Flow measurement of CO2 streams

with impurities by Coriolis flowmeter

Introduction• The captured carbon dioxide should be transported to the storage location via

pipeline. The desirable condition to transport CO2 by pipelines is to transport

in the dense supercritical phase, i.e. above 8.6 MPa. The critical pressure of

CO2 is 7.38 MPa. However, transporting CO2 in the gaseous phase would be

unavoidable when using some of existing infrastructures.

• Metering of the flow could be challenging due to the presence of impurities as

well as unusual physical properties of the CO2 with impurities. However, no

investigations have been performed to evaluate the performance of

flowmeters with the pressurized CO2 at operational CCS conditions. The

metering accuracy must be within the range of ±1.5% by mass according to

the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) regulations.

Aims and objectives • The goal of project is to investigate the performance of Coriolis mass

flowmeter with high CO2 content mixtures.

• To study the effect of impurities on the accuracy of the Coriolis flow meter.

• To investigate the performance of Coriolis flow meter at conditions likely to

happen in the CCS operations.

• To investigate the accuracy of density measurement by Coriolis meter

Key findings / outcomes • The potential flowmeters for the transport of CO2-rich mixtures in pipelines

were reviewed. Coriolis meters were selected as an optimistic option because

of high accuracy and ability to measure in both gas and dense phases [2].

• The fluid was transported through the Coriolis meter using pressurized air-

driven pump from the source cylinder to the receiving facilities.

• The Average Absolute Relative Deviation (AARD) were obtained by comparing

the measured mass collected in the receiving cylinders by robust weighing

balance (±0.1 g) to the recorded mass by Coriolis meter.

• The AARD of 0.29% was achieved in validation tests using pure N2 [4].

• Reference tests were performed using pure CO2 at various P&T conditions

and the AARD of 0.34% and 0.11% was obtained in the gas and dense liquid

phases, respectively [3,4].

• Both impurities and transient operations can increase the uncertainties.

• The uncertainty of the Coriolis flowmeter in the measurements conducted with

gas mixtures increased up to the AARD of 1.4% due to the presence of

impurities [5,6].

• The uncertainty of the measurements in the full-scale range are expected to

be in the range of EU-ETS requirements [5].

• The accuracy of the density measurements using Coriolis meter are under

investigation.

Research highlights • Potential flowmeters to be applied for the flow measurement of high CO2

content mixtures in the CO2 transport pipelines were reviewed [2].

• An industrial scale Coriolis mass flow meter from KROHNE was selected.

• A first of kind in-house CO2 mass flow-rig based on the gravimetric

calibration method was designed and constructed [3].

• The flow-rig was validated using pure N2 [4].

• The performance of the selected Coriolis meter (OPTIMASS 6000-S08 from

KROHNE) was measured using pure CO2 as reference tests [4].

• Various fluids representing the fluids captured by different technologies (pre-

combustion, post-combustion and oxyfuel) were provided.

• The performance of Coriolis meter was investigated with the provided

mixtures in both steady state and transient conditions [5,6].

• The accuracy of the density measurement by Coriolis meter also was

studied using multi-component mixtures and compared to the EoSs.

Future work• To study different flowmeters in the CO2 transportation.

• To prepare a technical guideline for the CO2 flow measurement in CCS.

• To investigate the effect of viscosity on the performance of Coriolis meters.

References1. Nazeri, M., Chapoy, A., Burgass, R., Tohidi, B., “Measured Densities and Derived Thermodynamic

Properties of CO2-Rich Mixtures in Gas, Liquid and Supercritical Phases from 273 K to 423 K and

Pressures up to 126 MPa”, J. Chem. Thermodynamic, vol. 111, pp. 157–172, 2017

2. G. J. Collie, Nazeri, M., A. Jahanbakhsh, C.-W. Lin, and M. M. Maroto-Valer, “Review of

flowmeters for carbon dioxide transport in CCS applications,” Greenhouse Gases Sci. Technol.,

vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 10–28, Feb. 2017

3. C.-W. Lin, M. Nazeri, A. Bhattacharji, G. Spicer, and M. M. Maroto-Valer, “Apparatus and method

for calibrating a Coriolis mass flow meter for carbon dioxide at pressure and temperature

conditions represented to CCS pipeline operations,” Applied Energy, vol. 165, pp. 759–764, Mar.

2016.

4. Nazeri, M., Maroto-Valer, M. M., Jukes, E., The fiscal metering of transported CO2-rich mixtures in

CCS operations, GHGT-13 (Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies) conference 14th – 18th

November 2016, Lausanne Switzerland.

