 groups)
lactose HO1-α
lactose HO1-β urea
CH3/CH2 fatty acids
lactoce
TMS
DMSO
TMU
7.5 5.0 2.5 chemical shift [ppm]
Milk powder contaminated with melamine
Percentile plot of reference samples
Non-targeted analysis
Fingerprinting
FED
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Andreas Hensel
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany Tel. +49 / 30 / 184 12 - 34 57 Fax +49 / 30 / 184 12 - 47 41 [email protected] www.bfr.bund.de