Floodwise Projekt englisch - LfU · The Elbe is the largest river of the FLOOD-WISE project. The...
Transcript of Floodwise Projekt englisch - LfU · The Elbe is the largest river of the FLOOD-WISE project. The...
Characteristics and cross-border cooperation within
the river basins of the
FLOOD-WISE project
©2010 D.François, J. Kikken, P. Moiret, J. Paulzen and B. Stevens
Zuyd University for Applied Sciences Maastricht, the Netherlands
Edited by Dr. F. van den Brink
Province of Limburg, the Netherlands
Preface
This report is written by 5 students of Maastricht Zuyd University for Applied Sciences, Faculty of
International Communication, Department of European Studies, as part of the project Europe Calling
( February 2010 to June 2010), and as part of the preparation of the FLOOD-WISE project.
The project group consists of 4 Dutch students: Jim Kikken, Bo Stevens, Jasmina Paulzen, Daphne
François and one French exchange student, Pauline Moiret. The project has been supervised by Mr.
Jean Pluis of Maastricht Zuyd University for Applied Sciences and coached by Dr. Fred van den Brink,
senior policy advisor on water management of the Province of Limburg, partner/co-initiator of the
FLOOD-WISE project and by Ir. Alfred Evers of the Euregio Meuse-Rhine, lead applicant/initiator of
the FLOOD-WISE project.
General Summary
In this report the six different river basins of the FLOOD-WISE project are described: Elbe, Sava,
Meuse, Western Bug, Somes and Rur. Their general characteristics, communicative aspects, legal
aspects and policy aspects are elaborated on, which vary significantly for each river basin. The fact
that they differ in geography brings along consequences for all aspects of the river and its catchment
area.
The Elbe is the largest river of the FLOOD-WISE project. The most important purpose of the river is
waterway transport. The two FLOOD-WISE partners of the Elbe river basin- the Saxon State Agency
for Environment, Agriculture and Geology and the Brandenburg State Office for Environment, both
in Germany – cooperate in order to reduce flood-risk. However, the Saxon State Agency for
Environment, Agriculture and Geology has a more international approach towards flood risk
management than its counterpart from Brandenburg. From a legislative angle, Germany has
translated the FRMD into the Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (WHG). Policies regarding flood-management
vary between the two federal states.
The Sava river is the second largest tributary to the Danube river and it is the second largest river
basin involved in the FLOOD-WISE project. A lot of effort has been put in improving flood policies,
cross-border cooperation and communication in the Sava river basin. Especially the International
Sava River Basin Commission was a good initiative. The languages used between cross-border
authorities are the own languages of the countries, Croatian and Slovenian, but language is not
regarded a barrier for good communication and cooperation. When it comes to legislation, Croatia
has not yet converted the FRMD (Flood Risk Management Directive) into national legislation.
The Meuse is the third largest river of the FLOOD-WISE project, flowing through France, Belgium and
the Netherlands. An example of good cross border cooperation between the countries is the
International Meuse Commission, which meets three or four times a year. However, considering the
large amount of countries within the river basin, language is seen as a barrier for good
communication, just like many other differences between the countries, such as for example
divergent policies and interests. All countries within the river basin are EU member- states and thus
have converted the FRMD into national legislation.
The fourth largest river of the FLOOD-WISE project is the Western Bug. It forms the natural border
between Poland and Ukraine and between Poland and Belarus. It is one of the few European rivers
where the natural character of the river bed has been mostly preserved along its entire length.
Therefore the challenge is to combine flood-control measures with ecological solutions, using the
river’s own retention potential while preserving its natural character. Cross-border communication
between the three countries of the FLOOD-WISE partners of the Western Bug – Poland, Ukraine and
Belarus - is problematic, mainly because of different administration systems, different interests and
different policies. Since Belarus is not an EU-member, it has not (yet) converted the FRMD into
national legislation.
The Somes is one of the most important tributaries of the Tisza River (a main tributary of the
Danube). The Somes is the fifth largest river of the six rivers of the FLOOD-WISE project. There are
not that many barriers in communication and cooperation between the two partners apart from
different administration systems. In spite of the fact that Hungary has not yet converted the FRMD
into Hungarian legislation as opposed to Romania, legislative barriers are not present within cross-
border cooperation between the two countries.
The river Rur is the smallest river in the FLOOD-WISE project situated in an exceptionally highly
populated area. The fact that the Rur is very small, is probably an important reason why the FLOOD-
WISE partners, coming from Germany and the Netherlands, do not report a lot of problems in their
cross-border communication practices. From a legislative angle the Rur river basin can be considered
as rather harmonized. The FRMD is converted into national law and with regard to other legal issues
there are no obstructions mentioned.
Allgemeine Zusammenfassung
In diesem Dokument werden die sechs verschiedene Flussbecken des FLOOD-WISE Projekts
beschrieben: die Elbe, die Save, die Maas, der Westliche Bug, die Samosch und die Rur. Ihre
allgemeinen Eigenschaften und ihre kommunikativen, juristischen und politischen Aspekte werden in
diesem Dokument näher ausgeführt. Die Tatsache, dass jeder einzelne Fluss eine unterschiedliche
geografische Lage hat, hat groβe Folgen für alle Aspekte der Flussbecken und ihrer Einzugsgebiete.
Die Elbe ist der größte Fluss des FLOOD-WISE Projekts. Sie wird vor allem genutzt für den
Wassertransport. Die zwei FLOOD-WISE Partner des Elbe-Flussbeckens - das Sächsische
Staatministerium für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie und das Landesumweltamt Brandenburg
(LUA), welche sich in verschiedenen Bundesländern Deutschlands befinden - arbeiten eng
zusammen mit dem Zweck die Überschwemmungsgefahr zu reduzieren. Das Sächsisches
Staatministerium für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie hat allerdings eine internationaler
gefärbte Herangehensweise in Bezug auf das Überschwemmungsmanagement. Weiterhin hat
Deutschland die Richtlinie der FRMD (Flood Risk Management Directive) bereits in der deutschen
Gesetzgebung umgesetz, namentlich als das Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (WHG) bezeichnet. Die Politik
des Überschwemmungsmanagements unterscheidet sich zwischen den zwei Bundesländern.
Die Save ist der zweitgröβte Nebenfluss der Donau und sie ist ebenfalls der zweitgröβte Fluss des
FLOOD-WISE Projekts. Es wurde stark investiert in die Verbesserung der
Überschwemmungsmanagementpolitik sowie in grenzübergreifende Zusammenwirkung und die
Kommunikation zu diesem Flussbecken. Eine weit reichender Schritt war die Gründung der
Internationalen Kommission des Save Flussbeckens. Die Sprachen, welche hauptsächlich für die
Kommunikation zwischen grenzübergreifenden Autoritäten benutzt werden sind Kroatisch und
Slovenisch. Allerdings empfinden diese Autoritäten keine sprachbedingten
Kommunikationsprobleme. Weiterhin hat Kroatien die FRMD noch nicht umgesetzt in nationale
Gesetzgebung.
