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Flow Measurement

Introduction

For flow in a pipe, assuming no energy losses, the Bernoulli equation expressed in terms

of total head is as follows:

constant2

v2

=++ zg

p

g

By assuming steady incompressible flow, Bernoullis equation can be applied toinvestigate the flow dynamics in pipe! "he flow rate of the fluid can be measure by

applying Bernoullis equation and continuity!

#owever, in most cases, friction losses cannot be neglected! $s a result, a loss coefficientor discharge coefficient is found for various measurement devices! $ discharge

coefficient can be loosely defined as the ratio of the actual flow rate to the ideal flow rate!

%b&ective

In this experiment, you are required to measure the flow rate of steadily flowing liquidsin pipes using venturi meter, orifice plate, rotameter and 'i( manually using a measuring

bea)er and stop watch '$rmfield rig( or 'ii( rotary vane water meter and stop watch, and

turbine flow meter '*idacta Italia rig(! $pplication of Bernoulli equation to the

estimation of flow rates will be investigated!

+xperimental rocedure

"urn on the tap slightly before turning on the pump! $d&ust the flow rate by varying the

tap opening! "he flow rate can be obtained by timing the volume of accumulated water in

the tan) in the $rmfield experimental rig! "he flow rate can be read from the turbine flowmeter or by timing the volume of flow going through the rotary vane water meter!in the

*idacta Italia rig! For each flow rate, record the height difference of the manometer

connected to the venturi meter and orifice plate! "he rotameter reading should also be

recorded! -ote that the collected data should be wide spread, ranging from a low flowrate to a maximum flow rate, totalling at least . measurements!

/eferences

Munson, 0oung and %)iishi, 1Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, ection 3!4!3, ection

.!45hite, F!M!, 1Fluid Mechanics, 6haps! 4!

7erhart, 7ross and #ochstein, 1Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, pp! 8.8983, p! 2;3

and section , 4!< and 4!.

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$ppendix ?: pecifications

$rmfield +xperimental /ig

@pstream "hroat

Aenturi Meter ;!;3?m ;!;?>m

%rifice late ;!;3?m ;!;2m

*idacta Italia +xperimental /ig

@pstream "hroat

Aenturi Meter ;!;2m ;!;?m

%rifice late ;!;>m ;!;2m

/eport tencil

The emphasis is on quality and not quantity. The length of the report is limited to 6

printed sides (i.e. 3 pages if printed double sided) or 6 hand written pages. Up to a

maximum of 6 printed or hand written sides can be included in the appendix. Pages

in excess of these limits will not be considered in the assessment. ou are

recommended to use appropriate font si!e" line spacing and margins so that your

presentation is professional.

$ recommended outline can be found at

http:www!monash!edu!aullsllonlinewritingscience>!xml

$bstract

5hat principle was tested and howC 5hat can be concludedC #ow well did it agree withtheoretical predictionC 5here are the sources of errorsC

Introduction

#ote$ %t is not acceptable to include large bloc&s of text from the internet in your

report. ou can howe'er incorporate 'arious sources of information to assist you in

writing your report in your own words. Use in text citation for specific details cited

from external sources. %mplement a proper referencing system to cite sources of

information in your reports. eewww.lib.monash.edu.aututorialsciting for more

information. Use in text citation where appropriate.

?( tate in your own words the theoryprinciples in use for todays exercise!

2( #ow is the fundamental theory applied to this particular exerciseC *escribe how it

is used to ma)e a theoretical prediction! 5hat assumptions are made in the

process and how valid are they! #ow will they affect the theoretical predictions!

http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/science/5.xmlhttp://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/science/5.xmlhttp://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/

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3( Briefly explain the advantagesdisadvantages of each flow measuring technique!

6onsider cost, ease of use, accuracy, possibility for automation, dependence on

fluid properties etc! 5rite in your own words and do not plagiarise!

+xperimental rocedures

*escribe the experimental procedure used in todays exercise! *raw a schematic of the

experimental rig! 0ou can ta)e pictures of the rig!

/esults

?( @sing the Bernoulli equation and continuity, express the volumetric flow rate D,

in terms of upstream $?and throat area $2, pressure difference p and fluid

density !

2( lot the discharge coefficient versus /eynolds numbers for the venturi meter and

the orifice plate!

3( 6ompare the results in 'b( with values obtained from literature! '#int see Figure.!8? and .!8> in Munson et, al! ( erform error analysis!

*iscussion

6ompare how well your measurements compare with theoretical predictions! *iscuss

how the assumptions made 'if any( have affected your theoretical predictions andcomparisons!

*iscuss the main sources of error and how significant they are when ma)ing a

comparison with theoretical predictions!

*iscuss why the discharge coefficient is much lower for the orifice plate compared to the

venturi throat!

6onclusion

5hat you didC 5hat you foundC #ow well does it agree with theoryC tate the reasonsfor discrepancies! 5hat is the conclusionC

/eferences

Eist all references! $lso include material obtained from the internet!

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Flow Measurement experiment '$rmfield /ig(, Aenturi "ube *3?!mm,d?>mm=

%rifice late *3?!mm, d2;mm!

-o Aolume

'litres(

"ime

'seconds(

/otameter

'lmin(

5ater Manometer 'mm(

h? h2 h3 h8 h> h4 h< h.

?

2

3

8

>

4

4