Ancient Rome 750 B.C. – A.D. 500 Roman Creation Story Romulus and Remus.
Focus Question Who is Romulus and Remus… Ancient Rome & Early Christianity 600 BC to 500 AD.
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Transcript of Focus Question Who is Romulus and Remus… Ancient Rome & Early Christianity 600 BC to 500 AD.
Focus Question
• Who is Romulus and Remus…
Ancient Rome & Early Christianity600 BC to 500 AD
I. Legendary beginnings…
• Romulus & Remus, twins raised by a “she-wolf,” are legendary founders of Rome
Cast bronze statue of suckling twins: sons of Mars Capitoline Museum, Rome
II. Geography
• Apennine Mts did not divide Italy into many small isolated communities (as in Greece)
• Being located near the ocean and on the Tiber River gave easy access to the Mediterranean Sea.
• More arable land, mild climate– larger population
• Italy is located in the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans could send out ships for trade and war in all directions.
• In addition, Rome’s central location between North and South allowed for Rome to govern its Empire easily once it began to expand.
II. Geography
map
Rome was built…
• Along the Tiber River
• On 7 hills w/ fertile soil
• 18 miles inland from the Med. Sea
• Near center of Italian peninsula
• “Not without reason did gods and men choose this sport for the site of our city—the salubrious hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, out situation in the very heart of Italy—all these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great.”
--Livy
III. Foreign Influences on Rome’s beginnings…
• Farmer and shepherds who wandered into Italy
• They built the first settlement in Rome
• Eventually bring all of Italy into close contact with the Greeks
III. Latins
III. Greek Influences
• 750 – 500 BC, Greeks colonized southern Italy–Olives–Grapes–Religion (myths & legends)
• Same personalities; different names
–Commercial centers
Hera’s temple at Paestum in southern Italy
III. Etruscan Influences
• Alphabet, architecture (especially the use of the arch), metal working, pottery
• Early kings of Rome were Etruscan
Etruscan pottery4th century BC
IV. Rome becomes a republic
• Republic established 509 BC–when last Etruscan king was
overthrown in 509 BC• Tarquin the proud
• Romans voweled to never be ruled by a king again–Republic is born
Patriarchal society
• Fathers had power of life and death over their families
– Illustrated w/ paintings by Jacques Louis David
#1 Lictors returning the bodies of the Sons of Brutus,1789
FYI - Power of the Pater• Brutus, Lucius Junius, nephew of the last Roman
King Tarquin the Proud, participated in revolt against his tyranny
• Helped establish the republic and was one of the first two Roman consuls
• Brutus’ two sons started a conspiracy to restore the monarchy. The plot was foiled and they were convicted and sentenced to death by their father.
Early Republican Virtues
• Conservative
• Reverence for tradition
• Reverence for home, ancestors, gods
Vestal Virgin
Tended the sacred flame of Vesta, goddess of the hearth
#2 - Oath of the Horatii
• Artist: Jacques David The Oath of Horatii. 1784. Oil on canvas. 330 x 425 cm. Louvre, Paris, France
• See speaker note*
Oath of Horatii, JL David
Oath of Horatii
• detail
Governmental organization see page 143
• Executive – 2 consuls– Elected by assembly,
1 year terms
• Legislative – Senate– Centurian Assembly– Tribal Assembly
Roman Senate
• 300 men• Controlled public funds &
foreign policy & some political appointments
• Very powerful until the emperor period
Government organization cont…
• Judicial branch –Praetors acted as judges
• Legal code–12 Tables
• Citizenship–Adult male landowners
Forum Romanum w/ view of curia
senate
Roman Curia[Senate]
Arch of Septimius Severus: overview from the South
Arch of Titus
V. Punic Wars 264 – 133 BC
• Carthage, center of Phoenician (Punic) trading empire–Commercial threat to Rome–Control of Sicily main issue
• Three major wars, Rome won all
Punic Wars – part 1• Following a naval battle…
• Carthage gave Sicily to Rome & paid huge fine
• Carthage annexed Spain…
Roman soldier
Punic Wars – part 2
• Hannibal took an army w/ war elephants to Italy … for 17 yrs
• Rome won by attacking Carthage