Die Maas ist der drittgröβte Fluss des Projekts. Er flieβt durch drei verschiedene Länder: Frankreich,
Belgien und die Niederlande. Das Zusammenwirken zwischen den Länder verläuft weiterhin
verhältnismäßig gut, unter anderem dank der Internationalen Maaskomission, welche drei bis
viermal jährlich zusammenkommt. Dennoch empfinden die Partner dieses Flussbeckens auch
Probleme, sowie sprachbedingte Kommunikationshemmnisse und Probleme die verursacht werden
durch die unterschiedlichen Herangehensweisen und die unterschiedlichen Interessen in Bezug auf
Überschwemmungsmanagement. Aus juristischer Sicht, haben Frankreich, Belgien sowie die
Niederlände die FRMD bereits umgesetz in das jeweilige nationales Recht.
Der viertgröβte Fluss des FLOOD-WISE Projects ist der Westliche Bug. Sie formt die natürliche Grenze
zwischen Polen und Ukrain und zwischen Polen und Belarus. Sie ist eine der wenige europeische
Flüsse, wessen natürliche Charakter behalten wurde über die ganze Länge. Deswegen ist es eine
Herausforderung, ökologische Lösungen zu kombinieren mit Maβnahmen die Überschwemmungen
hervorbeugen. Dabei soll das eigene Retentionspotential des Flusses benutz werden und gleichzeitig
soll dessen natürliche Charakter behalten bleiben.
Grenzüberschreitende Kommunikation zwisschen den drei Partner des Projekts –welche sich in drei
verschiedene Länder befinden – verläuft mühsam, vor allem wegen der vielen verschiedenen
Sprachen und unterschiedlichen Politik. Belarus ist das einzige Land innerhalb des Flussbeckens des
Westlichen Bugs, dass die FRMD bereits in die nationale Gesetzgebung übernommen hat.
Die Samosch ist einer der wichtigsten Nebenflüsse der Theiβ (ein Hauptnebenfluss der Donau) und
zugleich der fünftgröβte Fluss des FLOOD-WISE Projekts. Das Zusammenwirken zwischen den
FLOOD-WISE Partnern dieses Flussbeckens verläuft relativ problemlos. Es werden nur sehr wenige
Kommunikationsbarrieren oder andere Hemmnisse für eine gute Kooperation empfunden. Trotz der
Tatsache, dass Ungarn die FRMD im Gegenteil zu Rumänien schon in nationale Gesetzgebung
umgesetzt hat, gibt es keine juristisch bedingten Schwierigkeiten in Bezug auf grenzübergreifende
Zusammenarbeit zwischen beiden Ländern.
Die Rur ist der kleinste Fluss des FLOOD-WISE Projekts, welcher sich aber in einem auβergewöhnlich
dicht bevölkerten Gebiet befindet. Die Tatsache, dass die Rur nur ein kleiner Fluss ist, ist
warscheinlich ein wichtiger Grund für die problemlose Zusammenarbeit zwischen den deutschen
und den niederländischen Partner des FLOOD-WISE Projekts in diesem Flussbecken. Es werden
juristisch gesehen keine Probleme durch die Partner empfunden und weiterhin ist anzumerken, dass
die FRMD bereits in beiden Ländern in nationales Recht umgesetzt worden ist.
Résumé Général
Dans ce rapport, les six bassins fluviaux du projet FLOOD-WISE sont décrits: l'Elbe, la Save, la Meuse, le Bug à l'Ouest, le Somes et la Roer. Les caractéristiques générales des bassins ainsi que les aspects communicatifs, juridiques et politiques en matière de gestion des risques d’inondation y sont détaillés. Ceux-ci varient de façon significative pour chaque bassin hydrographique. En effet, leurs différentes implantations géographiques impliquent des conséquences sur tous les aspects des rivières et de leurs bassins versant. L'Elbe est le plus grand fleuve du projet FLOOD-WISE. Il est principalement utilisé comme voie navigable. Le bassin de l'Elbe comptent deux partenaires FLOOD-WISE,- l’Agence d’Etat Saxon pour l'agriculture, l'environnement et la géologie (The Saxon State Agency for environment, agriculture and geology) et l’Office d’Etat Brandebourg pour l’Environnement (The Brandenburg State Office for Environnent), opérant tout deux en Allemagne. Ils collaborent activement en vue de réduire les risques d'inondation. Toutefois, l’Agence d’Etat Saxon pour l'agriculture, l'environnement et la géologie a une approche plus internationale en matière de gestion des risques d'inondation que son homologue du Land de Brandebourg. Du point de vue législatif, l'Allemagne a traduit le FRMD dans le Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (WHG). Les politiques de gestion des inondations varient entre les deux Etats fédéraux.
La Save, deuxième plus grand affluent du Danube est aussi le deuxième plus grand bassin impliqué dans le projet FLOOD-WISE. Beaucoup d'efforts ont été fournis en matière de politiques de gestion des inondations, de la coopération transfrontalière et de la communication dans ce bassin. Surtout, la Commission Internationale du bassin de la Save (International Sava River Basin Commission) fut une bonne initiative. Même si les autorités transfrontalières utilisent leur propres langues pour communiquer : le Croate et le Slovène, la langue n'est pour autant pas considérée comme un obstacle à une bonne communication et à une bonne coopération. Concernant l’aspect législatif, la Croatie n'a pas encore converti le FRMD (directives de gestion émanant du projet FLOOD-WISE) dans leur législation nationale.
Troisième plus grand fleuve du projet FLOOD-WISE, la Meuse traverse la France, la Belgique et les Pays-Bas. C’est un exemple de bonne coopération transfrontalière entre les pays, qui se réunissent à la Commission Internationale de la Meuse (International Meuse Commission) trois à quatre fois par an. Toutefois, compte tenu du grand nombre de pays partageant le bassin de la Meuse, la langue est bien souvent considérée comme un obstacle à une communication efficace, de même que les divergences en matière de politiques et d’intérêt propre à chaque pays. En tant que membres de l’UE, tous les pays du bassin ont converti le FRMD dans leur législation nationale.
La quatrième plus grande rivière du projet FLOOD-WISE est le Bug de l'Ouest. Il constitue une frontière naturelle entre la Pologne et l'Ukrain et entre la Pologne et la Biélorussie. C’est l'un des rares cours d’eau d'Europe où le caractère naturel du lit du fleuve a été en grande partie préservé sur toute sa longueur. Par conséquent, le défi est de combiner les mesures de gestion des inondations avec des solutions écologiques, en utilisant le propre potentiel de rétention de la rivière, tout en préservant son caractère naturel. La communication transfrontalière entre les trois pays partenaires du projet FLOOD-WISE du Bug de l'Ouest - la Pologne, l'Ukraine et la Biélorussie - est problématique, principalement en raison des différents systèmes administratifs, des intérêts divergeant et des différentes politiques. Comme la Biélorussie n'est pas un membre de l'UE, ce pays n'a pas (encore) converti le FRMD dans la législation nationale.
Le Somes est l'un des plus importants affluents de la rivière Tisza (un affluent principal du Danube). Il est le cinquième plus grand fleuve des six rivières du projet FLOOD-WISE. Il n’existe pas d’obstacles majeurs au niveau de la communication et de la coopération entre les deux partenaires en dehors des différents systèmes d'administration. Même si la Hongrie n'a pas encore
converti le FRMD dans sa législation, par opposition à la Roumanie, les obstacles législatifs ne sont pas présents au sein de la coopération transfrontalière.
