Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping...

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Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation

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Transcript of Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping...

Page 1: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.

Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation

Page 2: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.

Significance to CCS

Fundamental to trapping configuration

Important for caprock integrity

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Stress

Force per unit area Compression Tension (rare) Shearing

Page 4: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.
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Or, principal compressivestress vertical

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Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation

Brittle: material fractures (breaks)

Page 8: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.
Page 9: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.

Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation

Brittle: material fractures (breaks)

Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures

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Folded gneiss and marble

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Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation

Brittle: material fractures (breaks)

Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures

Brittle favored by:

Page 12: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.

Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation

Brittle: material fractures (breaks)

Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures

Brittle favored by: low temperatures

Page 13: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.

Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation

Brittle: material fractures (breaks)

Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures

Brittle favored by: low temperatures low confining pressures

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Undeformed Low confining pressure

High confiningpressure

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Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation

Brittle: material fractures (breaks)

Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures

Brittle favored by: low temperatures low confining pressures high strain rates

Rock type

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Brittle diabase, ductile marble

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Mapping Geologic Structures

Strike Dip

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Mapping Geologic Structures

Strike

Dip

Constructing cross sections

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FoldsBending of rocks, often as a result of compression

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Anticlines and Synclines

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Raplee anticline and San Juan river, Utah

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Limbs, axial planes, fold axes

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Plunge

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Plunging folds near Harrisburg, PA

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Plunging folds near Harrisburg, PA

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Plunging anticline, SW Montana

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Symmetrical, Asymmetrical, Overturned

Limbs of equal length

Limbs of unequal length

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Overturned (almost?) anticline

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Structural domes and basins

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Faults and Joints

Fractures in rock

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Joints

No visible displacement

Types Unloading (exfoliation)

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Unloading joint, Yosemite NP, CA

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Joints

No visible displacement

Types Unloading (exfoliation) Cooling joints

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Devil’s Postpile, CA

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Devil’s Tower, WY

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Joints

No visible displacement

Types Unloading (exfoliation) Cooling joints Regional (tectonic) joints

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Joints in Navajo Sandstone, Arches NP, UT

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Faults

Visible displacement

Hanging wall and footwall

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Faults

Visible displacement

Hanging wall and footwall

Dip-slip faults Normal

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Normal fault, UT

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Faults

Visible displacement

Hanging wall and footwall

Dip-slip faults Normal Reverse

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Faults

Visible displacement

Hanging wall and footwall

Dip-slip faults Normal Reverse Thrust

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Thrust: reverse motion with fault plane dipping <45°

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Chief Mountain Klippe, Montana

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Faults

Visible displacement

Hanging wall and footwall

Dip-slip faults Normal Reverse Thrust

Strike-slip faults Left lateral Right lateral

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Page 74: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.

Faults

Visible displacement

Hanging wall and footwall

Dip-slip faults Normal Reverse Thrust

Strike-slip faults Left lateral Right lateral

Oblique-slip faults

Page 75: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.
Page 76: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.

Rocks/textures created by faulting

Fault breccia (visible angular fragments)

Fault gouge (incohesive, fine powder)

Mylonites (ductile flow/recrystallization)

Pseudotachylites (frictional melting)

Page 77: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important.
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Fault gouge

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Mylonite

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Pseudotachylite

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Features associated with fault planes

Slickensides (grooves or striations)

"Drag" folds

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Horsts, grabens, and rifts

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Wildrose graben, Panamint Valley, southern California

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Structural Traps for Hydrocarbons and CO2

Fault traps

Fold traps

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Lander Dome oil field, Wind River Basin, Wyoming

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Structure Photos….

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Joints in Navajo Sandstone, Arches NP, UT

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1964 Alaska (M 9.2) Hanning Bay fault scarp on Montague Island. Vertical displacement 12 - 14 feet. (USGS photo)

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