Food and Nutrition Nursing
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Transcript of Food and Nutrition Nursing
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FOOD AND NUTRITIONFOOD AND NUTRITION
Lourdes L. Balcueva,M.D.Lourdes L. Balcueva,M.D.
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Basic Nutrition TermsBasic Nutrition Terms
Nu trients- cemical su!stances o!tainedNu trients- cemical su!stances o!tained"rom "ood"rom "ood
Used to #rovide$Used to #rovide$
%. ener&'%. ener&'
(. structural material(. structural material
). ma' reduce ris*s o" some diseases). ma' reduce ris*s o" some diseases
Macronutrients- car!o'drates, #roteins,Macronutrients- car!o'drates, #roteins,
and "atsand "ats
Micronutrients- vitamins, minerals,Micronutrients- vitamins, minerals,
#'tocemicals, and +ater#'tocemicals, and +ater
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Basic Nutrition TermsBasic Nutrition Terms
Nutrient densit'- amount o" micronutrients inNutrient densit'- amount o" micronutrients inrelation to te amount o" macronutrientsrelation to te amount o" macronutrients
Nutrition- te science o" "oods and te nutrients andNutrition- te science o" "oods and te nutrients and
teir actions in te !od'.teir actions in te !od'. - te science o" o+ te !od' uses "ood- te science o" o+ te !od' uses "ood
"or ener&',maintenance, and &ro+t"or ener&',maintenance, and &ro+t
Food- #roducts derived "rom #lants orFood- #roducts derived "rom #lants or
animalsanimals
- can !e a!sor!ed in te !od'- can !e a!sor!ed in te !od' - 'ield ener&'- 'ield ener&'
Diet- Te "ood and !evera&es a #erson eats and drin*sDiet- Te "ood and !evera&es a #erson eats and drin*s
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Basic Nutrition TermsBasic Nutrition Terms
calorie cal- ener&' or amount o" eatcalorie cal- ener&' or amount o" eat re/uired to raise % *& +ater % de&ree 0re/uired to raise % *& +ater % de&ree 0
1ssential Nutrients-1ssential Nutrients-
- indis#ensa!le nutrients- indis#ensa!le nutrients
- must !e #rovided in te diet- must !e #rovided in te diet - !od' cannot s'ntesi2e tem- !od' cannot s'ntesi2e tem
1ner&'-'ieldin& Nutrients- nutrients tat !rea*1ner&'-'ieldin& Nutrients- nutrients tat !rea*
do+n to 'ield ener&'do+n to 'ield ener&'
- car!o'drates, #roteins and "ats- car!o'drates, #roteins and "ats
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Inor&anic nutrientsInor&anic nutrients
%. minerals%. minerals
(. +ater(. +ater Or&anic Nutrients$Or&anic Nutrients$
%. car!o'drates%. car!o'drates
(. li#ids "ats(. li#ids "ats ). #roteins). #roteins
3. vitamins3. vitamins
4 0lasses o" Nutrients4 0lasses o" Nutrients
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Dietar' Re"erence Inde5Dietar' Re"erence Inde5
6tandards tat de7ne te amount o" ener&',6tandards tat de7ne te amount o" ener&',nutrient, dietar' com#onents andnutrient, dietar' com#onents and
#'sical activities tat !est su##ort ealt#'sical activities tat !est su##ort ealt - 1stimated Avera&e Re/uirement 1AR- 1stimated Avera&e Re/uirement 1AR
- Recommended Dietar' Allo+ance RDA- Recommended Dietar' Allo+ance RDA
- Ade/uate Inta*e AI- Ade/uate Inta*e AI
- Tolera!le U##er Inta*e Levels UL- Tolera!le U##er Inta*e Levels UL
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Dietar' Re"erence Inde5Dietar' Re"erence Inde5
0om#osition o" diet tat #rovides ade/uate ener&'0om#osition o" diet tat #rovides ade/uate ener&'and nutrientsand nutrients
Nutrient 8Nutrient 8
car!o'drates 39-49car!o'drates 39-49
"ats (:-)9"ats (:-)9
#roteins %:-)9#roteins %:-)9
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Bio#s'cosocial ;ealtBio#s'cosocial ;ealt
0oncerns0oncerns Bio- includes #'sical #ro!lems tat a
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Findin&s o" N;AN16NutritionalFindin&s o" N;AN16Nutritional
;ealt and Nutrition 6urve's;ealt and Nutrition 6urve's
%>?%-(:::%>?%-(::: Adults and adolescent &irls increasedAdults and adolescent &irls increased
teir avera&e *cal inta*eteir avera&e *cal inta*e
1atin& a+a' "rom ome as increased1atin& a+a' "rom ome as increased Lar&er #ortion si2es o" "oods andLar&er #ortion si2es o" "oods and
!evera&es are !ein& consumed!evera&es are !ein& consumed
6+eetened !evera&es inta*e as6+eetened !evera&es inta*e asincreasedincreased
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@e&etarianism@e&etarianism
Lacto-ovo-ve&etarians- include mil* and e&&s easiest toLacto-ovo-ve&etarians- include mil* and e&&s easiest tomeet nutritional needsmeet nutritional needs
