FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER h Institut of Univ sityof Cen lFlorida
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A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Re h Institut of the Univ sity of Cen l Florida
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Heat Pump Water Heater Performance in Laboratory House
Building America Technical Update 2013
ACI National Home Performance Conference April 29‐ 30 , 2013
Carlos J. Colon [email protected]
A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Re h Institut of the Univ sity of Cen l Florida
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FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
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Hot Water Systems (HWS) Laboratory FSEC Grounds, Florida (east coast)
2009 –Present (Currently fourth testing rotation)
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Hot Water Systems (HWS) Laboratory One‐Year Testing Rotation
Single element 50 Gal. Tank
HPWH
Solar Thermal Systems
Tankless Nat. Gas
80 Gal. 80 Gal.
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2010 – 2011 Testing Rotation (Phase II)
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HWS Lab Testing Conditions, Cocoa, FL • 120 F Thermostat Setting
• Draws @1.5 gpm flowrate
• Real mains inlet water and ambient temperature
• Hot water draw schedules
Inlet W
ater
Weighted Av
g. (F
) 85
75
65
55
2009
2010
2011
– ASHRAE (64.3 gpd) Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
– NREL/BA (varies magnitude monthly)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hot
water
gallons
NREL/BA May
ASH 90.2
0 50 100
JanuaryFebruaryMarch AprilMayJune July
AugustSeptember
October November December
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Performance History of Electric‐based Water Heaters at Laboratory (Cocoa, FL)
FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
7
7.61
7.3
7
4.9
3.32
3.03
2.75
1.9
1.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
E‐50
E‐50 Cap/Ins
Tankless E
ICS+ 50 gal
Sdiff/AC Pump
Sdiff/PV Pump
HPWH
Sol+Ret HPWH
ICS+Int HPWH
kilowatt‐hours / day
Electric Reduction
75%
60%
64%
56%
8%
kWh/day
36%
4%
78%
Baseline
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Ambien
t Air Tempe
rature
(F)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
How’s your Garage Temperatures? …Probably not quite as Hot as Florida
August 29 ‐ Sep 5 2012 – Brevard(east) FL
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Lab
OutT
garage
Hours
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Averaged 1‐Year Performance of Water Heaters and HPWH in Laboratory (Cocoa, FL)
FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
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0.85
0.56
0.71
2.27
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
Daily efficiencies (COP)
Heat Pump WH
Nat Gas Tankless
Nat Gas 40 Gal.
50 Gal. Electric
[2.35]
[0.83]
[0.91]
[0.59]
Annual Performance Published Energy Factor
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50 gal. HPWH Efficiency by Draw Pattern
FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
10
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug
COP Efficiency
Ash 90.2
NREL/BA
Lab Temp
68.5 ⁰F Dip
2010 2011
58.2 ⁰F Dip
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Heat Pump Water Heater Condensate Moisture Removal (Florida)
Average 3.2 pints per day
0 0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5 3
3.5 4
4.5 5
Jul‐…
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr…
May Jun Jul
Aug
Pints o
f Water/ da
y
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HPWH Average Daily Electricity Southern U.S. Region Examples
Atlanta Orlando 8 8
7 Living
7
6 6
5ay
Garage 5
4
kwh/d 4
3 Basemnt 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
* Simulations Performed using BEopt 2.0 Two‐story home 1500 ft2, 130 F setting
3.80 4.38 4.11
2.54 2.50
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HPWH Average Daily Electricity Denver – Colder Climate
* Simulations Performed using Beopt 2.0 : Two‐story home 1500 ft2 / Basement
5.40
6.95 6.18
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
kWh/day Living
Garage
Basemnt
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Baseline Gas and Electric HPWH
Baseline Natural Gas Annual Consumption HPWH Electric Annual Consumption
144
211
181 Orlando
Atlanta
Denver
928
1385
1971
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Therms/yr. kWh/yr.
*As reported in Beopt 2.0 simulations for 1500 ft2 3‐BedRm two‐story home Water heating systems simulated in Living Conditioned space.
