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VEGFFATTON PATTERNS IN THE TROPICAL SEMI-EVERGREEN
FOREST AT SAKAERAT, NAKEION RATCHASINA
1!1 uj:;viiff:3ii
SARAYUDIJ BUNYAVEJCHEWI•N
f'o 4 .00
i7 1i f11 iiiih1
It LFfl n•vm4M 10900
2S3i SILVICULTURAL RESEARCH DIVISION, ROYAL FOREST DEPARTMENT
(1 'I CHATUCHAK, BANGKOK 10900
m. 0. 2537
•
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; , Forest Dcpavtmeit Librt'y
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VEGETATION PATTERNS IN THE TROPICAL SEMI-EVERGREEN
FOREST AT SAKAERAT, NAKIION RATCHASINA
ifr#fi1 P11 I, msa-lp -xA lu
SARAYUDH BUNYAVEJCIllMIN
f'o 1!00
nIj n-2flh'U:i
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SILVICULTURAL RESEARCH DIVISION, ROYAL FORESTDEPARTMET1
CHAT(JCHAK, BANGKOK 10900
2537
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VEGETATION PATTERNS IN THE TROPICAL SEMI-EVERGREEN
FOREST AT SAKAERAT, NAKEJON RATCHASINA
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9 14
SARAYLJDH BUNYAVEJCHFMIN
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SILVIULTURAL RESEAWH DIVISION, ROYAL FORESTDEPARMEff
CHATUCHAK, BANGKOK 10900
Twelve stands of the tropical semi-evergreen forest at
Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Nakhon Ratchasima province, NE
Thailand were studied for structure and to determine the relationship of
stand to environmental factors.
The tropical semi-evergreen forest can be divided into two
dominance-types ; Hopea ferrea type and Shorea henryana type. Basal area
and density of all stems (Dbh> 10 cm.) were slightly different between two
types ( 30 m2/ha and 562 trees/ha in Hoja ferrea type and 27 1n2/ha and
514 trees/ha in Shorea henryana type).
Size-class analysis indicated similar structure of two
dominance-types. Both were well described by a negative power curve and
negative exponential distribution. Size-class distributions of
individual species exhibited variable patterns. Regression analysis
revealed that there appeared the positive relationship between basal
area per hectare with magnesium, available moisture capacity, phosphorus
and bulk density. On the other hand silt + clay, soil pH and slope
produced the negative relationships with stand basal area.
-2 —,
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•mn 12 fb cluster analysis AZI 44
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.L1Z'J L ThJ1 (Shorea henryana type) I
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61 fl1t nI S ]LL1J1J 1 1 1LL.fl1JiJ
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flCUMAM11 (bulk density) core method XZ4 0
Ui@U 0
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Ei texture Ifl?j hydrometer method iiinin
(pH) zji:ifl %U@~111~-~U 1:1 LL i pH meter il1i 19
WakIey and Black rapid t itrat ion method exchangeable K t Na 5'/fl
flame photometer exchangeable Ca Lt Mg 1' atomicIflul"Y
absorption spectrophotometer iThnn available P Bray's II f
cation exchange capacity ammonium acetate pH 7 i13:4,ljlm available
moisture capacity 15 bars
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9 Si
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44Bun.yaveichewin (1986) n1L1i'1 cluster analysis LL1J'
izkLfrfl?f @@nAu 2 91fl3i flEl 9Ifl3mQw,.Lfluumu (•Hop9a ferrea type) L•flJfrL (Shorea henryana type)
51fl3iflwa,
V
1. Lftrt L .L J11 L IUW~13J LflL 3J L JJtEJ 19
(Shorea henryana Pierre) fl1Jfl (Irvingia malayana 011'v. ex A. Benn . ) 1ifl
1 V
•LIill-flfl (Largerstroemia duprreana Pierre) 1 (Eugenia sp.) LLL .G q, V
(Dialium cochinchinense Pierre) (secondary dominance) ICU w
niwnrn 400-560 3j, •L11N111w:L •3j
V*j
iimnn 1zN?f1ulh sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam i clay le
loam L9~N (dbh>10 ) 30.01 3J.?-/ L rInUOTI V I i
LLNI., 562 /:LflL J13J 28-35 J.
q1 •
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1 d ThrW1LiIJ I, L 1i t, . i i 30-38
J. •3Tht11 (•dbh>10 . . ) 26.88 J. AfInL011 LL1J1LLWL (d.bh>10 1.3j.)
V9i V V Q1 4 i •
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•4/ 6 ,
11nflh1 Lzfli1lLnfl fl1 flJ L L1 fl Jfl L fl1
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3. ecotone LLL L1]LVWLkflJ ' fl1i'J1flL
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(Table 2) izjiz
fliL1flflI' LJ1L9/
L: nJ1l L1f1]flfl
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- 5 -
Table 1. Basal area (X + SD) of various forest type in Thailand
Basal area •(m2/ha)
Forest type dbh>10 cm
1. Dry dipterocarp forest (Bunyaveichewin, 1983a)
Shorea siamensis type 20.32 -I- 7.48
Shorea obtusa type 16.74 + 5.55
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius-shorea obtusa type 23.51 ± 7.96
Dipterocarpus tu1xrcu1atus-Shorea obtusa type 23.88 + 8.09
Pine-dipterocarp type 24.39 + 5.24
2. Tropical dry deciduous forest (Bunyavejchewin,
1983b)
Tectona grandis type 38.38 ± 10.53
Lagerstroemia calyculata type 33.12 + 14.30
3. Dry evergreen forest in Nain Prom basin (Sahunalu
et al., 1979) 27.5 .4. Tropical rain forest at •Khao So (ParRtoop, 1980)
valley site 25.0
hill side 32.0
ridge 41.0
5. Coniferous forest at Phu Kradund (Bunyaveichewin,
1979) 13.21
!/
- 6
Table 2. Number of trees in each size-class of the dominance-types of the
tropical semi-evergreen forest . Number within parentheses give
the percentage within each size-class (dbh>10 cm)
dbh Hopera ferrea type Shorea henryana type
(cm ) (trees/ha) (trees/ha)
4.7- 10 592 775
10-• 20 350(62.28) 365(71.01)
20- 30 114(20.28) 83(16. 15)
30- 40 46(8.18) 25(4.86)
40- 50 28(4.98) 15(2.92)
50- 60 12(2.14) 6(1.17)
60-70 4(0.71) 8(1.56)
70- 80 1(0.18) 5(0.97) 80- 90
5(0.89) 20.39
90-100 1(0.18) 1(0.19) 100-110
- 2(0.39)
110-120 - - 120-130 - - 130-140 - 1(0.19)
140-50 - 1(0.19)
150-160 - - 160-170 - - 170-180 1(0.18) -
total (dbh> 10 cm) 562 .514
total (d.bh>4.5 cm) 19,154 19289
- 7 -
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(Leak, 1965; Miii ler, 1982)
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Robertson
et. al (1978) negative power curve U11fl
flIlh-wiu- 19 1W
ICU IQ.
