Flora of China: e-resources
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Flora of China e-Resources
Anthony R. BrachEditor, Missouri Botanical Garden
Associate of the Arnold Arboretum and Harvard University Herbaria
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What is a Flora?• plants occurring within a given region
(i.e., “flora”).• publication of scientific descriptions of those
plants (i.e., “Flora”).
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What is a Flora?• plants occurring within a given region
(i.e., “flora”).• publication of scientific descriptions of those
plants (i.e., “Flora”). • classification, identification keys, scientific and
vernacular names, synonyms, descriptions, phenology, distributions, uses, conservation.
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Flora of China Projecta collaborative project to publish the first modern English-language
account of the ca. 31,500 species of vascular plants of China.
24 text volumes24 illustration volumes
plus introductory volume
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Beginnings
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Beginnings
1882-1885
1951 (Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica)
1913-1917
1929-1937 1937
1915-19171913-1917
1920
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Flora of ChinaFlora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS) • in Chinese• 80 volumes in 126 books• 1959–2004 (45 years)Flora of China (FOC)• in English: modern revision• 25 text volumes + 24 illustration vols.• 1988–2013 (25 years)
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A few figures
• Chinese vascular plants: ca. 31,500 spp.• China: about same land area and latitude as contiguous USA.
About 2X as many as species as FNA.
• Seed plants: 29,224 spp. (93% of flora)• About 7500 tree and shrub spp.• About 8000 spp. of economic importance• Pteridophytes: ca. 2,250 spp.
overlay map from Dave Bouffordadapted from Edgar Snow (ca. 1930s)
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A few figures
• Chinese vascular plants: ca. 31,500 spp.• Seed plants: 29,224 spp. (93% of flora)• Endemic seed plants: 14,753 spp. (50.5%)
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A few figures
• Volumes published and online: • 22 text vols. (+2 in 2012 + intro. in 2013)• 20 illustration vols. (+4 by 2013)
Coming Soon!
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Largest genera in China• Rhododendron: 571 spp.• Carex: 527• Astragalus: 401• Corydalis: 357• Pedicularis: 352• Primula: 300• Saussurea: 289• Salix: 275• Gentiana: 248• Impatiens: 227• Saxifraga: 216• Berberis: 215• Aconitum: 211• Rubus: 208• Ilex: 204• Artemisia: 186• Begonia: 173• Delphinium: 173
• Clematis: 147• Elatostema: 146• Allium: 138• Lysimachia: 138• Oxytropis: 133• Strobilanthes: 128• Ranunculus: 125• Ligularia: 123• Lithocarpus: 123• Aster: 123• Sedum: 121• Taraxacum: 116• Polygonum: 113• Silene: 110• Arenaria: 102• Acer: 99• Chirita: 99• Ficus: 99
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The Harvard University Herbaria and Arnold Arboretum serve as an important Center for the Project.
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Editorial Process
1. Draft prepared by Chinese author(s)2. Edited according to FOC Guidelines (and draft online as HTML)
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Editorial Process
1. Draft prepared by Chinese author(s)2. Edited according to FOC Guidelines (and draft online as HTML)3. Coauthored by non-Chinese specialist(s) -- collaborative revision4. Corrected and edited5. Reviewed by other specialists and regional advisors6. Corrected and edited
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Editorial Process
1. Draft prepared by Chinese author(s)2. Edited according to FOC Guidelines (and draft online as HTML)3. Coauthored by non-Chinese specialist(s) -- collaborative revision4. Corrected and edited5. Reviewed by other specialists and regional advisors6. Corrected and edited7. Volume formatted8. Proofread 9. Published (PDFs online, printed volumes, added to eFloras.org)
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Editorial process: Original draft• Acer leipoense Fang et Soong in Act. phytotax. Sin.11:179.1966• 雷波槭 lei bo qi• Acer leipoense var. leucotrichum Fang in Act. phytotax. Sin. 17(1):85,
Pl.14:4.1979; A. longipedicellatum C.Y.Wu in Act. phytotax. 21 (3): 337.1983.
