Food Insecurity: The East African Experience H4A 4M: Food and Nutrition Science.
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Transcript of Food Insecurity: The East African Experience H4A 4M: Food and Nutrition Science.
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Food Insecurity: The East African Experience
H4A 4M: Food and Nutrition Science
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
What is Food Security?"When all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life."
-United Nations Food &
Agriculture Organization (FAO)
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
What is Food Security?
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Categorizing Food Insecurity
Acute: Sever hunger and malnutrition to the point that lives are threatened immediately
Chronic: Ability to meet food needs is consistently under threat
Occasional: When food insecurity occurs due to a specific temporary circumstance
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Hunger In Our World
• There are 1.02 billion undernourished people in the world today
• In Sub-Saharan Africa there are over 200 million people who are food insecure
• Every year the number of food insecure people is INCREASING (with the notable exceptions of China and India)
• In Sub-Saharan Africa the number of undernourished grows by 1 million a year
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Hunger In Our World
(FAO, 2009)
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Implications for Health and Development
• Hunger and malnutrition are the leading cause of death in the developing world
• Half of all childhood deaths due to illness can be attributed to being underweight
• Direct Costs: Caring for the sick, food intervention etc.
• Indirect Costs: Economic decline due to ill-health and loss of productivity
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Primary Causes of Food Crises
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Causes of Food Insecurity in Africa
•Even ‘natural’ causes are exacerbated by human actions
• Drought on its own does not result in acute food insecurity or famine
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Human Economics
•Are food stores available?
• Can food be purchased using saved income?
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Human EconomicsExample from Malawi:
• Malawi is prone to seasonal drought
• Government sometimes sells grain stores in order to decrease debt and meet other financial obligations
• NGOs such as CPAR intervene with food security initiatives
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Human Wars
Wars exacerbate food insecurity by:
• Damaging land and disrupting trade system
• Displacing people from their homes
• Diverting money towards military expenditures
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Human WarsExample from Uganda: • 19 year civil war in Northern Uganda until 2007• Rebels staged raids on villages and laid landmines• 1.4 million forced to relocate to Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps• Malnutrition rate in IDP camps were 20–40 % for children under 5 vs. the 15% national average
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Environmental Degradation
Damage to the natural environment through deforestation, over-cultivation, etc.
• Soil Erosion
• Decline in soil fertility
• Depletion of water tables
• Decline in rainfall
• Destruction of alternative sources of food and income
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Environmental Degradation
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
HIV and AIDS
•22.4 million Sub-Saharan Africans live with the HIV virus
•2 million die each year from AIDS
•14 million children have been orphaned by AIDS
•AIDS has devastating effects upon household food security
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
HIV and AIDS• Sick farmers = decreasing food production• Expendable income diverted to care for sick and funeral costs = decreasing ability to purchase food•Widows and orphans with no land are left particularly vulnerable •Guardian households have more mouths to feed• Malnutrition causes HIV to worsen more quickly
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
HIV and AIDS
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Solutions
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Sustainable Livelihoods Approach Examining the variety of factors that affect
the ability to meet household food needs
• Ability to produce food• Ability to purchase food• Ability to withstand shocks in food supply • Cultural factors influencing access within
households
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Solutions in Action
1. Tree Nurseries
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Solutions in Action
2. Farmer Field Schools
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
Solutions in Action
3. Conservative Agriculture
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Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
For More Information