Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]

7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]

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FLOWERING PLANTS

ANGIOSPERMS


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Flowers

reproductive shoot composed of

whorls of modified leaves inserted

in a modified stem (peduncle)


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Floral Parts

A flower contains four sets of parts

arranged in whorls on the

receptaclethe swollen tip of thepeduncle

Accessory parts

1. Sepal (calyx)

-protects the inner part offlower

-prevents dessication

2. petal (corolla)

-most noticeable portion

-different colors

Perianthcalyx and corolla


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Essential Parts:

1. Stamen (androecium)

-male gametophyte

a. pollen containing

chamber (microsporangium)b. anther

c. filament

2. Carpel (gynoecium)

-female reproductive leaf

and ovule bearing structure of a flowera. ovary

-swollen basal part

b. stigma

c. style (tube like structure)

Bract-floral leaf formed at the base of the flower

or lower stalk.

-small

-protect flower bud

-involucre


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Modified

stem:

-receptacle-

end of

peduncle(floral stalk)

-pedicel


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Petal-

Petals are used to attract insects into the flower, they may

have guidelines on them and be scented.

Stigma-

Is covered in a sticky substance that the pollen grains will

adhere to.

Style-

The style raises the stigma away from the Ovary to decrease

the likelihood of pollen contamination. It varies in length.


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Ovary-

This protects the ovule and once fertilization has taken

place it will become the fruit.

Ovule-

The Ovule is like the egg in animals and once fertilization

has taken place will become the seed.

Receptacle-

This is the flower's attachment to the stalk and in some

cases becomes part of the fruit after fertilization e.g.

strawberry.


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Flower stalk-

Gives support to the flower and elevates the flower for the

insects.

Nectary-

This is where a sugary solution called nectar is held to attract

insects.

Sepal-

Sepals protect the flower whilst the flower is developing from

a bud.


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Filament-

This is the stalk of the Anther.

Anther-

The Anthers contain pollen sacs.

The sacs release pollen on to the outside of the anthers that

brush against insects on entering the flowers.

Once the pollen is deposited on the insect..it is transferredto the stigma of another flower.

The ovule is then able to be fertilized.


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.

Male Parts Female PartsStamen

Anther

Filament

Pistil Ovary

Stigma Ovule

Style


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.

2 Types of flowers: Perfect vs. Imperfect

Imperfect-a flower that has either all male parts or all female parts

Perfect- a flower that has both male and female parts in the same flower

EX: cucumbers, pumpkin, and melons

EX: roses, lilies, and dandelions


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Monocots Dicots


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PISTIL(consisting

of one or

more

carpels)

Style

Stigma

Female floral parts Male floral parts

Pollen grain

(each will

produce

two spermcells)

STAMENFilament

Anther

Ovules(each producing

one egg cell)

Petal

Sepal

Peduncle

Receptacle

Ovary

(b) Cutaway view of an Arabidopsis flower. Each flower has four sepals

(two are shown), four petals (two are shown), six stamens, and one

pistil.Fig. 9-1b, p. 177

Flower Structure


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Inflorescences


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(a) Head

Common Sunflower

(Helianthus annuus)


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Water pennywort

(Hydrocotyle ranunculoides)

(b) Umbel


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Fireweed

(Epilobium angustifolium)

(c) Raceme


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Elephant-heads

(Pedicularis groenlandica)

(d) Spike


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(e) Panicle

False spike-nard

(Smilacina racemosa)

Fig. 9-2e, p. 178


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Common tansy

(Tanacetum vulgare)

(f) Corymb


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4 Parts of a Flower


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4 Parts of a Flower


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(c) A twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla) flower has

eight stamens. Note the rounded green ovary in

the center of the flower.

Pistil

Stamen

Fig. 9-3c, p. 179


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Simple and Compound Pistils


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Simple and Compound Pistils


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POLLINATION ANDFERTILIZATION


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FERTILIZATION

Fusion of male and female gametes

After fertilization, flowering plants produce seeds

inside fruits

A h


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Anther

Pollen

grains

Pollination

occurs.Generative cell

Tube cell

Style

Ovary

Ovule

(containing

female

gametophyte)

Integuments

Pollengrain Two polar

nuclei

Meiosis

and mitosis

Megaspore

mother cell

Female

gametophyte

Egg Tube nucleus

Two sperm cells

move down pollen

tube and enter ovule.