• Tree to 8 m tall;bark deep brown, purple brown; branchlets round, those of the present year green or purplish green, pubescent, those of more than one year old brown, glabrous; winter-budes ovate, scales ciliate on the margin. Petiolesslender, glabrous, purplish green, 7-8 cm long; leaf deciduous chartaceous, roundish-ovate in outline, 9-11 x7-12 cm, subcordate or round at base, 3-lobed; shallowly and forwardly 3-lobed, the margin of lobes usually entire, rarely with a few serrations; upper surface green, glabrous; lower surface grey, powery and pebescent. Flower unknown. Fruits yellown, brown, in racemes 15-25cm long, purplish green, subglabrous, nutlets yellown brown. strongly convexed, 1 cm in diameter, pubescent; wing falcate, included nutlets 4-4.5 cm long, 1.5 borad. spreading right or acute angles. Fr. Sep.
Open forest, 2000-2700 m, SW Sichuan.
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Editorial process: Edited draft
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Editorial process: Revision
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Editorial process: Review
• Comments from family specialists.
• e.g., Dipsacales
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Editorial process: Review
• Comments from family specialists.
• e.g., Dipsacales • ~ Darwin’s “tree of
life” sketch:
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Editorial process: Publication
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Nomenclatural novelties (e.g., FOC Vol. 19)
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Flora of China Checklistwww.tropicos.org/Project/FC
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Hu Card Index: infraspecific names
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Hu Card Index: contains 9000 infraspecific names
Index Kewensis: started recording infraspecific names in 1971
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Website: www.foc.orgFOC Project’s structure and resources.
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eFloras.orgelectronic flora: web interface to database containing published
treatments: freely available for browsing and searching.
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eFloras: search
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eFloras: search
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eFloras: Related Links
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eFloras: Related Links
www.tropicos.org
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eFloras: Related Links
www.ipni.org
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Related Objects: IllustrationseFloras.org and Tropicos.org
•Ginkgo biloba (Volume 4).
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•Liriodendron chinense (Volume 7).
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•Acer griseum (Volume 11).
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• Zanthoxylum simulans (Volume 11).
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•Rhododendron williamsianum (Volume 14).
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Phyllostachys aurea (Volume 22)
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Cypripedium tibeticum (Volume 25)
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Related Objects: Photos
•Lithocarpus confinis (Volume 4).
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•Salix souliei (Volume 4).
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•Corydalis curviflora (Volume 7).
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•Illicium simonsii (Volume 7).
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•Rubus tricolor (Volume 9).
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•Berberis pruinosa (Volume 19).
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•Viburnum kansuense (Volume 19).
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eFloras: Web Form for Updating Records– post-publication (709 corrections and 648 new names to date)
•Pinus fragilissima (post-publ. Volume 4).
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eFloras: Web Form for Updating Records
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Dichotomous keys
• keys as identification tools• ID process must follow a predefined path,
does the plant have traits “A” or “B”?
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Dichotomous keys
• keys as identification tools• ID process must follow a predefined path,
does the plant have traits “A” or “B”?• Each lead of a couplet (e.g., 1a, 1b)
provides contrasting, diagnostic characters.
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Problems with dichotomous keys
1. For indented keys, sometimes long intervals between first and second halves of a couplet, require turning several pages or scrolling to a distant lead.
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Problems with dichotomous keys
1. For indented keys, sometimes long intervals between first and second halves of a couplet, require turning several pages or scrolling to a distant lead.
2. If the diagnostic character is unavailable (e.g., fl., fr., or sterile specimens), it is difficult (or even impossible) to use this type of key.
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Ex. 1 (Pinus): Long interval between 1a and 1b
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Solution 1: Bracketted keys
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Example 2 (Quercus): What if a diagnostic character is unavailable?
