FLOWERS AND THEIR PARTS · The Washington lily (Lilium washingtonianum) is another example of a...
Transcript of FLOWERS AND THEIR PARTS · The Washington lily (Lilium washingtonianum) is another example of a...
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FLOWERS AND THEIR PARTS
FLOWERS ARE SHAPED AND DESIGNED TO ATTRACT POLLINATORS. ALL THE COLORS,
THE NECTAR REWARDS, THE ARRANGEMENTS, AND NUMBER OF PARTS RELATE TO THIS ALL-IMPORTANT PURPOSE
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The typical flower consists of four parts, as follows:
• Sepals are the outermost layer and protect the flower in bud
• Petals are the next row in and are colorful to attract pollinators
• Stamens come next; they are the male part of the flower and produce pollen for pollination
• The pistil or female part is in the center of the flower. The pistil receives pollen and also contains the future seeds
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This cut-away view of the field mustard (Brassica rapa) shows green sepals and yellow petals.
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Sepals are usually green. Collectively, they’re known as the calyx. Here you see the sepals of a trillium. Notice
the white petals just inside
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Another example of green sepals is shown here in this polemonium flower; inside are the purple petals
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In poppy flowers like this Eschscholzia californica, the sepals form a cap that pops off when the flower opens
as you see in the next image
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In a flower like the Muilla maritima, the sepals and petals have the same color and are only told apart by
position. In this case, they’re referred to as tepals
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The Washington lily (Lilium washingtonianum) is another example of a flower with tepals. This
phenomenon is common in the lilies and their relatives
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Some flowers like those of the anemones have lost their petals altogether and the sepals substitute in their
place by being brightly colored.
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The petals normally provide color and shape to the flower. Collectively, they’re called the corolla. In this
columbine flower, the petals are spurred.
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In these manzanita flowers, the petals are partly fused and urn shaped.
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Mustard flowers have widely spreading, bright yellow petals that attract myriad pollinators
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In dogwood flowers (Cornus) the individual flowers are small with green petals but there are modified leaves
called bracts that do the attracting of pollinators
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Cucurbita petals are partly fused to form an open funnel.
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Orchids like this Cymbidium have the lower petal modified into a lip with clear-cut nectar guides for
pollinators.
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In the typical spurge (Euphorbia) flower, the white “petals” are actutally nectar glands that surround a
cluster of minute flowers
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In geraniums, the petals have stripes and blotches that act as nectar guides to visiting bees.
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In sunflowers (Helianthus) and other members of the vast Asteraceae, what seem apparently like petals are
actually specialized flowers called ray flowers
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In the genus Iris, the prominent sepals have the nectar guides, while the petals stand erect between the sepals
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This meadowfoam flower (Limnanthes douglasii) has petals with a yellow bullseye that also serves as a
nectar guide
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The papillionaceous flowers of this harlequin lupine (Lupinus stiversii) show petals of different colors and
shapes
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Although most flowers have a fixed number of petals, members of the cactus family like this Opuntia basilaris
feature multiple petals in a spiral arrangement
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The minute flowers of oaks (Quercus spp.) are unisexual and wind pollinated. This female flower has
no petals.
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The same is true for cattail (Typha) flowers. The left side shows numerous male flowers; the right tiny
female flowers. Neither have petals
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The California fuchsia (Epilobium canum) has its colored sepals and petals attached to a long tube called the
hypanthium. Many flowers lack hypanthiums.
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The two fertile parts of the flower are the stamens and the pistils. Stamens consist of
• A stalk called the filament that positions the pollen sacs at the end in the right place for the visiting pollinators
• These pollen sacs comprise the anther, inside of which millions of microscopic pollen grains develop
• Pollen grains are what need to be transported to another flower during polliination
• Anthers have to open before the pollen is available for transfer
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The stamens of this flower consist of red filaments and yellow anthers
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In this flower, the stamens form a pair with the two anthers nearly touching while the filaments are curved
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Anemone flowers feature numerous stamens arranged like a wreath around the central green pistils
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In snapdragon flowers, the petals are pressed tightly together and to reach a nectar reward and the
stamens, a strong bumblebee has to force its way in
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In this manzanita flower, a tiny pollinator has to enter at the hole in the top. The brown anthers have terminal
pores from which the pollen is buzzed out
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In milkweed flowers, the stamens form yellow hoods containing nectar while the anthers are hidden inside
the center structure
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In mustard flowers, the stamens are of two lengths to take advantage of differently sized pollinators passing
by
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In the hazelnut, the petal-less male flowers are in catkins. When open, the stamens protrude in order to
dust pollen into the wind
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In fuchsia flowers, the stamens protrude beyond the petals to touch the heads of hovering hummingbirds
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The tiny disc flowers of the Asteraceae, here those of a sunflower, form cones above the petals, topped by the
two curled stigmas
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In most members of the Malvaceae (mallow family), numerous anthers top the tubular, fused filaments
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In the Washington lily (Lilium washingtonianum), the anthers swivel around their attachment to the
filaments
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In these petal-less, wind-pollinated grass flowers, the stamens protrude to catch the wind
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The female part of the flower—the pistil—sits in the center of the flower
• The pistil consists of three parts—
• The ovary at the base contains the future seeds or ovules
• The stalk above the ovary—the style—positions the tip of the pistil in the right place for pollinators
• The stigma at the end of the style, an enlarged knob or arms, traps pollen from passing pollinators
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Muilla maritima features a compound pistil with a green ovary, pale purple style, and 3-lobed stigma
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The pistil of a cactus flower has an inferior ovary, a single style, and a several-lobed stigma
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Here you see several separate green pistils in the middle of this anemone flower. Most flowers have a
single compound pistil
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In the arum family Araceae, the pistils are found on petal-less female flowers. Here the several female
flowers are enveloped in a large petal-like bract
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In this Crassula flower, there are five separate, simple pistils in the center
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On squash blossoms, the ovary part of the flower is below the other flower parts. Ovary position is
important in defining families. Here, the ovary is inferior
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In this image, you see the whole pistil of a squash with a green ovary, white style, and yellow stigmas
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The pistil on this spurge flower is elevated on a stalk with a 3-lobed green ovary and branches styles
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The pistils of the individual disc flowers in the Asteraceae feature an inferior white ovary, a style
hidden from view inside the petals, and a two-lobed stigma at the top
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In this wind poppy (Stylomecon heterophylla) you see numerous stamens around a single compound pistil