Double fertilization

occurs.

Zygote

Sperm

cells

Three nuclei

fuse to form

endosperm

Pollen tube

grows through

style to ovule

in ovary.

Pollen tube

Stigma

1

2

3

4

Fig. 9-10, p. 184


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General characteristics offlowers pollinated indifferent ways (by insects,birds, bats, and wind)


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Flowers Pollinated by Insects

Often yellow or blue

have a scent


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Nectar Guides


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Bird-Pollinated Flowers

Often yellow, orange, or red

do not have a strong scent


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Bat-Pollinated Flowers

Often have dusky white petals are scented


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Wind Pollination

Wind-pollinated flowers

often have smaller petals or lack petals

do not produce a scent or nectar

make copious amounts of pollen grains


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Define coevolution

Give examples of ways in which plants and

their animal pollinators have affected one

anothers evolution


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Coevolution 1

Occurs when two different organisms

(flowering plants and their animal pollinators)

form such an interdependent relationship that

they affect the course of each others

evolution


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Coevolution 2

While plants were coevolving specialized

features (petals, scent, nectar) to attract

pollinators, animal pollinators coevolved

specialized body parts and behaviors that

enabled them to aid pollination and obtain

nectar and pollen grains as a reward


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Coevolution 3

Coevolution is responsible for long, curved

beaks of honeycreepers, which insert their

beaks into tubular flowers to obtain nectar

Long, tubular corollas of flowers that

honeycreepers visit also developed through

coevolution


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Coevolution


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List and define the main parts of a seed


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ENDOSPERM

Nutritive tissue formed at some point in

development of all flowering plant seeds

COTYLEDON

Seed leaf of a plant embryo that often contains

food stored for germination


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Seeds

A mature seed contains a young plant embryo

and nutritive tissue (endosperm or

cotyledons) for use during germination

Seed is covered by a protective seed coat


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Embryo

Mature flowering plant embryo consists of

hypocotyl

1 or 2 cotyledons

plumule (epicotyl) radicle


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Bean Seed


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Distinguish among simple, aggregate,

multiple, and accessory fruits

Give examples of each type

Cite several different methods of seed and

fruit dispersal


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FRUIT

In flowering plants, a mature, ripened ovary thatoften provides protection and dispersal for

enclosed seeds SIMPLE FRUIT

Fruit that develops from one or several united

carpels

Some simple fruits are fleshy at maturity, others

are dry

Simple Fleshy Fruits


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Simple, Fleshy Fruits

Simple, fleshy fruits

Berries (grapes) and drupes (peaches)


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Simple Fruits

Simple, dry fruits (split open at maturity)

Follicles (milkweed pods), legumes (bean pods),

and capsules (poppy fruits)

Simple, dry fruits (dont split at maturity)

Caryopses (wheat grains), achenes (sunflower

fruits), and nuts (acorns)


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Simple, Dry Fruits

That split open


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Simple, Dry Fruits

That do notsplit open

Caryopsis corn


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(a) The corn (Zea mays) fruit is a caryopsis,

or grain. In grains, the fruit wall is fused to

the seed coat.

Radicle

Fruit wall fusedto seed coat

Plumule

Cotyledon

Endosperm

Fig. 9-15a, p. 190

Nut acorn Plumule


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Nut acorn

(b) An oak (Quercus) acorn is a nut. A nut

has a hard fruit wall that surrounds a single

seed.

Cup of fusedbracts

Fruit wall

Seed coat

Cotyledons

Radicle

Fig. 9-15b, p. 190

Achene sunflower


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Achene sunflower

Fruit wall

Seed coat

Cotyledon

Radicle

Attachment of

seed to fruit wall

(c) A sunflower (Helianthus annuus) fruit is an achene.

Its seed coat is attached to the fruit wall at one spot only,

and it is possible to peel off the fruit wall, to separate it

from the seed. Fig. 9-15c, p. 190


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AGGREGATE FRUIT

Fruit that develops from a single flower with many

separate ovaries

Several separate carpels fuse, or grow together Example: raspberry


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Ovaries of separate carpels

PetalSepal

Remnants of stamens

Receptacle

Ovaries (in a)

become tiny drupes (in b)

Remnants of stigmas

and styles

Stamens

Stigmas and styles

Fig. 9-16ab, p. 190


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Fig. 9-16c, p. 190


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MULTIPLE FRUIT

Fruit that develops from many ovaries of many

flowers growing in proximity on a common axis Carpels of closely associated flowers fuse, or grow

together Example: pineapple


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Multiple Fruit


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Multiple

fruit

Inflorescence(a cluster of

flowers on

a common

floral stalk)

Single

female

flower

Fig. 9-17b, p. 191


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ACCESSORY FRUIT

Fruit whose fleshy part is composed primarily of

tissue other than the ovary

Example: strawberries


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Accessory Fruit


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SepalOvule (in a)

becomes seed (in b)

Floral tube

Ovary

Style

Stamens

Stigma

Petal

Sepals

Fig. 9-18, p. 191

F i T


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Fruit Types


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Seed

Berry (simple fruit)

A simple, fleshy fruit in which the

fruit wall is soft throughout.

Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum)

Fig. 9-12a, p. 187


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Single seed inside

stone

Drupe (simple fruit)

A simple, fleshy fruit in which

the inner wall of the fruit

is a hard stone.

Peach (Prunus persica)

Fig. 9-12b, p. 187


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Seed

Follicle (simple fruit)

A simple, dry fruit that splits open

along one suture to release its

seeds; fruit is formed from ovary

that consists of a single carpel.

Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)

Fig. 9-12c, p. 187


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Seed

Legume (simple fruit)

A simple, dry fruit that splits

open along two sutures to

release its seeds; fruit is formed

from ovary that consists of a

single carpel.

Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Fig. 9-12d, p. 187


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Split-open

suture

Seed

Capsule (simple fruit)

A simple, dry fruit that splits

open along two or more suturesor pores to release its seeds;

fruit is formed from ovary that

consists of two or more carpels.

Iris (Iris)

Fig. 9-12e, p. 187


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Fused fruitwall and

seed

coat

Single

seed

Caryopsis (simple fruit)

A simple, dry fruit in

which the fruit wall is

fused to the seed coat.

Wheat (Triticum)

Fig. 9-12f, p. 187


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Single

seed

Seed

coat

Achene (simple fruit)

A simple, dry fruit in which the

fruit wall is separate from the

seed coat.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Fig. 9-12g, p. 187


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Woody

fruit

wall

Single

seed

Scale-covered

cup

Nut (simple fruit)

A simple, dry fruit that has a

stony wall, is usually large, and

does not split open at maturity.

Oak (Quercus)

Fig. 9-12h, p. 187


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Seed

Aggregate fruit

A fruit that develops from a

single flower with several to

many pistils (i.e., carpels arenot fused into a single pistil).

Blackberry (Rubus)

Fig. 9-12i, p. 187


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Seed

Mulberry (Morus)

Multiple fruit

A fruit that develops from theovaries of a group of flowers.

Fig. 9-12j, p. 187


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Enlarged

floral tube

Ovary

wall Seed

Apple (Malus sylvestris)

Accessory fruit

A fruit composed primarilyof nonovarian tissue (such as

the receptacle or floral tube).

Fig. 9-12k, p. 187

i l


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Dispersal

Seeds and fruits of flowering plants are

adapted for various means of dispersal

wind

animals

water

explosive dehiscence

S d d F i Di l


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Seed and Fruit Dispersal

E l i D hi


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Explosive Dehiscence


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(a) The fruits of maple (Acer) have wings for

wind dispersal.

Seed Wing

Fig. 9-19a, p. 192

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7


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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7

Summarize the influence of environmental

factors on the germination of seeds

S d G i ti


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Seed Germination

External environmental factors

requirements for oxygen, water, temperature, and

light

Internal factors

maturity of the embryo

presence or absence of chemical inhibitors

I bibiti


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Imbibition

E di t G i ti d G th


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Eudicot Germination and Growth


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Cotyledons

Hook Shriveled

cotyledon

Fig. 9-22, p. 194

M t G i ti d G th


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Monocot Germination and Growth


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First foliage

leaf

Coleoptile

Adventitious

roots

Primary

root

Coleoptile

Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]

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