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Solution 2: Interactive Keys
• Multi-access (multiple entry)
• not dependent upon few or single characters that may be absent
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Solution 2: Interactive Keys• Multi-access (multiple
entry) – not dependent upon few or single characters that may be absent
• can include images of character states (to aid selection)
image from Radford et al.http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/
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Solution 2: Interactive Keys• Multi-access (multiple
entry) – not dependent upon few or single characters that may be absent
• can include images of character states (for selection)
• can include images of taxa (for comparison)
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Interactive Keys - Flora of China: interactive keys to large genera:
15000+ species (ongoing)DELTA
• DEscription Language for TAxonomy• 30 years of development: CSIRO
(Australia)• local use: stand-alone • remote use: web-accessible (with
Intkey application)• output options:
interactive keys: Intkey, data summaries, natural language descriptions, keys, distance matrices
• formerly only Windows
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Interactive Keys - Flora of China: interactive keys to large genera:
15000+ species (ongoing)DELTA Intkey
• DEscription Language for TAxonomy
• 30 years of development: CSIRO (Australia)
• free for non-commercial use• local use: stand-alone • remote use: web-accessible
(with Intkey application)• output options• formerly only Windows
NaviKey• local use: stand-alone
application • remote use: applet on web
server• uses same DELTA file
directives (chars, items, specs) output from DELTA Editor
• any platform (Java-based)
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Interactive Keys - Flora of China: interactive keys to large genera:
15000+ species (ongoing)DELTA Intkey
• local use: stand-alone • remote use: web-accessible
(with Intkey application)• formerly only Windows
new Open-DELTA Java version in development: Atlas of Living Australia: platform-independent
NaviKey• local use: stand-alone
application • remote use: applet on web
server• any platform (Java-based)• uses same DELTA file
directives (chars, items, specs) output from DELTA Editor
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DELTA Editor• tree view • grid view
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DELTA Intkey
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DELTA Intkey
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DELTA Intkey
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DELTA Intkey
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DELTA Intkey
3575 m
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NaviKey: applet on web server
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NaviKey: stand-alone on local computer
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new Open DELTA Editor
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new Open DELTA Intkey
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XML tags: Markup of descriptionsHong Cui, Dept. of Information Technologies, University of Arizona
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XML: Markup of descriptions
New, revised parser (forthcoming paper by Cui et al.)
CharaParser for Fine-Grained Semantic Annotation of Organism Morphological Descriptions
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Future: Digital Floras
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Future: Digital FlorasElectronic publication: digital, dynamic florasNomenclature• Tropicos to maintain eFloras: current functionality
– Post-publication updates(new names, corrigenda)
– Infraspecific names into Tropicos & IPNI(from Hu Card Index and Fl. Japan)
Descriptions and Identification• Databasing descriptions and distributions
(XML and DELTA; bilingual flora; treating new taxa)• Images (specimens, living plants, distribution maps)• Interactive keys (improvements and extensions)
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Future: FOC Data Exploratione.g., Aceraceae
Distribution: Elevation (m)• Mean 1572• Minimum 0 (Acer pictum)• Maximum 4000 (Acer caudatum)
Province No. species
1. Anhui 17
2. Fujian 18
3. Gansu 26
4. Guangdong 19
5. Guangxi 30
6. Guizhou 33
7. Hainan 5
8. Hebei 6
9. Heilongjiang 10
10. Henan 25
11. Hubei 35
12. Hunan 24
13. Jiangsu 12
14. Jiangxi 23
15. Jilin 12
16. Liaoning 13
17. Nei Mongol 6
18. Ningxia 8
19. Qinghai 3
20. Shaanxi 27
21. Shandong 6
22. Shanxi 13
23. Sichuan 44
24. Taiwan 9
25. Xinjiang 2
26. Xizang 22
27. Yunnan 44
28. Zhejiang 22Leaf petiole: length (mm)
Mean = 47.4Minimum 5 (Acer henryi)
Maximum 200 (Dipteronia dyeriana)
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Distance Matrix from DELTA Data (Nexus format)e.g., Aceraceae
Compound-leaved
Simple-leaved
Simple-leaved
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Distance Matrix from DELTA Data (Nexus format)e.g., Betulaceae
Alnus
Carpinus
Corylus
Ostryopsis
Ostrya
Betula
Carpinus
Betula
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Future: Record further data from specimens to improve Interactive Keys
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Future: Database collection data for plotting distributions and improving interactive keys
Most collections from Gaoligongshan, bordering Myanmar.Map prepared by Brian Franzone.
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Future: Potential for App Development
• Should be able to use the Flora anywhere.
• Identify any plant using easily observed features of the plant.
Having a modern, dynamically growing flora is a real possibility, with the Flora of China as a foundation.
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PathKey(Beta) by Hongping Liangwww.pathkey.org
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Acknowledgments• Flora of China Project
collaborators • Dave Boufford, Anne Marie
Countie, Brian Franzone (Harvard)
• Hong Song (St. Louis University)• Hong Cui (University of Arizona)• Hongping Liang (Connecticut)• Myriam Fica and Chris Freeland
(Missouri Botanical Garden) • Arnold Arboretum• Harvard University Herbaria• Missouri Botanical Garden• Starr Foundation• National Science Foundation
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Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Rhamnaceae)
at Highland Park, Rochester, NY
Season’s Greetings!
Photo by Paul J. Brach