Lacto-ve&etarians- include mil* !ut not e&&sLacto-ve&etarians- include mil* !ut not e&&s @e&ans- avoid all animal-!ased "oods@e&ans- avoid all animal-!ased "oods
- most dicult to meet nutritional needs- most dicult to meet nutritional needs - need B%( su##lement and @it D source- need B%( su##lement and @it D source
i" sunli&t is inade/uate calcium isi" sunli&t is inade/uate calcium is
dicult to o!tain and individuals ma' needdicult to o!tain and individuals ma' need
su##lementationsu##lementation
All ve&etarians !ene7t "rom inta*e o" le&umes,nuts, seedsAll ve&etarians !ene7t "rom inta*e o" le&umes,nuts, seeds
And +ole &rains to ensure ade/uate #rotein inta*eAnd +ole &rains to ensure ade/uate #rotein inta*e
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15am#les o" Traditional 1tnic15am#les o" Traditional 1tnic
1atin& ;a!its1atin& ;a!its
Frenc$ small #ortions, slo+l' #aced eatin&,Frenc$ small #ortions, slo+l' #aced eatin&,em#asis on ve&eta!lesem#asis on ve&eta!les
Mediterranean$ em#asis on C!eans andMediterranean$ em#asis on C!eans and &reens and olive oil, lo+ inta*e o" meat,s+eets&reens and olive oil, lo+ inta*e o" meat,s+eets
limited to s#ecial occasions,limited to s#ecial occasions,
salads served a"ter main mealsalads served a"ter main meal
Asian$ so'!ean #roducts andEor to"u, i& inta*e o"Asian$ so'!ean #roducts andEor to"u, i& inta*e o"rice, ve&eta!les and 7s,lo+ inta*e o"rice, ve&eta!les and 7s,lo+ inta*e o"desserts,sesame and #eanut oildesserts,sesame and #eanut oil
em#asi2edem#asi2ed
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;istor' o" Food uides;istor' o" Food uides
? "ood &rou#s G %>3: included !utter? "ood &rou#s G %>3: included !utteras @itamin D sourceas @itamin D source
Basic 3 "ood &rou#s G %>9:sBasic 3 "ood &rou#s G %>9:scom#osed o"$com#osed o"$ %. Bread%. Bread
(. @e&eta!les and "ruits(. @e&eta!les and "ruits ). Dair'). Dair'
3. Meat and #rotein3. Meat and #rotein
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Food uide ='ramidFood uide ='ramid
- Foundation o" te diet !ase o" #'ramid- Foundation o" te diet !ase o" #'ramid
is #lant-!asedis #lant-!ased
- meat #ortra'ed in smaller section- meat #ortra'ed in smaller section - "ats and su&ars "orm te smallest #art- "ats and su&ars "orm te smallest #art
o"o"
te diet ti# o" te #'ramidte diet ti# o" te #'ramid
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Food La!elsFood La!els
Revised in te earl' %>>:s to includeRevised in te earl' %>>:s to include#ercent-dail' values !ased n (::: *cal#ercent-dail' values !ased n (::: *cal
re"erence dietre"erence diet=ercenta&e !ased ):8 total "at, %:8=ercenta&e !ased ):8 total "at, %:8
saturated "at, 4:8 car!o'drates,saturated "at, 4:8 car!o'drates,
minimum o" 9: & on #rotein,+itminimum o" 9: & on #rotein,+it(9&Eda' recommended 7!er and (3::(9&Eda' recommended 7!er and (3::m&Eda' sodiumm&Eda' sodium
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Food La!elsFood La!els
Mar*er nutrients viatmins A and 0 andMar*er nutrients viatmins A and 0 andminerals calcium and iron G %::8minerals calcium and iron G %::8
inta*einta*e
o" tese nutrients as "ound naturall' ino" tese nutrients as "ound naturall' in"oods #romotes &ood inta*e o" oter"oods #romotes &ood inta*e o" oterneeded nutrients "ound in conHunctionneeded nutrients "ound in conHunction
(::4 Food la!els no+ include trans "att'(::4 Food la!els no+ include trans "att'acid contentacid content
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@ITAMIN6@ITAMIN6
DRI- Dietar' Re"erence Inta*eDRI- Dietar' Re"erence Inta*e
0onsiders te concern o" #rovidin& nutrient0onsiders te concern o" #rovidin& nutrient
re/uirements necessar' to #reventre/uirements necessar' to #reventde7ciencies and to5icit' "rom overdosa&ede7ciencies and to5icit' "rom overdosa&e
Recommendations include use o" "orti7edRecommendations include use o" "orti7ed or su##lementsor su##lements
- term includes RDA Recommended Dail'- term includes RDA Recommended Dail' Allo+ance, AI Ade/uate Inta*e, andAllo+ance, AI Ade/uate Inta*e, and
UL Tolera!le U##er Inta*e LevelUL Tolera!le U##er Inta*e Level
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@itamins- #er"orm s#eci7c@itamins- #er"orm s#eci7cmeta!olic "unctionsrre/uiredmeta!olic "unctionsrre/uired
in ver' small amountsin ver' small amounts
- essential nutrients so must !e- essential nutrients so must !e#rovided "or in te diet 101=T#rovided "or in te diet 101=T
@it.@it.