La Roer est la plus petite rivière du projet FOOD-WISE. Elle située dans une zone extrêmement peuplée. Sa petite superficie est probablement une des raisons principales pour laquelle les partenaires du projet FOOD-WISE, Allemands et Néerlandais, rencontrent peu de problèmes dans leur communication transfrontalière. Du point de vue législatif, le bassin de la Roer peut être considéré comme plutôt harmonisées. Le FRMD est en effet converti en législation national et aucun autre obstacle juridique n’a été mentionné.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Aim of the report .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Structure ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Justification of Research Methods ...................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Research methods ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Construction of questions ............................................................................................................. 4
2.3 Characteristics of population ........................................................................................................ 4
3. General Research Results.................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 General river basin information .................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Frequency of cross-border contact ............................................................................................... 8
3.2.1 Frequency of cross- border meetings .................................................................................... 8
3.2.2 Frequency of cross- border telephone contact ..................................................................... 8
3.3 Communicative aspects ................................................................................................................ 9
3.3.1 Language as a barrier ............................................................................................................. 9
3.3.2 Other barriers....................................................................................................................... 10
3.3.3 Involvement of inhabitants .................................................................................................. 11
3.4 Legal aspects ............................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.1 FRMD and international treaties ......................................................................................... 12
3.4.2 International river commissions .......................................................................................... 12
3.5 Policy aspects .............................................................................................................................. 13
3.5.1 Flood-risk maps .................................................................................................................... 13
3.5.2 Flood-risk management strategies ...................................................................................... 13
3.5.3 Use of floodplains ................................................................................................................ 14
3.5.4 Experienced conflicts when implementing flood-risk management strategies .................. 14
3.6 General Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 15
3.7 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 16
4. Results per River Basin ...................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 The Elbe river basin ..................................................................................................................... 17
4.1.1 General river basin information ........................................................................................... 17
4.1.2 Cross-border cooperation .................................................................................................... 19
4.1.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 22
4.2 The Sava river basin .................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.1 General river basin information ........................................................................................... 23
4.2.2 Cross-border cooperation .................................................................................................... 24
4.2.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 28
4.3 The Meuse river basin ................................................................................................................. 30
4.3.1 General river basin information ........................................................................................... 30
4.3.2 Cross-border cooperation .................................................................................................... 32
4.3.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 37
4.4 The Western Bug river basin ....................................................................................................... 39
4.4.1 General river basin information ........................................................................................... 39
4.4.2 Cross-border cooperation .................................................................................................... 41
4.4.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 43
4.5 The Somes river basin ................................................................................................................. 45
4.5.1 General river basin information ........................................................................................... 45
4.5.2 Cross border cooperation .................................................................................................... 48
4.5.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 50
4.6 The Rur river basin ...................................................................................................................... 52
4.6.1 General River basin Information .......................................................................................... 52
4.6.2 Cross border cooperation .................................................................................................... 54
4.6.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 55
5. Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 57
Literature .......................................................................................................................................... 57
World Wide Web .............................................................................................................................. 57
Pictures and Figures .......................................................................................................................... 58
World Wide Web pictures ................................................................................................................ 58
Appendix 1 – Partner letter .................................................................................................................. 60
Appendix 2 – Questionnaire ................................................................................................................. 61
Appendix 3 – River basin characteristic schemes ................................................................................ 66
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1. Introduction
This report is part of the preparation of the FLOOD-WISE project. Within this project there are 15
partners from six international river basins in Europe: Sava, Bug, Meuse, Elbe, Somes and Rur,
representing seven EU member-state countries and three non-EU countries (Figure 1.1). FLOOD-
WISE stands for ‘Sustainable Flood Management Strategies for Cross Border River Basins’. The
FLOOD-WISE project is an EU funded project aiming at the exchange of knowledge and experiences
on integrated and sustainable flood-risk management on a river basin scale, to improve strategies
and policy instruments in participating partner regions. This will be done by exploring the potential
optimal use of the Flood Risk Management Directive (FRMD) tools through 'ex-ante' evaluated
exercises (case-studies) to prepare for the actual implementation of this new directive.
Figure 1.1 Locations of FLOOD-WISE river basins
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The aim of the FRMD is to reduce and manage the risks that floods pose to public safety, the
environment, cultural heritage and economic activity. The directive requires member states to first
carry out a preliminary assessment by 2011 to identify the river basins and associated coastal areas
at risk of flooding. For such zones they need to draw up flood risk maps by 2013 and establish flood
risk management plans focused on prevention, protection and preparedness by 2015. The directive
applies to inland waters as well as to all coastal waters across the whole territory of the EU.
The overall objective of the project is identification, sharing good practices on sustainable cross-
border flood-management in European river basins, using the instruments of the FRMD.
The partners of the FLOOD-WISE project are:
o Euregio Meuse-Rhine, lead partner of the project;
o Provincie Limburg, Dutch partner of the Meuse;
o Rijkswaterstaat Limburg, Dutch partner of the Meuse;
o Région Wallonne, Walloon partner of the Meuse;
o Waterschap Roer en Overmaas, Dutch partner of the Rur;
o Wasserverband Eifel-Rur, German partner of the Rur;
o Saxon State Agency for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Saxon partner of the Elbe;
o Landesumweltamt Brandenburg, Brandenburg partner of the Elbe;
o Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning Slovenia, Slovene partner of the Sava;
o Croatian Waters, Croatian partner of the Sava;
o National University Ukraine, Ukrainian partner of the Bug;
o District Office of Wlodawa, Polish partner of the Bug;
o Central Research Institute for Complex Use of Water Resources, Belarus, Belorussian
partner of the Bug;
o Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate, Hungarian partner of the Somes;
o The Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations, Romanian partner of the Somes .
1.1 Aim of the report The aim of this report is to provide an assessment of existing cross border cooperation issues and
practices on flood risk management in the above-mentioned river basins. Furthermore, it will
provide a benchmark with regard to cooperation of flood risk management in the six river basins.
Finally, general information about each river basin will be presented.
The following questions are the basis for this report and have the main focus:
o Has the FRMD been converted into national legislation in all partner countries?
o Are there practical and legal obstructions present in cross-border flood risk management?
o Are there possible conflicts between flood measures and economic and/or ecologic
functions?
o Is ecologic functioning of the river basin integrated in flood risk management?
o Is there synergy in flood risk management measures across borders (solidarity principle)?
o Are there flood risk maps present and to what extent?
o Are public and stakeholders involved in the process of development of the flood risk
management plans and in what way?
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1.2 Structure The following chapter will give an overview of the justification of the research methods, followed by
a chapter which contains general research results. The subsequent chapter will give a description of
the six river basins. Each river basin will have its own subchapter. These subchapters can be divided
in general information about the specific river and the cooperation within the river basin. At the end
of each subchapter a summary will be provided.
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2. Justification of Research Methods
2.1 Research methods The overall report is based on a combination of desk-research and field-research. The content of the
general river basin information at the beginning of each river basin chapter is based on desk
research. For this part, every partner has approved and wherever necessary adapted part of a
previous report, produced in 2008 by another group of students. The content of the information
about cross-border cooperation is based on field- research.
The field-research consisted of questionnaires, which were filled out by all of the partners in order to
obtain information about the present cross-border cooperation, policy and legal aspects in the river
basins (see Appendix 2 for the questionnaire).
2.2 Construction of questions The questions for the survey were based on the research questions which can be found in paragraph
1.3. They were formulated by the group members of the Europe Calling project and divided into four
categories: general river basin characteristics, communicative aspects, legal aspects and policy
aspects. After being approved by the assignment provider, the questionnaires were sent to the
fourteen FLOOD-WISE partners.
