Focus on some key individual or household level sample ... · Sarah King-Hele & Jo Wathan ESDS...
Transcript of Focus on some key individual or household level sample ... · Sarah King-Hele & Jo Wathan ESDS...
Introduction to British data for Research on Housing and the Local Environment
Sarah King-Hele & Jo Wathan ESDS Government
• Focus on some key individual or household level sample datasets gathered by government for policy making purposes – Introduce the data and its features &
uses – How to access data, resources and
support – Future developments
This section focuses on
• Continuous surveys • Census samples
• Other sources include;
– longitudinal studies – census tables – one off studies
Why should you want to know about the data?
Because the data are... • Very cost effective: data free of charge to
not for profit researchers • Saves time: no need to conduct survey • Access to high quality, well documented
data • Can provide nationally representative
data - allows generalisation to population • Allows historical and geographical
comparisons to be made • ESRC funded data support services
“Microdata”? Individual cases
are maintained – each record contains a wide range of characteristics
What are they like?
• Sample data
• Snapshot data (“cross-sectional”)
• Long-running series
• Large
• Flexible
Typically...
Government Surveys • Conducted by:
– Office for National Statistics (ONS)
– NatCen – or similar...
• Collected face to face – CAPI (and CASI)
• Household Surveys – Typically exclude communal
establishments – May include one, all or some
residents
• Often narrow but deep in coverage
Key data resources (1)
Housing • English Housing Survey (EHS)/Survey of
English Housing (SEH)/English Housing Condition Survey (EHCS)
• National Survey for Wales (NSW)/Living in Wales (LIW)
• Similar surveys for Scotland and Northern Ireland
• Living Costs and Food Survey: detailed information about many costs including housing
Key data resources (2)
The local environment • Citizenship Survey: opinions and feelings
about the community, satisfaction etc. • Place Survey: satisfaction with and
knowledge about local services etc. • British Crime Survey: views about the
local area, particularly about crime and anti-social behaviour
• Scottish Crime and Justice Survey • Some of the housing surveys also ask
about the local environment
From the table of Government surveys
Which datasets might be most suitable for:
• Following trends in market valuations of types of property in England 2002-2008?
• Examining materials used in housing in Scotland?
• Looking at desirable area characteristics within unitary authorities in England?
• Examining fear of crime in Scotland from 2004?
English Housing Survey • Started in 2008 and replaced:
– Survey of English Housing (1993-2008) – English House Condition Survey (1986, 1996
and 2002-2008) • Topics: Type of accommodation, housing
costs; dwelling type and age, floor area, heating and insulation etc
• Data collection: Initial interview, then follow-up inspection of house and desk-based market valuation of a sub-sample
• Two data sets: – Household: ~17,000 households – Housing Stock: ~16,000 dwellings, ~21,000
households • Geography: Government Office Regions
National Survey for Wales
• Pilot in 2009-2010 – Replaced the Living in Wales series (2004-
2008)
• Topics: include heating, insulation, tenure/area features, use and satisfaction with local services
• Interviews: Face-to-face interviews of randomly selected households in Wales
• Sample: – Approx 4,500 households and 6,400
individuals
• Geography: range including Welsh Assembly/Parliamentary Constituencies
Citizenship Survey
• Covers: England and Wales • Started in 2007-2008 but there was a Home
Office Citizenship Survey in 2001, 2003 and 2005 with a different design
• Topics: opinions about community, community cohesion, local facilities as well as about identity, race and religious prejudice etc.
• Sample: – 2009-2010: 16,140 people interviewed age 16 years+ – Including an ethnic boost of 5,582
• Geography: Government Office Region
Place Survey
• Covers: England • Run in 2008 only (cancelled due to cuts) • Topics: include: desirable area
characteristics, knowledge of and satisfaction with local services, safety, littering, anti-social behaviour etc.
• Sample: 518,772 adults over 18 • Geography: range including Unitary
Authorities and Metropolitan Counties
Not the only data!
• Other ESDS Government surveys contain basic or spasmodic data on this theme. – ONS Opinions (formerly Omnibus)
• e.g. access to shops (1993) • second homes (1990-1998, 2008)
– Young People’s Social Attitudes Survey (1994, 1998 and 2003) • Young people aged 12-19 • Attitudes towards local area
– British Social Attitudes (1983-) – e.g. attitudes to housing development,
vandalism in the area, social renting etc – And many more…
As well as...
• International data – European Quality of Life Survey
• Qualitative data – Ethnic Relations on West Midland Housing
Estates, 1983-1984
• and longitudinal data (of which more later)
Also Census microdata
• Cross sectional data called Samples of Anonymised Records – much larger samples – local authority in accessible data
• Random samples of data from the census output database
• Lot of work done to make the data OK to release without risk of disclosure
Census of population
• Self completion • Collected every 10 years • Slower to release • Microdata for 2011 is expected • Content is broad not deep
I-spy census contents • Have central heating? • Household access to car • Health problems suffering from • Location 1 year ago • Who is resident? • Individual Employment • Highest qualifications • Ethnicity • Religion • Passports held • Income
Trading off detail: 2001 files
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safe data
Trading off detail: 2001 files
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lots none
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socio-economic detail
Trading off detail
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socio-economic detail
Trading off detail
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lots none
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socio-economic detail
approved researcher
Trading off detail
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lots none
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socio-economic detail
Trading off detail
lots
lots none
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socio-economic detail
safe setting
2001: Which file? What do you want?
