FOOD AND HUMAN RIGHTSIN DEVELOPMENT

Volume II

Evolving issues andemerging applications

WENCHE BARTH EIDEUWE KRACHT

(Eds.)

intersentiaAntwerpen - Oxford

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD BY EIBE RIEDEL xxiii

FOREWORD BYMUHAMMAD ALI DHANSAY xxvii

TECHNICAL NOTE xxxi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xxxiii

OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL BINDINGHUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS BOOK . . . . xxxix

EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION xli

I. EVOLVING CONCEPTUAL DEBATE

CHAPTER 1.ECONOMICS AND HUMAN RIGHTS - TWO SEPARATE WORLDS ?

YVES BERTHELOT 3

1. Introduction 32. Factors of the non-dialogue 4

2.1. The Cold War and the priority to growth 42.2. The power of the GDP 52.3. A mechanical view of development 72.4. The excesses of free trade 82.5. Neo-liberalism and globalisation 10

3. Missed opportunities of a clear dialogue and first breakthrough 123.1. Land reform 133.2. Basic needs 143.3. The world conférences 153.4. The Human Development Index 15

4. Conditions for a fruitful dialogue 164.1. Necessity of a dialogue 16

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4.2. Challenges for a fruitful dialogue 184.2.1. The cultural challenge 184.2.2. The statistical challenge 184.2.3. The justiciability challenge 194.2.4. The extraterritoriality challenge 20

5. Conclusion 21Références 22

CHAPTER 2.ECONOMICS AND HUMAN RIGHTS - TOWARDS EMPOWEREDDEVELOPMENT

ALFREDO SFEIR-YOUNIS 25

1. Introduction 252. Two initial propositions 30

2.1. The économie dimensions of jurisprudence 312.2. Légal obligations and their impacts on material resource

allocations 323. Collective rights and world demography 344. The intellectual journey of économie development institutions:

an illustration of the présent state of play 374.1. The three stages in the intellectual journey 37

4.1.1. The first stage: formai rejection 374.2.2. The second stage: 'we do it already' 384.2.3. The third stage: positive, 'a window opening' 39

4.2. Bilatéral donors and multilatéral organisations: perspectivesat a glance 394.2.1. Some highlights of the review 42

5. Some concerns expressed by economists 435.1. Examples of concerns 43

5.1.1. The issues of human rights and économie developmentare not new 43

5.2.2. Human rights and économie growth 445.2.3. Process and rule-making 455.2.4. Organisational issues 465.2.5. Political concerns 465.2.6. From positive to normative économies 465.2.7. Rights of people to things vs. rights in people's relations . . . 475.2.8. Rights and violations of rights 475.2.9. Private vs. public good 475.2.10. An optimal mix of instruments and policies? 48

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5.2.11. Impacts of économie policy on human rights 495.2.12. Spatial and inter-temporal choices 49

6. Human rights in welfare économies 506.1. The conceptual debate 506.2. Human rights as initial endowments 516.3. Human rights as capital 52

7. Positive approach to économies and human rights: a primer 548. Final thoughts: is there a need for a paradigm shift? 60Références 61Additional readings 61

CHAPTER 3.

FILLING THE ANTHROPOLOGIST CHAIR IN THE FOOD ANDHUMAN RIGHTS IN DEVELOPMENT DEBATE

THOMAS J. MARCHIONE 63

1. Introduction 632. The anthropologists' rejection of the universal déclaration of human

rights 643. Conséquences for the international development debate 654. Anthropology's efforts to engage in human rights 685. An illustration of engagement in food security and the right to

food in Malawi 716. Conclusions: Reentering the debate 75Références 78

CHAPTER 4.POLITICAL SCIENCE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RIGHT TO FOOD

DISCOURSEBÂRD A. ANDREASSEN 81

1. Introduction 812. The political science neglect of human rights 823. Citizenship, state expansion and démocratisation - antécédents and

new interest in human rights studies in political science 864. Political science and human rights - the new interest 895. Food and human rights as subject for political science 96

5.1. Food and the State 965.2. Food and conflict 98

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5.3. Food and international politics 1005.4. Food, distributive justice and human rights 101

6. Conclusion: Food and human rights - what has political science tooffer? 102

Références 104

CHAPTER 5.THE RIGHT TO FOOD IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE RIGHT TODEVELOPMENT

ARJUN SENGUPTA 107

1. Introduction 1072. 'The right to development' and 'rights-based development' 1103. Food and the right to development - understanding the opposition

to the notion of the right to food 1123.1 The vagueness of the right 1143.2 Objections to the right to food as a légal human right 1193.3 Opposition from economists 120