2.3 Characteristics of population The following contact persons of the fourteen partners of the FLOOD-WISE project filled out the
questionnaires:
Contact person Partner organization Fred Van den Brink Provincie Limburg Aleksandra Jaskula Rijkswaterstaat Limburg Didier de Thysebaert Région Wallonne Frank Heijens Waterschap Roer en Overmaas Gerd Demny Wasserverband Eifel-Rur Matthias Grafe Saxon State Agency for Environment, Agriculture and Geology Kurt Augustin Landesumweltamt Brandenburg Vésna Metelko Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning Slovenia Danko Biondic Croatian Waters Grigorij Sapsay National University Ukraine Janosz Adam Kloc District Office of Wlodawa Vladimir Korneev Central Research Institute for Complex Use of Water Resources, Belarus Tamás Fülöp The Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate Bogdan Neciu The Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations
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3. General Research Results In this chapter a general overview is provided of the findings regarding all six river basins with
respect to river basin characteristics, cross-border cooperation between FLOOD-WISE partners - and
legal and policy aspects.
3.1 General river basin information
Figure 3.1 River length
The above graph shows the length of the six rivers included in the survey. The Elbe is by far the
longest river with a length of 1,094 km. The Rur is the shortest one with a length of 165km.
Figure 3.2 Average discharge levels
The ‘average discharge level’ in m3 per second, represents the average volume of water flow in m3
per second within a certain river. These levels vary greatly between the different rivers. The Sava has
the highest discharge level (1,722 m3/s), the Rur has the smallest discharge level of 22.7 m3 /s.
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Figure 3.3 Surface catchment area (km2)
A catchment area is an extent of land where water from rain and melting snow or ice drains downhill
into a body of water, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea or ocean. The surface of
the catchment area of the Elbe is the biggest of the six rivers. It occupies 148,268 km2 of land. The
surface of the Rur only occupies 2,338 km2.
Figure 3.4 Number of inhabitants/km2 in the catchment area
Although the catchment area of the Rur covers the smallest surface, it has the highest population
density, namely a little over 500 inhabitants/km2. The figure clearly shows the higher population
density within the river basins of Western Europe, compared to these of Eastern Europe.
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Figure 3.5 Number of countries in the catchment area
Although the river Rur is not very long, its catchment area covers three different countries, namely
Germany, The Netherlands and Belgium. The Sava’s catchment area covers six different countries,
which is not surprising regarding its length. The same goes for the Meuse, which contains five
different countries.
Basin’s population density in relation to size
Si
ze
Large Sava Elbe
Medium Bug Meuse
Small Somes Rur
Low High
Population Density
Figure 3.6 Comparing river basins
The above table provides a sub-division of the rivers in terms of their size related to their population
density. Again special attention can be paid to the river Rur which in terms of length, catchment area
surface and average discharge level is the smallest of the six, however, in terms of population
density per km2 the largest.
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3.2 Frequency of cross-border contact
3.2.1 Frequency of cross- border meetings
Figure 3.7 Cross-border meetings
The above graph shows that 21.4% of the FLOOD-WISE partners meet monthly with their partners
across the border. The other partners (78.6%) meet less than once a month. In the latter case they
only come together:
o every three months;
o during flood meetings;
o ad hoc.
3.2.2 Frequency of cross- border telephone contact
Figure 3.8 Cross-border telephone contacts
Four of the partners indicate that they have either daily or weekly phone-contact with their
partner(s) in flood-managements across the border. 21.4% of the partners state that they meet only
when necessary, for example in case of flood. Most of the partners ticked the box ‘other’ and
verified that they had regular or occasional phone-contact across the border.
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3.3 Communicative aspects
3.3.1 Language as a barrier
Figure 3.9 Language as a barrier
Figure 3.10 Different languages
In figure 3.9 it can be concluded that exactly half of the FLOOD-WISE partners, seven out of
fourteen, recognize language as a barrier for good communication. The other half does not. In figure
3.10 the different languages used for communication between partners are represented. In total
there are fourteen different languages.
B3-Language(s)used
11,1%
16,7%
8,3%
13,9%2,8%
8,3%
5,6%
5,6%
5,6%
5,6%
8,3%
8,3%DutchEnglishFrenchGermanCzechPolishRomanianHungarianCroatianSlovenianSerbianRussianOtherUkranian
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3.3.2 Other barriers
Figure 3.11 Other barriers
According to the vast majority of the FLOOD-WISE partners there are a lot of other matters that
form a barrier for good communication and cooperation. The fact that some countries have different
administration systems than others forms the biggest barrier for communication between partners,
followed by their different policies and different interests. Examples of these different interests are:
o upstream and downstream interests;
o EU- and non- EU interests.
Examples of cultural differences are:
o the importance of informal circuits and mutual trust;
o power distance.
Partners who ticked the box ‘others’ mentioned the following:
o differences in hierarchy within organizations;
o lack of coordinated action between organizations across borders;
o differences in control and management of dams.
11
3.3.3 Involvement of inhabitants
Figure 3.12 Figure 3.13
The overall majority of the FLOOD-WISE partners take measures to raise the awareness among the
inhabitants of the river basin regarding flood risk. In order to do this, they use a great variety of
instruments, of which websites, informative meetings and flyers are most frequently used. Some
partners, who ticked the box ‘other’ offer things such as workshops and one of them offers an
educational hike (nature trail) as well.
Yes
85,7%
No
14,3%
B7-measures to raise the awareness
12
3.4 Legal aspects
3.4.1 FRMD and international treaties
Figure 3.14 FRMD Figure 3.15 International treaties
The majority of the FLOOD-WISE partners (71.4%) have already implemented the Flood Risk
Management Directive (FRMD) into national legislation as can be seen in figure 3.14. These include
all the partners that are EU-member and Ukraine.
Figure 3.15 shows the amount of FLOOD-WISE partners whose countries have international treaties
on cooperation in trans-boundary waters. The overall majority of the partner-countries, 78.6%, do
have such treaties.
3.4.2 International river commissions
Figure 3.16 International River Commissions
When it comes to international river commissions, exactly half of the FLOOD-WISE partners
cooperate with such a commission. The other seven partners do not have contact with an
international river commission.
Blank
7,1%
Yes
71,4%
No
21,4%
C1- FRMD as National Legislation
Blank
7,1%
Yes
78,6%
No
14,3%
C5- International treaties on cooperatio
13
3.5 Policy aspects
3.5.1 Flood-risk maps
Flood –risk maps are used to indicate areas of land or property that have
historically been flooded or that are considered to be at risk of flooding.
Nine out of fourteen FLOOD-WISE partners have already developed flood-
risk maps based on the available data about areas where flood-risk occurs,
the other five not yet.
Figure 3.17 Flood-risk maps
3.5.2 Flood-risk management strategies
Figure 3.18 Flood-risk management strategies
In order to decrease the risk of flooding various measures are implemented within the different
countries of the FLOOD-WISE partners. The most frequently used include strengthening and
heightening of dikes, followed by improving evacuation systems and creating extra space for the
river. Partners who ticked the box ‘other’ mentioned strategies such as:
o improving forecast systems;
o building of (multipurpose) reservoirs;
o relief channels;
o flood-retention basins.
14
3.5.3 Use of floodplains
Figure 3.19 Use of floodplains
Floodplains are mainly used for nature, followed closely by cattle farming, arable farming and tourist
activities. In some regions floodplains are also used for industry, but this is by far the smallest
percentage.