Area tables
Samples of Anonymised Records Longi-tudinal Studies Individ-
ual licenced EUL
Small Area Micro-data
Special licence household SAR
Individ-ual CAM
House- hold CAM
Do you want smaller than local authority geography?
- -
Local authority
Individual flexibility
Individual detail Less V.G Good V.G Excel-lent
Excel-lent
Excel-lent
Household members linked to each other
Ability to follow individual over time
What you can do with the data – practical uses and examples
• Look at change over time • Look at the relationship between housing/local
environment and other demographic variables • Use the flexibility of the data to look at alternative
definitions
• where geography is available you can produce maps
Graph: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/03/23153136/4
Using successive cross-sectional data over
time
Pros… • Reasonable amount of
comparability • Data is representative
at each time point • Good at looking at
impacts on groups (not individuals)
• Can you pool years/quarters to look at periods?
Cons… • Limits to continuity in
the data (e.g. ethnicity, Occupational classifications)
• Cannot establish individual change
Look at the relationship between housing/local environment and other
demographic variables
• Can answer questions like: Are people with lower levels of
education more likely to live in over-crowded housing?
Or, does over-crowding vary depending on: – the age of the head of the household? – whether people own their property or not? – whether the head of household is a single parent
or not? – whether they live in an urban or rural area? – which part of the UK they live in?
What is rent paid? • Household or individual level? • Is it just rent paid? Or does it include services/charges? • Before or after housing benefit? • Rent usually paid, or actually paid last month? • In usual residence or are there other locations? • What about non paying household members -
equivalise? • What about rent-free accomodation? • What about those who own accomodation – omit, count
as zero or do something else?
Using the flexibility of the data to look at alternative definitions
Mapping SAR data
Percentage of residents who are working males 21-65 with a professional qualification
Source: Small Area Microdata (2001)
Limitations
• Cannot follow individuals over time • The information you want to answer a
research question may not be available • Small geography not available on End User
Licence survey files – Region lowest level on most data – Some lower level geography in Special Licence
files – there is however a SAR file – Small area
microdata
• Not public data – Must register with ESDS/Census.ac.uk
SARs not the only census microdata
• Longitudinal studies follow individuals across censuses
• There are now 3 longitudinal studies – ONS Longitudinal Study (E&W) c. 1% – Scottish Longitudinal Study c. 5% – Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study c. 28%
• Links to all 3 from www.census.ac.uk
source: http://celsius.census.ac.uk/what.html
The ONS Longitudinal Study
• Initial sample drawn from 1971 Census. • Selected if birthday falls on one of four days in each year (‘LS
birth dates’). • Approximately 1% sample of population of England and Wales
extracted. • Data for the whole household available for each sample
member. • Maintained through addition of immigrations and new births with
LS birth dates. • Individuals linked from one census to another • Data from censuses and vital registration systems. • Losses to sample through deaths and out-migrations (though all
records are retained in the database).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011
Census
Birth of
Child
Birth of
Twins Census Death of Spouse Census Cancer Death
Person Included from 1971 Census
Census
source: http://celsius.census.ac.uk/what.html
Accessing
• Access • Resources • Practical
Accessing Data through the ESDS/Census programme
• All users can access study descriptions, online documentation, including questionnaires, free of charge without registering with ESDS
• In order to access the datasets you need to register with ESDS – Register online using your UK Federation username and
password – Simple online form, takes about 10 minutes – You need to register a usage of the data as part of this
process – Non-commercial users: free of charge – Commercial users: £500 Charge for per study and will need
to apply for a UK Federation username and password for surveys
– Commercial users SARs: contact ccsr.ac.uk/sars – You need to agree to the End User Licence when you register
What data is available for my topic?
• Theme materials – ESDS Government theme guide – ESDS theme pages
• ESDS Data Catalogue
• Survey Question Bank (Survey Resources
Network) • http://surveynet.ac.uk/sqb/ • http://surveynet.ac.uk/srn/introduction.asp
Finding out about the data
Unless... • you can track your variable back to the
question(s) asked on the questionnaire, • know who the questions were asked of • and what was done with the raw data to
turn it into the final data • and what you must do to be able to use it
• You don’t understand the data
!
Documentation
• Questionnaires • Codebooks • Information about derived variables • Technical information on sampling,
weighting etc. • next few pages need to be changed to an
appropriate survey
Links
• ESDS • http://www.esds.ac.uk/government/ehs/datasets/
Help and Support
• ESDS Government – www.esds.ac.uk/government – [email protected]
• SARs • http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/sars • http://www.census.ac.uk • [email protected]