Flowera, Fruits and Seeds.ppt
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Transcript of Flowera, Fruits and Seeds.ppt
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Plant Parts – Flowers
• Color• Shape• Size• Etc…
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RANUNCULACEAE
Delphinium amplibracteatum
Ranunculus laetus
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PAPAVERACEAEArgemone mexicana
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Citrus aurantifolia
Murraya paniculata
RUTACEAE
Murraya koenigii
Citrus limon
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LEGUMINOSAE
Lathyrus odoratus
Pisum sativum
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ROSACEAE
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UMBELLIFERAE
Coriandrum sativum -
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COMPOSITAE
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ASCLEPIADACEAEAsclepias quinquedentata
Calotropis
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SOLANACEAE Nicotiana glauca
Solanum nigrum
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LAMIACEAE
Ocimun
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EUPHORBIACEAE
Euphorbia hirta
Euphorbia pulcherime
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POACEAE
Triticum aestivum
Oryza sativa
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pistil
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Flower parts:
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• Perfect: both stamens & carpels
• Imperfect: missing either stamens or carpels• Monoecious: both
male & female flowers on same plant
• Dioecious: male & female flowers on separate plants The structure of a flower
femalemale
Embryo sac fruit
seed
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monoecious species, male (left) and female (right) begonia flowers
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Fig. 42.16
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lily
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Pollination Mechanisms
InsectsBees Butterflies/Moths Flies
BirdsBatsWaterWind
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Bee-pollinate
d
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Moth-pollinated
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Fly-pollinated
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Bird-pollinated
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Bat-pollinated
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Wind pollination in grasses
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Phyllospadix torreyiSurf-Grass
Water-pollinated
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Fig. 42.9
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Fig. 42.10
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Double fertilization in Angiosperms
Pollen produces
2 sperm cells:
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Pollen produces 2 sperm cells:
sperm (n) + egg (n)----> zygote (2n)
sperm (n) + 2 polar nuclei (n)----> endosperm (3n)
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Ovule to seed
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Fruit = “mature ovary”purpose: protects seeds, dispersal
aid
Relationship between a pea flower and a fruit (pea pod)
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Fruit Regions
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Types of Fruits
• Dry fruits: Tough or papery pericarp• Dehiscent or indehiscent
• Fleshy fruits: Soft and juicy pericarp• Drupe• Berry• Aggregate• Multiple• Accessory
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Development of fruit from flower
• simple = 1 ovary of 1 flower• e.g., cherry, soybean pod
• compound = multiple ovaries• aggregate = of one flower
• e.g., raspberry, blackberry
• multiple = of many flowers (inflorescence)
• e.g., pineapple
• accessory = parts other than ovary• e.g., strawberry, apple,
melon, tomato
•drupe
•berry
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Fleshy Fruit
• E.g. Drupe - Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp (pit).
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Fruits
• Berry: Develops from a compound ovary. Contains more than one seed.• True berry: fruit
with a thin skin and soft pericarp (e.g. tomato).
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies PermissionRequired for Reproduction or Display
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Berries
• Pepos - Thick skins/exocarps (Pumpkins).
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Berries
• Hesperidium – Fruits with leathery exocarps containing oil glands (e.g. Citrus fruit).
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Fruits
• Pomes – (not a true fruit)
• Pome: Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium.
• Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission
Required for Reproduction or Display
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Fruits
• Aggregate Fruits• Develop from a
single flower with numerous pistils.
Pistils mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle
E.g. Raspberries, Strawberries.
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Fruits
• Multiple Fruits
• Develop from many individual flowers in a single inflorescence.
• E.g. Pineapples, Jackfruit
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Dry Fruits - Dehiscent
• Follicle - Splits along one side/seam.
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Dry Fruits - DehiscentLegume (e.g.
bean pod) • Consists of one
folded carpel• Splits along
two sides into 2 sections
• Each represents half the carpel.
• Some legume pods, such as carob and mesquite, are indehiscent and do not split open.
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Dry Fruits - Dehiscent
• Capsules - Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways.
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Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
• Achene• Single seed attached to
pericarp • Pericarp fused into husk• Husk - Easily removed• Eg: buckweed, sunflower
seed
• Sunflower seed
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Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Nut• Single seed with hard
pericarp/husk• Cup or cluster of
bracts form at base• Hazel nuts: only true
nuts
• Walnuts, cashews & pecans = drupes
• Brazil nuts = seeds of capsules
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Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
• Grain• One-seeded fruit/seed fused
with seed coat (pericarp)• Eg: wheat
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Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
• Samara• Pericarp forms
wings• Fx: aids in seed
dispersal• Can be single or
double• Eg: Elm tree
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Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
• Schizocarp
• Whole seed separates to form 2 separate 1-seeded fruitlets
• E.g.: Apiaceae/carrot family
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Fig. 40.12
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Fig. 40.13
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Fig. 40.14
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Fig. 40.2a
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Fig. 40.2b
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Cotyledons (embryonic leaves)
• Single cotyledon = monocot• Two large cotyledons = dicot
• Cotyledons can be “fleshy” or “leafy”
• Cotyledons can be kept belowground or elevated above ground
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Fig. 40.7
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Seed Germination
• imbibition: absorption of water
• mobilization of food reserves• enzyme activity
digests endosperm (converts starch to sugar)
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Seed Germination• emergence of radicle– detects gravity & grows
downward
• epicotyl emerges through soil surface
• light cues upward & straighter growth
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Fig. 40.1
With light:GreenShorterOpen cotyledonsStraight stem
Without light:YellowElongatedClosed cotyledonsHooked stem