3.5.4 Experienced conflicts when implementing flood-risk management strategies
Figure 3.20 Conflicts – ecologic function Figure 3.21 Conflicts – economic function
All of the FLOOD-WISE partners experience conflicts when implementing flood measures, both
regarding economic functions as well as ecologic functions of the river basin.
Yes
64,3%
No
35,7%
Yes
85,7%
No
14,3%
15
Examples of the conflicts between the implementation of flood measures and the ecologic functions
of the river basin mentioned by the partners include the following:
o the construction of dikes can affect the functioning of natural systems (preventing flood
plains from flooding, worsening the accessibility of the floodplains from the river);
o broadening of the summer-bed can lower the groundwater level (desiccation even on a big
distance).
As an example of the conflicts between flood measures and the economic function of the river
basin, the partners mentioned:
o the fact that it is forbidden to build inside of floodplains;
o conflicts between dike relocating and land used for cattle farming;
o the costs of rules and regulations like the Directive 2000/60/EC, which provides for a clear
and transparent process for addressing the uses and impacts of multi-purpose use of bodies
of water for different forms of sustainable human activities (e.g. flood risk management,
ecology, inland navigation or hydropower).
3.6 General Conclusions
General river basin information
The six river basins that are included in this survey have very different characteristics. They vary
significantly regarding their lengths, discharge levels and catchment areas. Also the number of
inhabitants per km2 living in the catchment area of each river basin, and the number of countries in
the catchment area differs. The largest river of the river basins that are in the FLOOD-WISE project is
the Elbe, the smallest one is the Rur.
Naturally they have different geographical locations, which brings along consequences for all aspects
of the river. Not only does its location influence the land characteristics of each river basin (e.g.
mountains versus pastures) and the type of watercourse (rain type of watercourse versus snow type
of watercourse), also the question if a river is situated within EU-countries or non-EU countries
brings along major consequences, above all for legislation concerning flood-risk management.
Communicative aspects
The nature of the cross-border contact of the different partners varies. Some partners are very
active in cross-border cooperation, others do not cooperate (in a direct way) with river basin
partners across the border (yet).
Different barriers are encountered when cooperating with partners in another country. One of them
is language, which is considered an obstacle for good cross-border communication and cooperation
by 50% of the FLOOD-WISE partners. This is not surprising, regarding the fourteen different
languages that are used for cross-border communication within the six river basins.
Other barriers for good cross-border communication and cooperation are for example the fact that
different countries have different administration systems where powers and mandates are divided
in divergent ways and the fact that they pursue different policies regarding flood-management.
Different interests also play a major role. Within river basins the differences between the interests
16
of countries that are closer to the spring of the river (upstream countries) and countries that are
closer to the mouth of the river (downstream countries) vary. If an upstream country pursues a
flood-management policy aiming at getting rid of a surplus of water, downstream countries will
encounter problems. Also the interests of EU-countries in comparison to non-EU countries vary. EU-
countries are obliged to take into account EU-legislation regarding flood-risk (the FRMD), whereas
non-EU countries do not have to take this legislation into account.
Legal aspects
The Flood Risk Management Directive (FRMD, also called Directive 2007/60/EC) has already been
translated into national legislation within most of the countries in the FLOOD-WISE project. All these
countries but one are EU-member states, as the EU obliged its member states to translate the FRMD
(framework legislation) into national legislation. Although Ukraine is not an EU-member state, it
nevertheless has converted the FRMD into Ukrainian legislation.
Policy aspects
Different river basin characteristics call for divergent policies regarding flood-management and some
countries pursue different policies rather than others. The measures taken in order to reduce the
risk of flooding vary significantly per river basin. However, heightening dikes and improving
evacuation systems are the most used strategies, apparent in almost all of the river basins. When
implementing these measures, all of the partners experience either ecologic conflicts, economic
conflicts or both.
In order to reduce the risk of flood it also is important to develop flood risk maps. Although the
FRMD obliges EU-member states to draw up such maps, not all of the EU-member states have done
this yet.
3.7 Recommendations o Be in touch with partners on the other side of the border on a regular basis, in order to stay
well-informed about the situation and recent developments of cross-border flood-
management. In this way it will be easier to adapt policies to each other, be familiar with
differences between administration systems of partner-countries and to reckon with
different interest across the border;
o Improve language skills. Language is a barrier that complicates good communication and
cooperation with partners across the border;
o For good cross-border cooperation it is important that legislation corresponds within the
partner countries. Therefore it would be recommendable for all countries of the FLOOD-
WISE partners to convert the FRMD into national legislation.
17
4. Results per River Basin
This chapter will give an overview of the six river basins of the FLOOD-WISE project. Each river basin
will be ordered into its own subchapter. In these subchapters general information and information
about cross border cooperation of the specific rivers will be given. The river basins are ranged from
large to small: Elbe, Sava, Meuse, Bug, Somes and Rur.
4.1 The Elbe river basin
4.1.1 General river basin information
Figure 4.1 Elbe River Basin
18
The Elbe is one of the major rivers of central Europe, originating in the Giant Mountains (Krkonoše)
in the Czech Republic, finishing its way into the sea at Cuxhaven-Kugelbake in Germany. Its total
length is around 1,094 km and the Elbe river basin occupies a surface of 148,268 km2 From the
geomorphologic angle, the Elbe watercourse is divided into three stretches:
o Upper Elbe: from the springs downstream to its entrance into the North German Lowland at
the Hirschstein Castle, length: 463 km;
o Middle Elbe: from the Hirschstein Castle downstream to the Geesthacht weir, length: 489 km;
o Lower Elbe: from the Geesthacht weir downstream to its mouth into the North Sea at
Cuxhaven-Kugelbake, length: 142 km.
The Elbe basin is situated in a mild climatic zone; it is located in the transitional area between sea
and continental climate. The average annual air temperature varies from 8 °C to 9 °C in the lowland
and from 1 °C to 3 °C in the mountains.
In March the highest amount of water runs through the Elbe, primarily coming from melting snow. In
August the lowest amount of water runs through the river. Although in summer the water level of
the Elbe decreases, forceful rain-fall can cause a sudden rise of the water-level. The average annual
flow is 311 m³/s on the Czech-German border and 728 m³/s on the lower reach.
The surface of the Elbe river basin has
the following characteristics:
o agricultural land (50%);
o woods (26,7%);
o grass growths;
o other purposes, such as traffic or
water surfaces (15,3%).
The purposes of the Elbe are:
o waterway transport;
o water inlet;
o hydroelectric power plants;
o fishing, sport and recreation.
The water level of the river Elbe is mainly influenced by the amount of snow melting in spring in
combination with intensive rain. The Elbe therefore belongs to the rain-snow type of watercourse,
where winter and spring floods are typical. During observation of floods in the period 1890-2002 it
was established that 70%-75% of the floods occurred in the winter hydrological half-year on the
higher Elbe. In summer all major floods of the Elbe occur as a consequence of massive regional
rainfall over several days. However, these rainfalls which lead to extreme floods on Elbe tributaries
usually cause smaller floods on the river Elbe itself. Extensive floods on the Elbe mostly begin within
the area of the Czech Republic. The occurrence of floods on the Higher Elbe is influenced by the
Vltava tributary.
Figure 4.2 River Elbe, Germany - Mathias Scholz/UFZ
19
The main problem is the short-time forecast for smaller catchments (< 500 km²) which are
endangered by flash floods. Another problem is the length of the flood wave in the Elbe, especially in
winter and with the groundwater. Flooded areas are densely populated, therefore, high damage
potential exists. To conclude, there are static floods with large inundation on the river Elbe at least
twice a year (in winter or summer).
In the past, there were major floods in the years 1784, 1799, 1815, 1850, 1855, 1862, 1865, 1876,
1881, 1888, 1890, 1926, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1981, 1987 and 1997. Two extensive floods in the 21st
century happened in August 2002 and in January 2003. The last flood in the Elbe basin occurred in
2006.
4.1.2 Cross-border cooperation
National, cross-border and international cooperation partners
Brandenburg State Office for Environment (Landesumweltamt Brandenburg) cooperates with the
following organizations regarding flood-management in the Elbe river basin:
Brandenburg State Office for Environment
Within Germany
Saxon State Agency for Environment, Agriculture and Geology
The Administrative unit for flood protection and water management, flood forecasting centre of the state of Saxony-Anhalt
Lower Saxony Water Management, Coastal Defence and Nature Conservation Agency
State office for Environment and Nature of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Authorities for land use, spatial planning and regional development
Local authorities and municipalities
Nongovernmental organizations and associations
Across the border none
International River Commissions
International Commission for the Protection of the Elbe River
The Saxon State Agency for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (Sächsisches Staatsministerium
für Umwelt und Landwirtschaft) cooperates with the following organizations regarding flood-
management in the Elbe river basin:
The Saxon State Agency for Environment, Agriculture and Geology Within Germany
Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt (Dresden, Magdeburg)
Wasser- und Schifffahrtsdirektion Magdeburg
Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde
Brandenburg State Office for Environment
Thüringer Landesanstalt für Umwelt und Geologie
Landesbetrieb für Hochwasserschutz und Wasserwirtschaft Sachsen-Anhalt
Across the border
Czech Hydrometeorological Institute Prague
Povodi Tschechien International River Commissions
International Commission for the Protection of the Elbe River
20
Communicative aspects
The partners across the border of the Elbe river basin meet once every three to four months, only at
meetings or conferences of cross border projects. The Saxon State Agency for Agriculture,
Environment and Geology has daily telephone contact with its partner(s) across the border and
cooperates in a direct way with its partners in the Czech Republic. The Brandenburg State Office for
Environment only has cross-border telephone contact on an intermittent basis. It is not active in
direct cross-border cooperation outside of Germany. Prof. Socher from the Saxon Ministry for the
Environment and Agriculture is currently the head of the German delegation of the International
Commission for the Protection of the Elbe River (ICPE), also representing the Brandenburg State
Office for Environment.
The Brandenburg State Office for Environment only uses English for cross-border communication, in
Saxony English, German and Czech are used as communication language for cross-border
communication. Both partners consider language a communication barrier.
Apart from different languages only different policies are experienced as a barrier for good
communication by the Brandenburg State Office for Environment. The Saxon State Agency for
Environment, Agriculture and Geology considers different interests (Czech dam management and
control), different administration systems and technical aspects of flood-risk management as
barriers for good communication and cooperation.
Various measures are taken to raise the awareness among the inhabitants of the river basin
regarding flood-risk. Both federal states are currently spreading flyers and make use of the internet
to get citizens aware of the risks of flooding.
o Brandenburg: http://www.luis.brandenburg.de/w/;
o Saxony: http://www.umwelt.sachsen.de/umwelt/wasser/en/index.html.
The State of Saxony also offers workshops and there is the possibility of walking the ‘Nature Trail of
Flood Protection in the City of Dresden’. Nature trails are a medium of environmental education by
sensitizing and qualifying the viewer for ecology-minded action. Not only previous events should be
kept in mind. The visitors of the trail should also be animated to deal consciously with the exposure
to hazards and in consequence be encouraged to a continued engagement for prevention.
Brandenburg offers many brochures that can be ordered at the following website:
http://www.mugv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/5lbm1.c.111478.de#wasser.
Furthermore, it is possible to visit informative meetings about flood maps.
21
Both partners include stakeholders in
flood-risk management. The Saxon State
Agency for Environment, Agriculture and
Geology does this through
communication and exchange of data,
setting off alarms levels, obligating
citizens to the competent authority in
case of danger and identification,
designation of flood generation areas
and questionnaires. The Brandenburg
State Office for Environment conducts
consultations and workshops with the
stakeholders to agree the methods for
implementation of the EU-directive on
the assessment and management of
flood-risk in the Elbe basin. It also organizes the active involvement of all interested parties in
developing appropriate objectives and measures.
Legal aspects
The FRMD (Flood Risk Management Directive) has already been converted into national law, namely
into the Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (WHG) as amended and promulgated on 19 August 2002 (BGBl. I S.
3245), last time amended by Article 1 of the Gesetz zur Neuregelung des Wasserrechts of 31 July
2009.
In the State of Brandeburg it will be converted in the Brandenburg water law: Brandenburgisches
Wassergesetz (BbgWG) as amended and promulgated on 8 December 2004 (GVBl.I/2005, Nr. 05,
S.50) last time amended by Article 1 of the Gesetz zur Änderung wasserrechtlicher Vorschriften of 23
April 2008. The amendment of the law will be inured until the end of 2010.
In both federal states data are available about areas where flood-risk occurs and flood-risk maps
have been developed based on these data. However, in Brandenburg these flood-risk maps have not
been developed for all areas yet.
In both federal states there are international treaties on cooperation in trans-boundary waters.
Unlike the Saxon State Agency for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, the Brandenburg State
Office for Environment experiences legal obstructions in cross-border flood risk management.
Policy aspects
In Brandenburg and in Saxony strategies when it comes to flood-risk management are different.
In Brandenburg the focus lies on strengthening & heightening dikes, creating extra space for the
river and improving evacuation systems. Also forecast systems are being improved with the
objective to ensure an intended degree of protection, expressed by a statistical return period, e.g. a
100 year flood event. For all flood events with a statistical return period higher then 100, a catalogue
of risk management measures will be created. Over the last years strategies used regarding flood-
management strategies in Brandenburg have not changed.
Figure 4.3 River Elbe, Sandbucht - Andre Kuenzelmann/UFZ
22
In Saxony strengthening & heightening dikes, creating extra space for the river and improving
evacuation systems are also part of the strategy. However, in Saxony it is intended to build
elsewhere, i.e. not inside the active floodplain. Furthermore, compartmentalisation is part of the
strategy, which ensures that the water does not spread as far or rapidly. Finally flood control
reservoirs are being built, which maintain water at a low level so that when a storm comes, water
may be detained and stored to decrease or eliminate the threat of flooding downstream from the
reservoir. Strengthening & heightening dikes, creating extra space for the river and
compartmentalisation are measures that have only been implemented over the last years within
Saxony.
Floodplains are also used in slightly different ways in both federal states. In Saxony they are used for
cattle and arable farming, fishing, tourism and nature. In Brandenburg floodplains are used for the
same purposes, however, they are additionally used as housing sites and for industry.
Both federal states have experienced conflicts between the implementation of flood measures and
ecologic functions within their river basins. The Brandenburg State Office for Environment indicates
that these problems lie in the field of dike restoration which may disturb biotopes for protected
species. The Saxon State Agency for Agriculture, Environment and Geology experiences exactly these
same problems.
Both federal states also experience conflicts between the implementation of flood measures and
economic functions within their river basins. In Brandenburg these conflicts arise between dike
relocation and land used for cattle farming. In Saxony they arise between reclamation of flood plains
and arable farming within river basins.
4.1.3 Summary
The Elbe is the largest river of the FLOOD-WISE project. Waterway transport is a very important
purpose of the river. The water level of the Elbe river is mainly influenced by the amount of snow
melting in spring in combination with intensive rain. Static floods with large inundation on the Elbe
river occur at least twice a year, in winter or summer.
The Saxon State Agency for Environment, Agriculture and Geology and the Brandenburg State Office
for Environment are both active in cross-border cooperation, however, it seems like the Saxon State
Agency for Environment, Agriculture and Geology has more contact with partners across the border
than its counterpart in Brandenburg and has a slightly more international approach towards flood
risk management.
However, both partners take measures in order to raise flood-risk awareness among citizens, varying
from flyers and brochures to workshops about flood-maps in Brandenburg and a Nature Trail of
Flood Protection in the City of Dresden’ in Saxony.
In Germany as whole the FRMD have been converted to the Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (WHG).
Policies aiming at decreasing risk of flood differ within the two federal states. The State of
Brandenburg has been using the same measures over the last years, whereas it seems that the State
of Saxony has been trying new methods recently.
23
4.2 The Sava river basin
4.2.1 General river basin information
The river Sava is an international river with a basin area shared by five countries: Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. A minor share of the basin area extends into
Albania. The river stretches slightly less than 1,000 km with a catchment area covering about 95,000
km2 representing 50% to 70% of the surface area of each of the five countries. The Sava river is the
second largest tributary to the Danube river and is of biological significance because of its
outstanding biological and landscape diversity. It is host to the largest complex of alluvial floodplain
wetlands in the Danube basin and the largest lowland forests. The Sava is a unique example of a
river where the floodplains are still intact, supporting both flood alleviation and biodiversity.
The climate varies from alpine, panoptic to continental. The average precipitation is 1,593mm per
year in Slovenia and 1,000 mm per year west in Croatia and 600mm per year east in Croatia. The
mean annual discharge at the point joining the Danube in Belgrade is 1,700 m3/s.
Figure 4.4 Sava river basin
24
Approximately 2.2 million people live near the Croatian part of the Sava river basin. The Slovene part
of the Sava river basin has approximately 1.3 million inhabitants.
The river follows the following land characteristics:
o mountains 5 %;
o forests 25 % ;
o wetlands about 60,000ha;
o pastures 25 % ;
o agriculture 40 %;
o few irrigated lands.
The Sava has the following functions:
o source for drinking water;
o navigation routes;
o boating;
o fish angling activities;
o navigable waterways;
o recreational sports;
o mills & saw mills;
o mineral & thermal water abstractions;
o hydropower use.
In Slovenia the last flood occurred in 2009, while in Croatia, the last flood occurred during the
months of February and March in 2010.
4.2.2 Cross-border cooperation
National, cross-border and international cooperation partners
The Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning Slovenia cooperates with the following
organizations regarding flood-management in the Sava river basin:
The Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning Slovenia Within Slovenia
Ministries
Local Communities
Organizations for spatial planning
Designing organizations
NGO and other public authorities on the
national and local level
Environmental inspection organizations
Service for Protection and Rescue
Institute for Waters of the Republic of Slovenia
Across the border
Croatian Waters company Hrvatske Vode International River Commissions
Permanent Croatian - Slovenian Commission for Water Management
Figure 4.5 River Sava, Hrastník - Szeder László
25
The Hrvatske Vode in Croatia cooperates with the following organizations regarding flood-
management in the Sava river basin:
The Hrvatske Vode in Croatia Within Croatia
The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning
The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
The Ministry for Public Works Reconstruction and Construction
The Ministry of Economy
The Ministry of Tourism
The Ministry of Culture
The Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Science, Education and Sport
The Ministry of Regional Development, Forestry and Water Management
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration
Ministry of the Interior
Across the border
The Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning Slovenia International River Commissions
Permanent Croatian - Slovenian Commission for Water Management
International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) The International Sava River Basin Commission is shared with Slovenia, but there is also the
International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR), an international
organization that consists of thirteen cooperating states (Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova and
Ukraine) and the European Union.
Organizations such as the National Protection and Rescue Directorate, the Meteorological and
Hydrological Service, Hrvatska elektroprivreda (Croatian Power Company), Hrvatske šume (state-
owned company in charge of forest management) take part in the management process within the
country. Parts of the area are protected in accordance with laws and conventions on nature
protection (Nature Park and a Ramsar site of Lonjsko polje, a Ramsar site of Crna Mlaka,
ornithological reserves of Rakita and Krapje Đol, etc.).
Communicative Aspects
The Slovene partner meets at least three times a year on formal events and at events when
interventions are needed, for example in case of an accident. The same goes for contact through e-
mail and telephone.
Through the intermediary of Croatian - Slovenian Commission for Water Management, the Slovenian
and Croatian partners meet annually. The commission works in four subcommittees which meet
more often if necessary:
o the Subcommittee for the Drava and Mura River Basins;
o the Subcommittee for the Sutla, Sava and Kupa River Basins;
o the Subcommittee for the Littoral and Istrian River Basins and Coastal Waters
o the Subcommittee for Water Quality
Both partners use both Croatian language and Slovenian language to communicate with cross-
border authorities of the Sava Basin. None of them consider language to be a communication
barrier.
26
The Hrvatske Vode in Croatia does not experience any barriers for good communication between its
partners, however the Slovene partner experiences a barrier because there are different priorities
between organizations.
In Slovenia the stakeholders involved are the local authorities, the institution for Waters of the
Republic of Slovenia, ministries, hydropower organizations, inhabitants and industries on areas in
danger of floods.
In Croatia the main stakeholders are the ministries, the local governments, the National Protection
and Rescue Directorate, the Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Hrvatska elektroprivreda (a
Croatian power company) and Hrvatske šume (state-owned company in charge of forest
management).
Both partners raise awareness among the inhabitants of the river basin regarding flood-risk. In
Slovenia informative meeting and website are set up. For more efficient operative flood defence,
Hrvatske Vode has established a system of on-line monitoring stations. Today, the online data
system consists of hundred three automatic stations in Croatia. Sixty-two of them are in the Sava
river basin. The real-time monitored water levels can be found on the website http://www.voda.hr
or at the same address when using “warp” mobile phones as well as on the teletext of Croatian
Television (HTV).
Data on the water level, obtained from field stations, are used for the preparation of forecasts of
arrival, propagation, and transformation of a flood wave.
Systematic forecasting of water levels and flows in the Sava river basin is conducted by Hrvatske
Vode at the majority of water gauge profiles in the Sava and Kupa Rivers, which are relevant for the
implementation of flood defence measures under the National Flood Defence Plan.
For the part of the Sava river downstream Jasenovac it is still not possible to make reliable
hydrological forecasts due to the lack of information from the part of Sava River basin in Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
For internal use of Hrvatske Vode comprehensive hydrologic data collection and dissemination
system is being built taking in consideration not only flood monitoring, forecasting and warning but
other requirements of water management as well.
However, the stakeholders are involved through spatial planning procedure, through flood
protection planning and building in Slovenia. In Croatia, it is effective through the annual flood
management program.