4. What should be the core content of the human right to food? 1235. Development policy for realising the right to food 128

5.1 Some examples 1285.2 General éléments for framework législation 130

6. International coopération and a Development Compact 1327. Conclusion 134Références 135

CHAPTER 6.STATE OBLIGATIONS REVISITED

ASBI0RN EIDE 137

1. The right to adéquate food is a human right 1372. On the right to food in human rights law, and on human rights

as 'law' 1392.1. Human rights as such are not subjective rights under positive

law 1392.2. When and how do human rights become 'law' and subjective

rights? 1402.3. The scope of state obligations 143

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3. The tripartite typology of state obligations: origin and purpose 1443.1. Overcoming the ideological schism 1443.2. Foundation of the typology in the texts of international

instruments 1473.3. The relation to obligations of'conduct' and of'resuit' 1473.4. Catégories of state obligations, not'levels of obligations' 1483.5. The category of respect for économie, social and cultural rights -

its wide significance 1503.6. The category of'protection' - its wide range 1503.7. The division of 'fulnT into 'facilitate' and 'provide' 1523.8. Should 'promotion' be seen as a separate category of state

obligations? 1534. Benefïts, criticisms and responses 1535. A note on the main users of the tripartite typology 154

5.1. Its usefulness for the monitoring bodies 1545.2. Its use by NGOs and Civil Society: the case of FIAN 1555.3. The Voluntary Guidelines and the approximation of the typology. 156

6. Conclusion 157Références 158

IL EMERGINGIMPLEMENTATIONIN SPECIFIC COUNTRIES

CHAPTER 7.PROMOTING A RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH TO FOOD ANDNUTRITION SECURITY IN UGANDA

J.M. ALIRO OMARA 161

1. Background 1612. The rights régime in Uganda 1633. Overview of the policy and législative framework for food and

nutrition 1653.1. The food and nutrition-related policy agenda 1663.2. Related législation 168

4. The difficult question of vulnerability 1685. Towards a rights-based food and nutrition policy and implementation

strategy 1705.1. The Uganda Food and Nutrition Policy 2003 1705.2. The Uganda Food and Nutrition Strategy 1725.3. Critical observations on the strategy 173

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6. The important question of monitoring 1756.1. Overview 1756.2. Critical observations on the monitoring strategy 176

7. UFNP frameworklaw 1788. Conclusions and challenges ahead 178

CHAPTER 8.THE HUMAN RIGHT TO FOOD MOVEMENT IN BRAZIL

FLAVIO LUIZ SCHIECK VALENTE 181

1. Introduction 1812. A framework for understanding human rights approaches to

food and nutritional security 1822.1. The main components of food and nutrition security 1842.2. Human rights governance and food and nutrition security 185

3. The Brazilian expérience: from the struggle against hunger to thehuman right to food 1863.1. The quest for the inclusion of food and nutritional security in

the national agenda 1863.1.1. Civil society mobilisation and the changing of the State . .1873.1.2. National Food Security Council - CONSEA 1883.1.3. I National Food Security Conférence 1893.1.4. The Cardoso government 1995-2002 189

3.2. Intent and practice of human rights in Brazil 1903.2.1. Human rights institutions in Brazil 1903.2.2. The government and human rights 1913.2.3. The national rapporteurship project 191

3.3. Merging food and nutritional security and human rights 1923.4. The operationalization of the human right to adéquate food

and nutrition in Brazil 1953.4.1. The second Cardoso government (1999-2002) 1953.4.2. The Fédéral Government elected in 2002: priority to

food and nutritional security and the réalisation of thehuman right to food 198

3.4.3. Récent developments towards the operationalisationof the human right to adéquate food 201

3.4.4. Continued non-réalisation and violations of the HRtAF .. 2044. The interaction between the human right to food and food and

nutritional security: lessons learned 2064.1. Food and nutrition security concept 206

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4.2. The distance between the intent and practice is institutionalised .. 2064.3. Fragmentation of public policies 2064.4. Stronger international multilatéral instruments are needed 2074.5. State and government are not monolithic institutions 2074.6. Social mobilisation 2084.7. State-civil society partnership and the central rôle of human

rights capacity building for ail 2084.8. The rôle of multistakeholder public policy councils 2094.9. Intégration of human rights and food and nutritional security

movements 2094.10. The need for independent and autonomous human rights

institutions and recourse instruments 2094.11. Strengthening the effectiveness of human right to food claim

mechanisms is a crucial tool for empowerment and socialchange 210

4.12. Food and nutritional security and human rights on the nationaldevelopment agenda 211

5. Conclusions 211Références 212

CHAPTER 9.FROM INTERNATIONAL TO DOMESTIC LAW: THE CASE OF THEINDIAN SUPREME COURT IN RESPONSE TO ESC RIGHTS ANDTHE RIGHT TO FOOD

