Folate Antagonists
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Folate Antagonists
PHRM 304
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Overview
• Enzymes requiring folate-derivedcofactors are essential for thesynthesis of purines and pyrimidines(precursors of RNA and DNA) andother compounds necessary forcellular growth and replication.
• Therefore, in the absence of folate,cells cannot grow or divide.
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Mechanism of action
Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) + PteridineDihydropteroate
synthetase[GTP] Sulfonamides
Competitive inhibition
Dihydropteroic acid
Dihydrofolatesynthetase
L-Glutamate
Trimethoprim
Dihydrofolic acid (folic acid)
Tetrahydrofolic acid
Dihydrofolatereductase
2 NADPH
2 NADP+
PurinesThymidine Methionine
DNA, RNA DNA t RNA, Proteins
Cofactors
Folic acid metabolism:
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Overview
• To synthesize the critical folatederivative, tetrahydrofolic acid,humans must first obtain preformed
folate in the form of folic acid as avitamin from the diet.
• In contrast, many bacteria are
impermeable to folic acid and otherfolates and, therefore, must rely ontheir ability to synthesize folate de
novo.
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Overview
• The sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) are afamily of antibiotics that inhibit thisde novo synthesis of folate.
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Sulfonamides M/A
• In many microorganisms, dihydrofolicacid is synthesized from p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), pteridine,
and glutamate.
• All the sulfonamides currently inclinical use are synthetic analogs of
PABA.
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Sulfonamides M/A
• Because of their structural similarityto PABA, the sulfonamides competewith this substrate for the bacterial
enzyme, dihydropteroate synthetase.
• They thus inhibit the synthesis of bacterial dihydrofolic acid and,
thereby, the formation of its essentialcofactor forms.
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Sulfonamide: Resistance
• Bacteria that can obtain folates fromtheir environment are naturallyresistant to these drugs.
• Acquired bacterial resistance to thesulfa drugs can arise from plasmidtransfers or random mutations.
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Sulfonamide: Resistance
• Resistance is generally irreversibleand may be due to
1) An altered dihydropteroatesynthetase
2) Decreased cellular permeability tosulfa drugs, or
3) Enhanced production of the naturalsubstrate, PABA
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Trimethoprim
• Trimethoprim, a potent inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase,exhibits an antibacterial spectrum
similar to that of the sulfonamides.
• Trimethoprim is most oftencompounded with sulfamethoxazole,
producing the combination calledcotrimoxazole.
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Trimethoprim M/A
• The active form of folate is thetetrahydro-derivative that is formedthrough reduction of dihydrofolic acid
by dihydrofolate reductase.
• This enzymatic reaction is inhibitedby trimethoprim, leading to a
decreased availability of thetetrahydrofolate coenzymes requiredfor purine, pyrimidine, and amino
acid synthesis.
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Trimethoprim M/A
• The bacterial reductase has a muchstronger affinity for trimethoprimthan does the mammalian enzyme,
which accounts for the drug'sselective toxicity.
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FigureSynergism betweentrimethoprim and
sulfamethoxazoleon the inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli.
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Adverse effects
• Trimethoprim can produce theeffects of folic acid deficiency.
• These effects include megaloblasticanemia, leukopenia, andgranulocytopenia, especially inpregnant patients and those having
very poor diets.
• These blood disorders can bereversed by the simultaneous
administration of folinic acid, which