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Fat solu!le vitamins$Fat solu!le vitamins$
dissolve in "att' su!stancesdissolve in "att' su!stances
@it. A,D 1 and @it. A,D 1 and
6olu!ilit' a
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( 0ate&ories o" @itamins$( 0ate&ories o" @itamins$
%. Jater solu!le vitamins- easil' dissolve%. Jater solu!le vitamins- easil' dissolvein +aterin +ater
a. B com#le5$a. B com#le5$
tiamine "olatetiamine "olate
ri!oKavin @it B%(ri!oKavin @it B%(
niacin !iotinniacin !iotin
#'rido5ine #antotenic acid#'rido5ine #antotenic acid !. coline!. coline
0. @it 00. @it 0
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Jater 6olu!le @itaminsJater 6olu!le @itamins
Tiamine B%Tiamine B%
Function G co-en2'me inFunction G co-en2'me incar!o'drate meta!olismcar!o'drate meta!olism
RDA- men$ %.( m&RDA- men$ %.( m& +omen$ %.% m&+omen$ %.% m&
6ources$ lean #or*, +ole or enriced6ources$ lean #or*, +ole or enriced
&rains, Kour, le&umes,seeds,nuts&rains, Kour, le&umes,seeds,nuts
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De7cienc'$ Beri!eriDe7cienc'$ Beri!eri Jet t'#e- edema, cardiacJet t'#e- edema, cardiac
"ailure"ailure
Dr' Beri!eri- a
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Ri!oKavin- co-en2'me inRi!oKavin- co-en2'me inener&'ener&'
meta!olism meta!olism
--
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De7cienc'- Ari!oKavinosisDe7cienc'- Ari!oKavinosis
- ceilosis, &lossitis,- ceilosis, &lossitis,
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6ources- #roteins containin&6ources- #roteins containin&
aminoaminoacid tr'#to#an 4: m& o"acid tr'#to#an 4: m& o"
tr'#to#an is needed totr'#to#an is needed to
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De7cienc'$ =ella&raDe7cienc'$ =ella&ra%. Diarrea%. Diarrea
(. Dementia(. Dementia
). Dermatitis). Dermatitis
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='rido5ine$ B4 ) "orms$='rido5ine$ B4 ) "orms$
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Folate$ "unction- coen2'me inFolate$ "unction- coen2'me in
trans"er o" one-car!on unitstrans"er o" one-car!on units
RDA$ male and "emale$ 3::RDA$ male and "emale$ 3::mc&mc&
#re&nant +oman$ 4::#re&nant +oman$ 4::
mc&mc&
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0o!alamine B%(0o!alamine B%(Functions$Functions$
%. s'ntesis o" DNA and RNA%. s'ntesis o" DNA and RNA
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De7cienc'$De7cienc'$
%. =ernicious anemia%. =ernicious anemia
(. neurolo&ic e
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6'm#toms$6'm#toms$
%. scal' s*in ras ). anore5ia%. scal' s*in ras ). anore5ia
(. air loss 3. &lossitis(. air loss 3. &lossitis
=ANTOT;1NI0 A0ID$meta!olism o"=ANTOT;1NI0 A0ID$meta!olism o"
car!o'drates, "ats and #roteinscar!o'drates, "ats and #roteins
AI- 9 m&Eda'AI- 9 m&Eda'
6ources- +ole &rain, cereals,6ources- +ole &rain, cereals,le&umes, meat, 7s and #oultr'le&umes, meat, 7s and #oultr'
No de7cienc' occursNo de7cienc' occurs
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BIOTIN$BIOTIN$
Function$ trans"er o" car!onFunction$ trans"er o" car!ondio5idedio5ide
"rom one com#ound to"rom one com#ound to
anoteranoter
RDA- ): mc&RDA- ): mc&
6ources$ liver, *idne', #eanut6ources$ liver, *idne', #eanut
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0;OLIN1$ s'ntesis o"0;OLIN1$ s'ntesis o"acet'lcoline acet'lcoline