COLIN GONSALVES 215

1. Introduction 2152. International instruments incorporated and applied in India 216

2.1. Locus-standi in the enforcement of ESC rights 2182.2. Burden of proof 2182.3. Mandatory orders and their implementation 2192.4. Resources 2192.5. ESC rights 2202.6. WTO régulations and the optional protocol: double standards? . . . 221

3. The right to food: the Indian expérience 2233.1. Public Distribution System (PDS) 2233.2. Poverty line 2253.3. Poverty line exdudes many hungry persons 226

4. The pétition in the Suprême Court 2265. Conclusions 234

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Références 236

CHAPTER 10.THE RIGHT TO FOOD IN SIERRA LEONE

ABDULAI JALLOH 237

1. Introduction 2372. Socio-economic profile of Sierra Leone 2393. Poverty and vulnerability 240

3.1. Who are the poor and vulnérable in Sierra Leone 2423.2. Where are the poor and vulnérable 2443.3. Why the poverty and vulnerability 246

3.3.1. Régional dimensions 2463.3.2. The civil war 2483.3.3. Dietary habits and implications for food security 2483.3.4. Cultural dimensions: secret societies and religion 250

4. The obligations of the state 2504.1. Laying the foundation for peace building and good governance . . . 2514.2. Symposium on the operationalisation of the right to food in

Sierra Leone 2534.1.2. The obligation to respect 2564.2.3. The obligation to protect 2574.2.3. The obligation to fulfil/facilitate 2594.2.4. The obligation to fulfil/provide 264

5. Conclusion - a vision worth fulfilling 267Références 267

CHAPTER 11.REFLECTIONS ON THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD IN MALI

OUSMANE OUMAROU SlDIBE 271

1. Introduction 2712. The nature of hunger and malnutrition in Mali 272

2.1. The food and nutrition situation 2722.2. The causes of hunger and malnutrition 273

2.2.1. Poverty 2742.2.2. The vulnerability of the Systems of production 275

2.3. The communities most exposed to the hunger and malnutrition . . 2762.3.1. Women and children 277

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2.3.2. Other vulnérable groups 2773. The national policy for food security 2794. Affirming the right to adéquate food in Mali 283

4.1. Establishing a légal and regulatory framework 2834.2. Mali's assets for the implementation of the right to food 284

4.2.1. A tradition of solidarity and mutual help 2854.2.2. A démocratie context favourable to the promotion

of the human rights 2865. An emerging dialogue on a human rights approach to food and

nutrition security in Mali 2885.1. The Forum on the Right to Adéquate Food, Bamako March 2003 . 2885.2. Follow-up of the Forum 290

6. Conclusion 291Références 292

///. APPLICATION AND PROMOTION SELECTED ISSUES AND CONTEXTS

CHAPTER 12.THE INDIVISIBILITY OF WATER, LAND AND FOOD IN LOCAL,NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW:THE CASE OF WOMEN'S GARDENS IN MHONDORO, ZIMBABWE

ANNE HELLUM 297

1. Introduction 2972. The right to livelihood - water, land and food 298

2.1. The centrality of water for livelihood 2982.2. The human right to water 3002.3. Adéquate water 3012.4. Local norms regarding water 302

3. Family gardens in Mhondoro: livelihood in terms of food and cash 3034. Livelihood, equality and access to land and water in 'local law' 309

4.1. Drinking water 3104.2. Livelihood: garden land with available water 3114.3. 'Local law', the right to livelihood and non-discrimination 312

5. National water reform, user pay, primary and commercial water 3135.1. Water reform 3145.2. The user pay principle in practice 316

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6. Converging international and local concerns: obligations of

states in meeting the human right to water 317

6.1. HRBAD, poverty élimination and the right to livelihood,

food and water 318

6.2. Meeting the right to safe, adéquate and available water 319

6.3. Between productive and domestic: the right to

non-discriminatory access 321

7. The potential of HRBAD 322

Références 324

CHAPTER 13.EXPERIENCES FROM CASE RELATED RIGHT TO FOOD WORK:

LESSONS LEARNED FOR IMPLEMENTATION

MICHAELWINDFUHR 331

1. Introduction: 20 years of FIAN work in rétrospective 331

2. Case based human rights work on the right to adéquate food 332

2.1. Form and function of case based interventions on the right

to adéquate food 333

2.2. Overview of cases and interventions 334

2.3. Relevance of case related expériences in standard-setting

processes 335

3. Main affected groups - current victims of hunger and malnutrition . . . . 337

3.1. A hunger typology 337

3.2. Victim groups in FIAN cases 339

3.3. A régional perspective 341

4. Lessons learned 344

4.1. Nature of state obligations 344

4.2. Forms of violations 346

4.3. Relevant policy areas / thèmes / issues 348

5. Improving the implementation of action towards the right to

adéquate food 349

5.1. The rôle and importance of the State 350

5.2. Focus on marginalised groups and individuals 351

5.3. Focus on agriculture and rural development 352

5.4. Documentation and monitoring 353

5.5. Exigibility vs. justiciability - finding the right strategy 354

5.6. Obligations and responsibilities of other actors than states 355

6. Concluding remarks 356

Références 357

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CHAPTER 14.HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM STANDINGCOMMITTEE ON NUTRITION (SCN)

UWE KRACHT, WENCHE BARTH EIDE and URBAN JONSSON 359

1. Introduction 3592. The Working Group on Nutrition, Ethics and Human Rights 360

2.1. Initial attitudes among ACC-SCN members and observers 3612.2. Working Group activities 362

2.2.1. Building understanding among SCN members(1994-96) 362

2.2.2. Moving towards co-operative action (1997-99) 3642.2.3. Consolidating the SCN's rôle as a human rights

actor (2000-2004) 3712.2.4. Final breakthrough (2005-2006) 377

3. The unfinished agenda: time for further consolidation andbreaking new ground 3803.1. Further reflections on the rôle of the WG on NEHR 3823.2. Selected action priorities 383

4. Final remark 384Références 385

CHAPTER 15.A FOOD AND NUTRITION POLICY FRAMEWORK TO HELP REALISETHE HUMAN RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD - LESSONS FROMFOUR COUNTRY CASE STUDIES

ROGER SHRIMPTON 387

1. Introduction 3872. Background to the case studies 388

2.1. Applicability of lessons learnt 3882.2. Objectives of case studies 3892.3. Country case study process 390

3. Food and nutrition programmes in national development plans 3924. The setting of national food and nutrition goals and objectives 3955. A food and nutrition policy framework as a basis for framework

législation for the right to adéquate food 3965.1. Food production 3985.2. Food processing, fortification, labelling and marketing 4005.3. Food supplementation 401

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5.4. Micronutrient supplementation 4025.5. Nutrition éducation for dietary and life style change 4035.6. Food and nutrition in emergencies 404

6. Institutional arrangements 4046.1. National level institutions 4056.2. Sub-national institutional arrangements 4056.3. Vulnerability and prioritization 4086.4. Human resources and capacity 409

7. Monitoring, evaluating and communicating rights violations 4097.1. Monitoring and évaluation 4107.2. Reporting on rights violations versus coverage of needs 4117.3. Communication of food and nutrition problems and issues 411

8. Conclusions 412Références 419

IV. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE

CHAPTER 16.MONITORING THE HUMAN RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOODAT COUNTRY LEVEL: CHALLENGES AND NEEDED ACTIONS

ARNE OSHAUG 425

1. Introduction 4251.1. Monitoring as an intégral part of realising the right to adéquate

food 4261.2. Previous concerns with human rights monitoring by the

United Nations 4281.3. A note on links and vocabulary of Voluntary Guideline 17 429

2. Defining monitoring in the context of the human right to adéquatefood 4302.1. Rights-based monitoring 431

3. The link between human rights based development and humanrights based monitoring 432

4. Opportunities and challenges 4344.1. Opportunities 4344.2. Challenges 4354.3. How to address two challenges: institutional and légal framework

and capacity development 4384.3.1. Institutional framework 4384.3.2. Capacity development 441

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5. Selected practical methods to monitor the human right toadéquate food 4425.1. Planning and conducting assessments of relevance to the right

to adéquate food 4435.1.1. Eléments of assessments relevant to the right to

adéquate food 4435.1.2. Gathering information for the assessments 4455.1.3. Disseminating assessment information 446

5.2. Analysis that can facilitate a baseline assessment andsubséquent monitoring 4475.2.1. Selected analytical tasks 4475.2.2. Undertaking analyses and assessments as part of

monitoring 4496. Summary of some lessons learned 4507. Where to start? 4528. Concluding remarks 453Références 455