• Gained Spain as a spoil of war
Hannibal Barca, General of Carthage
• Defeated at
Battle of Zama
• Suicide in 183 in Turkey
Scipio Africanus
• Hero of Punic Wars
• Defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama
Punic Wars – part 3
• Carthage destroyed in 146 BC–Became province of Africa
–Population sold into slavery
–City plowed under w/salt
Carthage was located near Tunis
Funeral marker of goddess Tanit (Carthage)
• Religion required the sacrifice of eldest child
Grave markers of sacrificed children near Carthage
Carthage: ruins of the acropolis
Baths
VI. By 133 BC Rome was master of Mediterranean
• Macedonia & the Greek states were annexed
• Kingdom of Pergamum was deeded to Rome
Reasons for Rome’s success
• Powerful armies were loyal to Rome, not a dictator (nationalism)
• Wise treatment of conquered peoples
• Ability to move troops quickly
… the results of Rome’s success
• #1 Slavery increased
–Plantation system developed
–Farmers could not compete
–No industry developed
… the results of Rome’s success
• #2 Farmers moved to cities
–Became urban poor
–Filled ranks of unemployed
–Threat to government
VII. Emergence of the Empire(133 BC – 180 AD)
Problems leading to the collapse of the Roman Republic
#1 Poor farmers lost their lands…*Gracchus brothers’ attempted land reform (p.146)
#2 Senate became all powerful
#3 Generals involved in politics…* led to civil wars (p. 147)
Civil War in Rome Sets New Precedents.
1. Soldiers swore personal loyalty to generals in return for lands…
2. Armies fought over Rome, gave power to the commanders
The First Triumvirate
• Crassus, Pompey & Julius Caesar gained military command of the empire in 60 BC, dominating Rome for ten years …
Factors leading to Second Civil War
• Crassus killed in battle in Syria
• Senate feared Caesar’s power–Appointed Pompey leader
–Ordered Caesar to give up his legions…
Pompey the Great
• Caesar’s main rival in the civil wars
Caesar crosses the Rubicon (49 BC)!
• Refused order to disband army–Crossed Rubicon R.
• Marched on Rome –Civil war erupted
–Pompey defeated, killed
Julius Caesar
• Appointed Dictator of Rome in 46 BC
• Copy of portrait bust
Julius Caesar wins the civil war
• 44 BC – named dictator for life
• Reforms:–Created jobs
–Started colonies
–Expanded senate
–Granted citizenship to provincials
Julius Caesar
Killed by Senators March 15, 44BC
Vatican Museum
Caesar’s Tomb
Julius Caesar’s death mask
• Powerful senators feared his popularity & sensed their own loss of influence
Cleopatra VII (Liz Taylor) & Caesar (Rex Harrison)
Will the real Cleopatra please stand up?
• Plutarch writes that Cleopatra was not beautiful in the classical sense…
• Possessed great charm, intelligence and was highly educated
Cleopatra VII
• Made sole ruler by Caesar–Bore his son, Ptolemy Caesarion–Egypt a “client state” of Rome
• After her reign, Egypt lost independence for 2,000 years
Cleopatra & the Peasant by Eugene de la Croix, 1838
Struggle for power follows Caesar’s death: Second Triumvirate
• Marc Antony – Caesar’s ally
• Octavian – Caesar’s nephew
• Lepidus – Caesar’s cavalry commander
Rome’s empire is divided
• Antony gets the East
• Allies with Cleopatra
• Octavian gets the West
• Obtains backing of the Senate
Marc Antony played by Richard Burton, 1963.
Greece: Naval Battle of Actium, 31 BC
• Antony & Cleopatra’s forces lose to Octavian
• Octavian becomes supreme ruler of Rome
• Civil wars end
Octavian(31 BC to 14 AD)
• Senate named him “Augustus”• Created a stable government
• Took personal control of Rome’s provinces
• Became first emperor
The prima porta statue of Augustus
First emperor of Rome(Julio-Claudian House)
6.9 ft., imitates
Alexander the Great
Vatican Museum
Model of Forum
Arch of Augustus model
Tomb of Augustus, Rome
VIII. The Julio-Claudian Dynasty(31 BC – 68 AD)
• Augustus (Octavian)• Tiberius (step-son)• Caligula • Claudius• Nero
Elements unifying the empire
• 207 year period of peace - Pax Romana
• Silver coinage - denarii
• Network of roads
• Trade network
House of Livia on Capitoline Hill
• Wife of Augustus
• Mural art of a Roman villa
Emperor Tiberiasruled 14 – 37 AD
• Roman ruler during the crucifixion of Jesus
Emperor Caligular. 37 – 41 AD
• Insane, or…
• Mad for power?
Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus aka Caligula
• Deified himself & his favorite sister Drusilla
• Made his horse a senator• Forced soldiers to collect sea-shells
as “spoils of the sea”• Reign was sensationalized• Murdered by Praetorians
Emperor Claudius
(r. 41 – 54 AD)
• Expanded empire to Britain
• Supposedly murdered by his wife
Agrippina the Younger, wife of Claudius &mother of Nero.
Emperor Nero
• Considered a “monster”, reportedly killed his own mother.
• Died by suicide
Emperor Nero (r. 54-68 AD)
• Accused of political murder of his relatives & the burning of Rome.
• Neglected the armies.• Extravagant (Golden House).• Appeared in plays & in
Olympic games.
Octagonal Room of Domus Aurea (Nero’s Palace)
Imperial succession
• Rulers who followed the Julio-Claudians often seized power, some were adopted by their predecessors.
• Many emperors were murdered by the Praetorian Guard.
VIII. Pompeii
• Located in southern Italy near the (dormant) volcano of Mt.Vesuvius
• Destroyed in 79 AD
Bay of Naples, Vesuvius in background
Pompeii city view
Pompeii: House of the Vetii (peristyle)
House of the Vetii peristyle & garden
Pompeii: household shrine
Mock Triclinium 2
See page 178 for banquet foods!
Banquet foods!
• Sows udders stuffed with sea urchins (appetizer)
• Door mice stuffed with pork & pine kernels (entre)
• Fricassee of roses (dessert)
Kitchen model, Pompeii
Pompeii laundry tubs
IX. Changes in the Roman family occurred w/empire
• Divorce introduced for both partners
• Women …– kept inherited wealth
– owned property
– testified in court
– Social equal to men (nearly)
Roman Matron 2nd Century
• Wealthy women commanded authority & respect
Sarcaphagus of a Roman Matron
Wednesday 10/20
• Finish the Section 4 WS
• Bring a disk tomorrow – computer lab assignment
X. Pax Romana (27 BC – 180 AD)
• 207 years of peace began w/ Augustus
• Continues with 5 good emperors…
1. Nerva 2. Trajan 3. Hadrian 4. Antoninus Pius 5.Marcus Aurelius
Emperor Trajan r.(98 – 117)
Trajan
• Known for public works programs and social welfare
• Expanded the empire to its greatest extent
Aqueduct called Pont du Gard, France
Pont du Gardside view
Emperor Hadrian (reigned 117 – 138)
Hadrian
• Known for his building projects throughout the empire
–Hadrian’s wall across the north of Britain
–The Pantheon–Hadrian’s villa near Rome
Hadrian’s wall in England
Roman Temple to all the gods… Pantheon
Pantheon: side view
Largest dome w/o exterior supports in the ancient world
Coffered shiny bronze panels line the ceiling
The oculus symbolized the “all-seeing eye of heaven”
Empress Sabinawife of Hadrian
Antinous
ROME: Hadrian’s Tomb,aka Castel Sant Angelo
Antoninus Pius was adopted as heir to the throne in 138
• Governed well & frugally
• Established programs to help his people
• Returned his “salary” to the government
Antoninus Pius
• r.(138 – 161)
Temple of Antoninus & Faustina
• Dedicated to the deified royal pair
Temple reconstruction model
• Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
• Dedicated to this emperor's love for his beautiful wife
Marcus Aureliusr.(161-180)
• Considered
excellent ruler,
but had a terrible
family
Marcus Aurelius
Column of Marcus Aurelius
• Rome
180 ADEnd of the good old days…
• Marcus Aurelius succeeded by his “insane” son, Commodus
• Period of good imperial rule ended
Commodus r. 180 - 192
• Dressed as
Hercules and performed as a gladiator
Strangled in his bath, aged 31
Early Empire was a time of prosperity.
• Trade and commerce linked the empire.
• Luxury goods arrived in Rome from as far away as China.
Ostia: Forum of the Corporations
Roman Glassware
Agriculture dominated the economy
• Large landed estates worked by slaves provided Rome with food.
• Food was imported from Egypt.
XI. Culture & Society in the Roman World: Law
• Law was based on standards that applied to all
–Twelve Tables–Codified–Evidence weighed carefully–Innocent until proven otherwise
Literature
• Vergil – Aenid (epic linking Troy with
Rome).
• Horace – satires• Livy – History of the Roman Empire
XI. Slavery
• Based on war captives• Badly treated
• Source dried up during Pax Romana–Revolts common after
100 AD
Roman women & slaves…
• Slavery allowed greater freedom and more of a social life for Roman women as the numbers of domestic slaves increased.
XI. Education
• Limited to wealthy boys
• Teachers were mainly Greek slaves
• Curriculum: reading, writing, morals, law, Latin & Greek, physical training
XII. Entertainment
• Elaborate public structures were built for amusement. It occupied Romans, & forestalled revolt
– Public Baths
– Colosseum
– Circus Maximus
Public Bathing
• Work out
• Bathe/ steam
• Massage
• Eat
• Socialize
Ye Olde Bath of Bath
Latrine seating
• Water flow
was constant
(flush toilets)
Latrines
Roman Colosseum
50,000 Spectators
• Begun by Vespasian after 70 AD
• Built on site of Nero’s lake & gardens
• Built w/plunder from Jewish wars
Exterior View from East
Roman Colosseum: interior view
Another Interior View (photo by Jaime Clark-Soles)
Gladiators were the super stars of Roman life…
Thumbs up
Gladiator and leopard from a Roman mosaic
The Emperor Commodus
as Hercules
• Son of the good emperor Marcus Aurelius
• Probably insane
Mosaic of fighting gladiators
Roman Ampitheater in Arles, France
Ruins of Circus Maximus, Rome
XIII. Art in Ancient Rome
• Realistic
–conveyed simple human dignity
–admired & copied Greek sculpture
• Created for paying patrons
Portrait 1st century AD
Emperor Elagabalus
• Imperial realism
• Teen emperor imported from Syria
• 3rd century AD
Architecture
• Greek models (columns, rectangles)
• Introduced curved lines (arch, vault and dome)
• Developed & used concrete
Temple of Fortuna Virilis: Greek inspiration
Temple of Hercules: curves
Colosseum: arches, curves, concrete
Pantheon: curves, columns and the dome
Art & Architecture
• Interiors of buildings were highly decorated–Landscapes
–Mythology
Pompeii villa bedroom
Cupid riding a crab
• Interior decoration from Pompeii
• House of the Vetii
House of Livia: Garlands of the triclinium
XIV. Religion in Rome’s Empire
• Focus on ritual (priests)–Paterfamilias made offerings to
Vesta (hearth)
• No spiritual, emotional, redemptive qualities
• Very tolerant of other religions but….
Portrait of a man dressed as a priest/paterfamilias
• Had complete authority over family members
VestaAedes Temple Reconstruction
Temple of Vesta
House of the Vestals:interior pools, looking South
The Vestal Virgins• 6 vestal virgins from old patrician families. Served 10 years
as novices, 10 performing the actual duties, 10 years teaching novices.
• Lived in a palatial building next to temple of Vesta at the forum. Main duty was to guard the sacred fire in the temple. Other duties included performing rituals and baking the sacred salt cake to be used at numerous ceremonies
• Punishment was harsh--if they let the flame go out, a whipping, for breaking their vow of chastity - walled up alive underground.
• Honor and privilege surrounding the vestal virgins was enormous. In fact any criminal who was condemned to death and saw a vestal virgin was automatically pardoned.
Cicero (first century BC)
• “Romans owe our supremacy over all other peoples to our piety and religious observances and to our wisdom in believing that the spirit of the gods rules and directs everything.”
Mythology
• Romans absorbed Greek gods into their own pantheon
• … continued to assimilate deities from conquered lands
Asian Mystery Religions
• Offered more personal involvement
• Focused on a moral code of conduct with a promise of an afterlife.
Mystery Religion #1: Cult of Cybele
–Asian goddess of Nature
–Cult focused on the annual death and resurrection of her consort, Attis
Mystery Religion #2 Cult of Bacchus
• God of wine and revelry
• Drunken rites were too frenzied; stories frightened the Senate
• Banned in 186 BC.