AI- male- 99: m&Eda'AI- male- 99: m&Eda'
--
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@it. 0- ascor!ic acid@it. 0- ascor!ic acidFunctions$Functions$
%. colla&en s'ntesis%. colla&en s'ntesis
--
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RDA- male$ >: m&Eda'RDA- male$ >: m&Eda'
"emale$ ?9 m& "emale$ ?9 m&6ources$ "riuts and ve&eta!les6ources$ "riuts and ve&eta!les
@it. 0 is destro'ed !' air, li&t@it. 0 is destro'ed !' air, li&t
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FAT 6OLUBL1 @ITAMIN6FAT 6OLUBL1 @ITAMIN6
@it. A@it. A
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De7cienc'$De7cienc'$
%. ni&t !lindness%. ni&t !lindness
(. *eratomalacia- dr' cornea(. *eratomalacia- dr' cornea
). 5ero#talmia G). 5ero#talmia G
de&enerationde&enerationo" e#itelial tissueso" e#itelial tissues
#rotectinrotectin&
te e'es te e'es3. tic*ened s*in e#idermis3. tic*ened s*in e#idermis
9. diarrea9. diarrea
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To5icit'$ ;'#ervitaminosis ATo5icit'$ ;'#ervitaminosis A
- +ea*ness - eadace- +ea*ness - eadace
- !listered s*in - Hoint #ain- !listered s*in - Hoint #ain
- anore5ia - irrta!ilit'- anore5ia - irrta!ilit'
- vomitin& - enlar&ement- vomitin& - enlar&emento"o"
liver andliver and
s#leens#leen
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@ITAMIN D@ITAMIN D
6'ntesi2ed "rom ?de'dro-6'ntesi2ed "rom ?de'dro-
colesterol "ound under tecolesterol "ound under te
s*ins*in
- converted to colecalci"erol- converted to colecalci"erolactive "orm o" @it. Dactive "orm o" @it. D
u#on ultraviolet irradiation u#on ultraviolet irradiation
Functions$Functions$%. a!sor#tion o" calcium and%. a!sor#tion o" calcium and
#os#orus #os#orus
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AI- 9 mc&.Eda'AI- 9 mc&.Eda'
- 9%-?: 'rs.- %: mc& - 9%-?: 'rs.- %: mc& - ?: %9 mc& - ?: %9 mc&
Food 6ources- animal "oodFood 6ources- animal "ood
sourcessources
e5. Butter, e&& 'ol*s, "att'e5. Butter, e&& 'ol*s, "att'
7s,7s,liver liver
De7cienc'$ Ric*ets$ s'm#toms$De7cienc'$ Ric*ets$ s'm#toms$
- mal"ormed lon& !ones- mal"ormed lon& !ones
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To5icit'$ '#ercalcemia,To5icit'$ '#ercalcemia,
cardiovascular disease cardiovascular disease
@iT. 1- Toco#erol@iT. 1- Toco#erol
Function- antio5idantFunction- antio5idantRDA- %9 m&. a-T1 a-toco#erolRDA- %9 m&. a-T1 a-toco#erol
e/uivalent e/uivalent
- Re/uirement increases +it- Re/uirement increases +itincreasedincreased
inta*e o" #ol'unsaturated "atsinta*e o" #ol'unsaturated "ats
- @it. 1 ma' increase ris* o" stro*e- @it. 1 ma' increase ris* o" stro*e
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De7cienc'- rare secondar' to "atDe7cienc'- rare secondar' to "at
mala!sor#tion mala!sor#tion
To5icit'$ me&adoses ma' e5acer!ateTo5icit'$ me&adoses ma' e5acer!ateanticoa&ulant e: mc&.
7 i
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De7cienc'$De7cienc'$
- !leedin&- !leedin&
- ne+!orns es#eciall' #reterms- ne+!orns es#eciall' #retermslac*lac*
!acteria to s'ntesi2e @it. !acteria to s'ntesi2e @it.
IM @it. are routinel' &ivenIM @it. are routinel' &ivenTo5icit'$ rareTo5icit'$ rare
- ecac' o" anticoa&ulant dru&s- ecac' o" anticoa&ulant dru&s
ma' !e a
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU