Florida’s “Redwood of the Reef”: Growth, age, … giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta ......
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Florida Florida ’ ’ s s “ “ Redwood of the Reef Redwood of the Reef ” ” : : Growth, age, demographics and bleaching of the Growth, age, demographics and bleaching of the Caribbean giant barrel sponge Caribbean giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta Xestospongia muta Joseph R. Pawlik Joseph R. Pawlik Biology and Marine Biology Biology and Marine Biology Center for Marine Science Center for Marine Science UNC Wilmington UNC Wilmington Linking Science to Management Linking Science to Management Duck Key, Florida Duck Key, Florida 19 19 - - 22 Oct 2010 22 Oct 2010
Transcript of Florida’s “Redwood of the Reef”: Growth, age, … giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta ......
FloridaFlorida’’s s ““Redwood of the ReefRedwood of the Reef””: : Growth, age, demographics and bleaching of the Growth, age, demographics and bleaching of the
Caribbean giant barrel sponge Caribbean giant barrel sponge Xestospongia mutaXestospongia mutaJoseph R. PawlikJoseph R. Pawlik
Biology and Marine BiologyBiology and Marine BiologyCenter for Marine ScienceCenter for Marine Science
UNC WilmingtonUNC Wilmington
Linking Science to ManagementLinking Science to ManagementDuck Key, FloridaDuck Key, Florida1919--22 Oct 201022 Oct 2010
Caribbean
Sponges DOMINATECaribbean reefs
GBR - Australia
Xestospongia mutacolor due to cyanobacteria
primary habitat-forming organism
Conch Reef, Florida Conch Reef, Florida –– 15 m15 m
Conch Reef, Florida Conch Reef, Florida –– 20 m20 m
San Salvador, Bahamas San Salvador, Bahamas –– 30 m30 m
Dominant competitorDominant competitor
1990’s: Barrel sponges were bleachingSome were dying
Similar to coral bleaching?
- also -
How old are barrel sponges?
Mortality?Recruitment?Growth?Regeneration?
$$ when lost in groundings and for remediation and restoration?
AQUARIUSHABITAT
http://aquarius.uncw.edu/
•1997-present
• Circular 16m diameter plots-3 at 15, 20, 30 m depths (Conch Reef)-3 at 15 m depth (Pickles Reef)
• Sites surveyed twice-yearlyMonitoring:
Condition, bleaching, disease, predation, mortality, recruitment
• Photographed from above and in profile (since 2001)
Monitoring Xestospongia mutaN
E
S
W
smallest recruits
>9000 photos of >700 sponges!!>9000 photos of >700 sponges!!
MAY 2001 DEC 2005
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50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
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Time (years)
Volu
me
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Tanaka Growth Model
Growth and age of X. mutaMean growth of 52% per year - range: 2- 404%Faster growth in summer, no effect of depth
McMurray, Blum & Pawlik 2008. Mar Biol 155:159-171
E. K
ardi
naal
Nagelkerken, Aerts & Pors 2000. Reef Encounter 28: 14-15
2,300 years old !McMurray, Blum & Pawlik 2008. Mar Biol 155:159-171
Data from:Sven Rohde and Peter Schupp, University of Guam Marine Lab
Growth of Ianthella bastainvasive in Apra Harbor, Guam
1 m diameter in ~8 years!!
Cowart , Henkel, McMurray & Pawlik 2006. Coral Reefs 25:513
Sponge Orange Band (SOB)= fatal bleaching not the same as cyclic bleaching
López-Legentil, Song, McMurray & Pawlik 2008 Molecular Ecol 17:1840-1849López-Legentil, Erwin, Pawlik & Song 2010Microb Ecol online early
normalcyclic
fatal
Quantified hsp70 expressionCorrelated with content of Chl. a • no enhanced hsp70 in cyclic bleached• strongly enhanced hsp70 in fatal bleached• hsp70 expression induced in 1.5 hrs• Synechococcus is a commensal, not a
mutualist!
López-Legentil & Pawlik 2009 Coral Reefs 28:157-165
Genetic structure from I3-M11 partition of COI
• most divergent morphologies had different haplotypes• common morphology is a mixture of haplotypes• genetic structure correlated to prevailing currents
Demographics: populations of X. muta are increasing!
0
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ring
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g
Fall
Sprin
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Fall
Sprin
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Sprin
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Sprin
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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mbe
r of s
pong
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Time (yr)
20 m Conch
15 m Pickles
15 m Conch
30 m Conch
McMurray, Henkel & Pawlik 2010. Ecology 91:560-570McMurray, Henkel & Pawlik 2010. Ecol Arch E091-040-A1-A10
OCTOBER 1999 MAY 2000 MAY 2006
BASE
McMurray, Henkel & Pawlik 2010. Ecology 91:560-570McMurray, Henkel & Pawlik 2010. Ecol Arch E091-040-A1-A10
BASE I II III IV V
Stage-based Matrix Model
McMurray, Henkel & Pawlik 2010. Ecology 91:560-570
Impacts of demographic changes on filtration, benthic-pelagic coupling -- Dr. Chris Finelli - UNCW
Novel method for re-attaching barrel sponges
• Reciprocal transplants to 15 m and 30 m• 90% of deep and 35% of shallow transplants survived, despite 3 hurricanes (2005).
McMurray & Pawlik 2009. Restoration Ecol 17:192-195
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements: :
All publications available as PDFs at:All publications available as PDFs at:
http://people.uncw.edu/pawlikj/pubs2.htmlhttp://people.uncw.edu/pawlikj/pubs2.html
FUNDING and SUPPORT:FUNDING and SUPPORT:National Science Foundation National Science Foundation -- Biological OceanographyBiological OceanographyAquarius Reef Base/UNCW (NOAAAquarius Reef Base/UNCW (NOAA--NURC) NURC) -- Key Largo, FloridaKey Largo, Florida
* Aquarius and Dayboat support missions* Aquarius and Dayboat support missions* Technical diving training and support missions* Technical diving training and support missions
NOAANOAA’’s Coral Reef Conservation Programs Coral Reef Conservation ProgramFKNMS FKNMS –– permission to conduct research in SPAspermission to conduct research in SPAs
Smart and Smart and dedicated dedicated STUDENTS!STUDENTS!