CHAPTER 17.HISTORY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FAO OF THE GUIDELINES ONTHE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD

ISABELLA RAE, JULIAN THOMAS and MARGRET VIDAR 457

1. Introduction 4572. The backdrop of early developments 459

2.1. FAO encountering the right to food 4592.2. FAO facilitating debate on the right to food 460

2.2.1. The 1996 World Food Summit 4612.2.2. The World Food Summit: five years later 463

3. FAO coaching the new right to food guidelines 4643.1. Intergovernmental Working Group arrangements 4643.2. Negotiation process 4653.3. Rôle of différent actors 467

3.3.1. The Bureau of the Intergovernmental Working Group . . .4683.3.2. NGOs 4693.3.3. Human rights bodies 4703.3.4. The Core Group in the Secrétariat 470

3.4. Overcoming obstacles 4723.5. A successful outcome 475

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4. FAO embracing the right to food 4764.1. Institutionalisation of the right to food in FAO 4774.2. Normative activities 4784.3. Communication, éducation and awareness raising 4804.4. Examples of support to national implementation 482

4.4.1. Brazil 4834.4.2. Mozambique 4844.4.3. Sierra Leone 485

5. Conclusion 486Références 487

CHAPTER 18.UN SYSTEM CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR HUMAN RIGHTSTHROUGH THE 'ACTION 2' PROGRAMME

URBAN JONSSON 489

1. Introduction 4892. Towards a common understanding in the UN of a rights-based

development approach 4912.1. The United Nations and human rights 4912.2. The UN Reform and human rights 4922.3. A common understanding 494

3. The préparation of the Action 2 Project 4964. The Action 2 Project 500

4.1. Objectives, sub-objectives and expected outcomes 5004.1.1. The achievement of the first sub-objective: 5004.1.2. The achievement of the second sub-objective 5014.1.3. The achievement of the third sub-objective 501

4.2. Implementation 5024.2.1. Progress in capacity building support 5024.2.2. Progress in joint programme development 5034.2.3. Programming acceptance and implementation of

international human rights standards at country level . . . . 5034.3. A common learning package on HRA 5044.4. Piloting at country level 5054.5. Plans for 2006 506

5. Analysis of the Action 2 Programme 5065.1. On the relationship between human development and human

rights: a challenge to the Action 2 Programme 5076. Some conclusions 509

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Références 511

CHAPTER 19.ENHANCING CROSS-DISCIPLINARY SKILLS TO ANALYSE ANDPROMOTE FOOD AND NUTRITION AS HUMAN RIGHTS -THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS

WENCHE BARTH EIDE 513

1. Introduction: Human resource building - key to advancing the rightto adéquate food and nutritional health 513

2. How far hâve we gone? 5193. Académie courses linking food, nutrition and human rights 523

3.1. From pioneering trials towards mainstream inclusion ineducational programmes - still a way to go? 5233.2. The Oslo initative and expérience 5243.3. Initiatives in the United States 526

3.3.1. A record of institutional expériences 5263.3.2. From classroom to on-line from Hawai'i 529

3.4. The right to food at Wageningen University and Research Centre,The Netherlands 531

4. Conceptual and cognitive challenges in combining nutrition science,practice and human rights 5344.1. Understanding conceptual and terminological différences in

scholarly traditions 5354.2. Conceptual clashes - or intedisciplinary amalgamation? 5374.3. A ten year assessment and progress 538

5. Conclusion: A continuing institutional and pedagogical challenge 5395.1. Bulding alliances for mutual learning 5395.2. Making the topic researchable! 5405.3. Advancing advocacy about the need for human rights-based

training in food and nutrition 542Références 543

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CHAPTER 20.A CASE FOR NATIONAL TRAINING IN NUTRITION AND HUMANRIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

ELENI M.W. MAUNDER and SIBONILE KHOZA 547

1. Introduction 5472. The historical and social contexts 5483. The légal framework 5514. Rationale for nutrition and human rights training for the promotion

of the right to adéquate food 5535. The benefits of nutrition training for human rights practitioners 5556. The benefits of human rights training for nutritionists 5567. Putting the two together for human rights and nutrition training 5598. Some current initiatives in South Africa on training in nutrition

and human rights 5609. Concluding remark 561Références 561

ANNEX 1: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONSNETWORK 563

ANNEX 2: RIGHT TO FOOD TOOLS FROM FAO: E-LEARNING &VIRTUAL LIBRARY 565

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