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50 Gal. Heat Pump Water Heater Efficiency
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4 CO
P
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Average Daily HWS Lab Interior Temperature (F)
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Heat Pump Water Power Consumption
HPWH Rated: 700W Measured Compressor Mode Averaged : 530W
52 ⁰F
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Standard Electric vs HPWH (50 gal.) Daily Outlet Temperatures Compared (2010‐2011)
FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
Indicates shortage of capacity due to slow recovery of Heat Pump
ASHRAE Draws
NREL/BA Draws
* Temperatures are weighted averaged by volume
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HPWH Recovery &Laboratory Facts
• FSEC Lab Florida Summer • Northern Climate Lab 67 ⁰F ambient air& 58 ⁰F Inlet water June 21, 2010: – Compressor took 6+ hours Ambient 85 ⁰F , 58% RH to heat tank to 135 ⁰F• Cold Fill (85⁰F inlet )HPWH Start
– Compressor operated 2hrs‐15 min. to heat tank (45.5 gal) to 120⁰F
– Cold air discharge 67.5⁰F (17.5 ∆t cooling)
Typical Cooling: 3000 – 4500 Btu/hr. SHR = 0.87
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Lessons learned from Multi‐Family Housing Installations
Transfer Grills facing kitchen Service Door common HPWH in confined small and laundry exterior hallway volume closet (<100 ft3)
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HPWH Survey Response Five Multi‐Family Complexes
• 720 HPWH Units installed in Multi‐family homes throughout Florida
• All 5 Multi‐family complexes
• Condensate Issues both at unit overflow and drainage
• One case reported having turn space heat ON because
change to electric‐heat mode
reported tenant complaints of cold air by HPWH mainly Fan noise
• Some complaints of insufficient hot water
Other : Quarterly • One tenant requested to maintenance for air Filter, Drainage check
• Few ask higher T’stat set
FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER — A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
+5 deg (125 ⁰F)
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Laboratory Testing to Re‐create Field installations in confined space
Manufacturer Spec : Variable (170 – 100 cfm) Lab Measured (post 20 gal draw) : 130 cfm
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Confined HPWH in less than optimal Volume Space
80 1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Closet
Tem
perature
(F)
or R
H(%
) 0.975 0.8
70 RH0.7
65 0.6
Cond
ense
(Pint)
Closet T
Cond.
60 0.5
0.455 0.3
50 0.2
45 0.1
040
15 min. Data Interval
Pints
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HPWH Confined in Closet Performance analysis
Days Avg. kWh/day
Avg. COP
Avg. Inlet (F)
Avg. Outlet (F)
HPWH in conditioned lab
HPWH in conditioned + confined space (92.5 ft3)
6
7
2.050
2.342
2.64
2.30
74.78
74.21
118.47
117.49
Percent increase of electric use
Percent COP reduction
Average outlet temperature reduction
14.27%
12.78%
0.98F
0.292 Volume Draw
50 gal./day
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Heat Pump Water Heater Airflow
From Manufacturer Specs: • GE GeoSpring : Variable*
175 to 100 cfm
• Rheem HP50: 100 cfm
• AO Smith HPT‐80: 475 cfm
•Airtap 66: 300 cfm
*Laboratory measurement after 15 Gallon draw : 132 cfm
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HPWH Air Ducting
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*AO Smith literature: Not to exceed 10 ft. total
Air Generate provides for easier standard Connections on Intake and Supply
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Average Hou
rly Site
Ene
rgy
Dem
and (kBtu/hr.)
Site and Source Demand From Florida Lab Results Perspective
Derived from Family‐realistic draw schedule
Site Energy Demand Source Energy Demand 20 20
18 18
16 16
14
12 12SPV 10 10SDiff 8 8E50 6 6ICS50 4 4Tnkless 2 2NG 0 0
NG40
HPWH 14
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20
Multiplier Factors: Me = 3.365 , Mg = 1.092
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HPWH Improvements • Larger storage tanks:
True 55 – 65 gals. Capacity
• Quiet Fan
– Will ducting help with fan Noise?
• Larger Compressor ?
• Design improvements for easy attachment of air ducts
• Easy access to maintenance: condense drain, filter.
• Real time clock (RTC) Timer –
“However, switching devices which cut power from 240V to 0V on a periodic basis are acceptable”‐‐ HPWH Manual
• Software – Compressor to start operation sooner following recovery with electric resistance
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Summary • HPWH installation:
Consider Building locationvery important.
• Proper Condensate drain • When ducting air, intake
from garage notrecommended
• Generally compressoroperation is limited withambient temperaturesbelow 50 ⁰F.
• HPWH is ideal for southern U.S. region
• Results from simulations vary by location, may beslightly conservative
• HPWH best technologyfor water heating in an allelectric home
• HPWH can demand the minimum source energybut only under favorable(southern) conditions.
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HPWH Reports/References Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Residential Integrated Heat Pump Water Heaters B. Sparn, K. Hudon, and D. Christensen Technical Report NREL/TP‐5500‐52635 Sep. 2011
GE Heat Pump Water Heater Report January 7, 2011 Advanced Energy.
Interim Report and Preliminary Assessment of GE GeoSpring Heat Pump Water Heater 12 July 2011 Prepared by Ecotope Inc for Boneville Power authority
Side by side Testing of Water Heating Systems: Results from the 2010‐2011 Evaluation C. Colon FSEC , July 2012
NEEA Report: Laboratory Assessment of General Electric GeoSpringTM Hybrid Heat Pump Water Heater, B.Larson and M.Logsdon, Ecotope, Inc. , Sep 2012
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Questions / Discussion ? BAPIRC Contact: Carlos J. Colon Senior Research Engineer Florida Solar Energy Center 1679 Clearlake Road, Cocoa, FL (321)638‐1000 [email protected]
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