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(Fig. 2) ( 1) negative power curve L ? 01 l (2) negative
exponential curve L1 flLflflZfl (Hydnocarpus ilicifolius King) ici 0 V 2i'42,':4 c
(Waisura trichosternon Miq. ) ( 3) iniminrn Un1J1nl Lan -.mnit(utuifl
Jczi mul4 0 V
1LW3jIPt aflal I.?11 L flV3JflU@I flE311' (Quercus
0
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41 9, I
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duperreana Pierre)
n1,1 .
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Table •3. Mean standard deviation, and ranges (numbers within parentheses) for soil properties
(0-15 cm depth) and topographic features of the three groups in the tropical semi - evergreen forest
Soil properties and topographic features Hopea ferrea type Shorea henryana type ecotone
bulk density (gm/cc) 1.16 ± 0.06 1.04 ± 0.08 1.01 ± 0.04
(1. 1.1 - 1.25) (0.92 - 1.12) (0.98 - 1.04)
silt+clay (%) 56.40 6.25 54.60 11.12 64.50 0.71
(48.5 - 63.5) 08.5 - 64.0) (64.0 - GS)
pH 4.51 ± 0.78 3.69 ± 0.57 3.25 ± 0
(3.85 - 5.80) (3.00 - 4.20) (3.25)
cation exchange capacity .(meq/100 gm) 7.02 + 1.83 .8.49 + 2.02 6.36 ± 0.65
(4.25 - 8.45) (6.20 - 11.15) (5.90 - !6).82
organic matter (%) 3.19 ± .0.90 3.71 ± 1.55 3.14 ± 0.31
(1.74 - 3.96) (2.61 - 6.41) (2.92 - 3.)36 available phosphorus (ppm) 5.3 1.04 4.70 + 1.99 3.0 ± 0
(4.0 - 6.5) (2.0 - 7.5) (3.0)
exchangeable cation (ppm) potassium
89.50 ± 14.01 108.30 28.55 147.75 + 47.73 (68.5 - 106.5) (90.0 - 157) (114.0 - 1)81.5
calcium 114.20 ± 56.72 287.70 ± 179.47 132.0 ± 31.11
(61.0 - 201.0) (124.0 - 568.5) (110.0 - 15)4.0 magnesium 148.80 ± 55.47 209.50 101.16 122.15 ± .50.56
(88.5 - 210.0) (149.0 - 387.5) (86.5 - 158).0
sodium 16.6 ± 5.803 17.20 ± 3.78 14.25 ± 1.06
ho.o - 24.0) (13.0 - 23.0) • (13.5 - 15.0) available moisture capacity (%) 11.85 ± 1.14 8.71 ± 1.87 6.76 4- 1.13
(0.31 - 13.26) (7.58 - 11.89) (5.96 - 7.56)
elevation (m) 446 ± 20.74 534 ± 63.87 560 ± 0
(410 - 460). (460 - 610) (560 - slope (%) . (0 - 15) (5 - 35) (0)
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n4 2523. ThJYTh. 1 %jr:bi _1j1zJ L n1Lwz9r5, fl VYVW1. 88 ln.
Black, C.A. 1968. Soil-plant relations. John Wiley and Sons, New York,
U.S.A.
Bunyaveichewin, S. 1979. Phytosociological structure and soil properties
in Nam Pong Basin. M.S. Thesis. Kasetsart Univ. Bangkok. 123 p.
Bunyavejchewin, S. 1983a. Canopy structure of the dry dipterocarp forest
of Thailand. Thai For. Bull. 14:1-93.
Bun.yavej chew in, S. 1983b. Analysis of the tropical dry deciduous forest
of Thailand, I. Characteristics of the dominance-type. Nat.
lust. Bull. Slain Soc. 31(2),.109-122.
Bunyavei chew in, S. 1986. Ecological studies in the tropical
semi-evergreen rain forest at Sakaerat, Nakhon Rachasima,
northeast Thailand, I. Vegetation patterns. Nat. Hist. Bull.
Siam Soc. 34 (1):35-57.
Leak, W.B. 1965. The J-.shaped probability distribution. Forest
Science 11:405-409.
Muller, R.N. 1982. Vegetation patterns in the mixed mesoph.ytic forest
of eastern Kentucky. Ecoloy 63:1901-1917.
Robertson, P.A., G.T. Weaver, and J.A. Cavanaugh. 1978. Vegetation and
tree species patterns near the northern terminus of the
southern floodplain forest. Ecol. Monogr. 48:249-267.