5. M. Nazeri, M. M. Maroto-Valer, E. Jukes, Performance of Coriolis Flowmeters in CO2 Pipelines

with Pre-combustion, Post-combustion and Oxyfuel Gas Mixtures in Carbon Capture and

Storage, Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control, vol. 54, pp. 297–308, 2016.

6. Nazeri, M., Maroto-Valer, M. M., Jukes, E., Performance of the Coriolis flowmeters for metering of

CO2 with impurities, 34th International North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop 2016, 25th – 28th

October 2016, St Andrews, Scotland.

Comp.Pre-

comb.

Post-

Comb.

Oxy-

fuel1

Oxy-

fuel2

CO2 96.96 98.03 85.08 97.98

O2 --- --- 4.81 0.72

H2 1.55 --- --- ---

N2 1.00 1.97 5.13 0.69

Ar 0.49 --- 4.98 0.60

Results of the test at constant pressure

Mahmoud Nazeria, Mercedes Maroto-Valera, Edward Jukesb

a Centre for Innovation in Carbon Capture and Storage (CICCS), Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering (IMPEE),

School of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom

b KROHNE Ltd, 34-38 Rutherford Drive, Park Farm Industrial Estate, Wellingborough, Northants NN8 6AE, United Kingdom

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

230 250 270 290 310

P/M

Pa

T / K

Post-CombustionPre-CombustionOxyfuel-IOxyfuel-IIPure CO2

Supercritical

Gas

Liquid

Two-phaseRegion

Acknowledgement: Further Information:

Dr. Mahmoud Nazeri: M.Nazeri@hw.ac.uk

Prof. Mercedes Maroto-Valer: M.Maroto-Valer@hw.ac.uk

PRV

PT

CFM

C-01C-03

Ch

P-01

PR

vent

H/Th-03

PC

C-02

V1

V2

V3

V4CV

PAI

PD

TB

WS

V5 V6

H/Th-01H/Th-02

P-02

V7

vent

V9

V8

PRV

PG-01

PG-02

WS

CFM: Coriolis Flow Meter, PC: Pressure Controller, P-01: Pressurized air driven in-line pump,

P-02: Recirculating pump, PRV: Pressure Relief Valve, V1-V2-V3: Solenoid valves, PD:

Pulsation Dampener, PR: Pressure Regulator, CV: Check Valve, PT: Pressure Transducer, PG-

01-02: Pressure Gauges, C-01: Main Cylinder, C-02: Source Cylinder, C-03: Receiving

Cylinder, V4 to V9: on/off valves, H/Th-01-02-03: Heater/ Thermometer, TB: Temperature Bath,

WS: Weighing Scale, Ch: Chiller and PAI: Pressurized Air Inlet

Phase envelopes using Peng-Robinson

Equation of State with CO2 volume

correction (PR-CO2 EoS) [1]

Coriolis flowmeter

OPTIMASS 6000-S08

From KROHNE

y = 3.8672x2 + 7.2991x - 2.0998R² = 0.9983

y = 3.5321x2 + 9.088x + 7.4772R² = 0.9981

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 2 3 4 5 6

ρ/

kg.m

-3

p / MPa

Measured Densities by Coriolis Flowmeter

Predicted Densities by PR-CO2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 40 80 120

P/

MP

a

t / s

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 40 80 120

qm

/ kg

/h

t / s

Comparison of densities of Oxyfuel10

1

2

3

4

5

0 50 100 150 200 250

P /

MP

a

t / s

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 50 100 150 200 250

qm

/ kg

/h

t / s

Results of the test at transient ramp-up conditions

Composition of the gas mixtures

Fluid T/K P/MPa qm/ kg.h-1 mScale/g mCFM/g Error/g u/%

CO2 293.7 1.04 9.4 91.0 90.9 -0.1 -0.09

CO2 293.4 1.23 6.0 53.9 53.7 -0.2 -0.30

Pre-combustion 292.7 3.25 - 3.75 15.2 78.1 78.6 0.5 0.6

Pre-combustion 292.4 2.90 -3.70 10.1 181.5 182.1 0.6 0.4

Post-combustion 292.2 1.55 - 2.50 6.6 98.9 97.9 -1.0 -1.0

Oxyfuel-1 292.1 4.08 - 4.52 14.5 134.6 136.5 1.9 1.4

Oxyfuel-2 292.9 4.48 5.2 149.0 150.7 1.7 1.2

Operational conditions and results of the tests with oxyfuel-II gas mixture:

Standard uncertainties, u, are: u(T) = 0.1 K, u(p) = 0.05 MPa and u(m) = 0.1 g.