Mystery Religion #3 : Cult of Isis
Egyptian fertility goddess
–Focus on death, resurrection and immortality
Popular with women
–Initiation was expensive
–Banned at times
Isis
• Her worship symbolized resurrection
Mystery Religion #4 : Cult of Mithras (Persian)
• personified truth, light & eternal struggle against evil
• Rituals restricted to men–popular w/Roman soldiers
Mithras killing the Taurus bull
OSTIA: Mosaic dedicated to Felicissimuson the floor of the Mithreum
Some parallels between Mithraism & Christianity
• Celebration of the birth of Dec 25
• Cakes w/ cross were traditionally eaten at a cult meal (Communion)
• Idea of immortality
Christianity • Offered salvation, personal
relationship with God
• No expensive or painful initiation rites (Isis, Mithras)
• Fulfilled human need to belong
Official reaction to Christianity
• Christians refused to worship the state gods and the emperors
• Viewed as threat to the state
• Punishment was death and persecution
Christian appeal was widespread
• Promise of eternal life
• Embraced everyone
• Gave hope to the powerless
• Personal relationship w/ God
Why Christianity spread
• Good roads
• Latin & Greek languages
• Missionaries welcomed converts
• Loving God who promised eternal life gave hope
Apostles spread teachings of Jesus
• Peter– Missionary to Rome
– First pope
• Paul– Roman official, Christian enemy…
– Martyred by Nero in 64 w/ Peter
Conversion of St. Paul
• Caravaggio
• 1600-01
• Church of St. Maria del Popolo
St. Peter
• Crucified (like a slave)
• upside down as he felt unworthy
Triumph of Christianity was main cultural trend of the late Roman period
The TetrarchyEastern Empire Western Empire
• Diocletian
(Augustus)
• Galerius (Caesar)
• Maximian (Augustus)
• Constantius Chlorus (Caesar)
Diocletian divided Rome’s
empire in 285 AD
• Last to persecute Christians
• Restored prestige to the throne
Galerius,the Eastern Caesar
• Viciously attacked Christians in 303 AD
The Western Augustus, Maximian
Constantius ChlorusWestern Caesar
Edict of Milan in the year 313granted toleration to Christians
• Emperor Constantine
• Baptized on
his death-bed.
Emperor Constantine’s role
• Christians made up about 5% of the population or less…
• His conversion ensured the success of the new faith.
XV. WESTERN EMPIRE DECLINES Political Reasons…
• Civil war was a constant threat due to…
–Lack of clear succession laws–Resort to violent overthrows–No legal method for reform
Economic Reasons for the Decline.
• Slaves were abused, worked too hard, did not reproduce
• Less food was produced to feed the towns
• Barbarian invasions
Population dropped by 1/3!
• Birth rate declined
• Recurring plagues decimated the population. Cities declined
• Manpower shortages, & no technological advances
Few were willing to work hard for the public good!
• No unifying spirit:–Disinterest
–Demoralization
–Social stratification
Emperor Constantine reunited the empire
Constantine moved the capital
• 324 AD “New Rome” established…– Constantinople (modern Istanbul)
• Power shifted locations– from the West (Rome)…
– to East (Constantinople)
Constantinople on the Bosphorus
Christianity became thegreatest shaping
force in the development of western civilization.
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia, largest Christian Church
• Now a mosque in Istanbul
Theodosius the Great r.(378 – 395) made Christianity the official religion of the empire*
• Rome was under constant assault from invaders during his rule
Military Problems: VISIGOTHS
• Fled to Rome’s empire when Huns invaded Europe–Revolted due to poor treatment
• 378 Battle of Adrianople–Roman armies defeated
–Emperor Valens killed
Christian Rome attacked!
• 410 – Visigoths under Alaric sacked Rome– Shocked contemporaries– Ravenna now western capital
• 455 – Vandals crossed from North Africa & sacked Rome
Invasion Paths of Attila the Hun
Collapse in the West, 476
• German Commander Odoacer deposed the Western Emperor (Romulus Augustulus)
–Odoacer crowned “King of Rome” –Ended the Western Empire
Rome’s Contributions to Civilization
• Pax Romana Historical Writing
• Roman Law Science
• Architecture Language
• Literature
Conclusion: Eastern Empire
• Remained powerful political force for hundreds of years – Byzantine Empire
– Seat of Eastern Christianity
• Overtaken by the forces of Islam in 1453– Western Christendom would not help
TEST Rome Part II
• After the test…define all the terms on page 269 & place these with new notes on Byzantines
• READ Chapter 11 Section 1