Legal aspects
The FRMD is already converted into national law in Slovenia. Croatia has expressed its interest in
being membership of European Union and still is an EU candidate. Croatia adapted its legalization to
the laws of the European Council, but the EU has asked for additional political and economic
reforms. Thus, flood protection in the Republic of Croatia has been regulated under the Water Act
(Official Gazette, No. 153/09 and the Water Management Financing Act which has the following
objectives (among others) :
o designs the institutional framework for water management;
27
o introduces the managing of water from a river basin approach;
o divides Croatia into four water basins (including both surface and ground waters;
o assigns the city of Zagreb as an independent water unit;
o assigns responsibilities to various levels of government, local authorities and legal subjects;
o ensures protection measures for the prevention of flood damages;
o defines that drinking is the main priority among all water uses;
o ensures the protection of aquifers.
In both countries there are data available about areas where flood risk occurs. However, there are
not any flood-risk maps been developed based on these data. Data on water level obtained from
field stations are used for the preparation of forecasts of arrival, propagation, and transformation of
a flood wave.
International treaties manage the cooperation between both countries and no legal obstruction has
been experienced concerning flood risk management.
Policy aspects
Strengthening & heightening dikes, creating extra space for the rivers, improving evacuation
systems, building outside the floodplains, compartmentalisation which ensures that the water does
not spread as far or rapidly are the strategies regarding flood risk management that are currently
implemented in Slovenia. In the past strengthening and heightening of dikes was used in Slovenia.
In Croatia the strategies regarding flood risk management that are currently implemented are
protection of dikes, relief channels, distribution facilities, lowland retention lakes or expansion areas,
multipurpose reservoirs and mountain retention storages. The same measures were implemented in
the past.
Both in Slovenia and Croatia, the floodplains of the
Sava river basin are used for cattle farming, arable
farming, tourism and for nature. Slovenia has
experienced some conflicts between the
implementation of flood measures and ecologic
function because it is recognized that protection
measures are not always compatible with the
nature protection measures. Slovenia also
experienced conflicts between the
implementation of flood measures and economic
functions because it is difficult to stop the
urbanization and building of protected areas.
Croatia does not experience any of these
problems.
The Slovene partner integrates ecosystem services of the river basin in flood risk management
within their organization through protection of natural flood plains from urbanization and grassing
river banks to avoid erosion. The Hrvatske Vode in Croatia does not integrate ecosystem services of
the river basin in flood risk management within their organization.
Figure 4.6 Sava-Drina Confluence, Bosnia and Herzegovina -
Julian Nitzsche
28
4.2.3 Summary
The Sava river is the second largest tributary to the Danube River and is of biological significance
because of its outstanding biological and landscape diversity. It is the second largest river basin
involved in the FLOOD-WISE project.
There is no regular meeting between authorities, to discuss flood-management. They meet three
times a year on formal events and at the events when the interventions are needed. Informal
communication (through telephone, internet) also happens occasionally, in case of need, in case of
an accident or before an important meeting.
A lot of effort has been put in improving flood policies, cross-border cooperation and
communication in the Sava river basin. Especially, the International Sava River Basin Commission
was a good initiative. The partners meet annually and work in four subcommittees which meet more
often if this is necessary. The long-term benefit resulting from the work of the Sava Commission and
implementation of the Framework Agreement on the Sava River Basin will be the establishment of
the international legal regime by enforcement of instruments of international water law,
international navigation law, international law on environmental protection, as well as the
regulations of the EU being applied.
Still there has to be paid much more attention to recognizing the importance of working with the
people on the other side of the river (solidarity principle) and the idea of exchanging information
and experiences with other river basins throughout Europe. Thus, in the future, a flood defence plan
will be drawn up for an integrated water system. This operative flood defence on boundary
watercourses is carried out together with competent services from the neighbouring countries.
International treaties manage the cooperation between cross border countries.
The languages used between cross-border authorities are the own languages of the countries:
Croatian and Slovenian. In spite of the use of two distinct languages, the language is not perceived
as a barrier. The barriers for good communication is not about language, it is about different the
priorities of each country.
To raise awareness regarding flood risk among citizens, websites, informative meetings and annual
flood management programs are being used by both partners.
A big difference in the legal aspect can be found in that Croatia has not yet converted the FRMD in
national law, where already Slovenia did. In both countries, there are data available about flood risk,
but flood risk maps have not been developed yet in both countries. Strengthening & heightening
dikes, creating extra space for the rivers, improving evacuation systems, building outside the river
basin, compartmentalization which ensures that the water does not spread as far or rapidly are the
strategies regarding flood risk management that are currently implemented in Slovenia. Flood
protection dikes, relief channels, distribution facilities, lowland retention lakes or expansion areas,
multipurpose reservoirs, mountain retention storages are the strategies used in Croatia currently as
well as in the past.
29
In general, the flood plains are used for cattle farming, tourism and nature in Slovenia and Croatia.
Slovenia also uses floodplains for arable farming.
Slovenia has experienced some conflicts between the implementation of flood measures and
ecologic and economic functions. Croatia does not experience any of these problems.
The Slovenian partner integrates ecosystem services of the river basin in flood risk management
within their organization contrary to the Croatian partner, who does not integrate an ecosystem
service.
30
4.3 The Meuse river basin
4.3.1 General river basin information
The river Meuse flows from its source in France via Belgium to its river mouth in the west of the
Netherlands. The Meuse river basin covers an area of approximately 34,500 km², including parts of
Figure 4.7 Meuse River Basin
31
France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands with a population density of 250 per
km² and about 9 million in total.
The French catchment area covers 10,750 km². It is elongated and narrow, with a low fall. However,
the porous soil absorbs much of the precipitation.
In Belgium the Meuse flows from Chooz to the
Dutch border village Eijsden. It encompasses
most of the Belgian Ardennes and the Sambre
region. It is a wide area of about 10,000 km².
Because a large number of tributaries and
streams fall steeply and because the soil is
rocky, the rain is quick to reach the Meuse.
Precipitation in the Ardennes region reaches
the Dutch border within eight hours.
The Dutch part of the Meuse flows from
Eijsden to the Hollands Diep. The Meuse
tributaries and the situation of the national
border mean that the Dutch section also
encompasses a small area of Flanders. The
surface area is approximately 12,250 km². It is
relatively wide and largely flat.
The Meuse has the following land characteristics:
o 60% agricultural purposes;
o 30% is forested.
The Meuse has the following functions:
o conduit for rainwater;
o transport route for inland shipping ;
o source for drinking water;
o recreational activity;
o used for industrial processes and for cooling;
o hydropower;
o agriculture;
o source of sand and gravel;
o recreation;
Figure 4.8 Average precipitations in mm p/y – www.risicokaart.nl
32
o nature (Natura 20001, ecological function and corridor).
The Meuse is a characteristic rain-fed river, which means that its discharge levels depend largely on
the amount of precipitation. Floods occur mostly when the discharge of the river is high. December,
January and February are the most critical with possible discharge levels four times as high as the
summer average.
The last flood managed by the Province of Limburg as well as by the Région Wallone occured in
2003. The last major floods with serious consequences occurred in 1926, 1993 and 1995 when large
parts of land and urban areas were inundated in the Netherlands. These three floods represent the
three highest discharge levels in the Netherlands. Although there were no – or only little – human
casualties, economic costs for the Netherlands and the southern part of the Netherlands in
particular were considerable. As the Meuse is a rain-fed river, major floods in the river basin occur
during and after long periods of heavy rainfall, mostly during winter and early spring. In addition the
river has to deal with an extra supply of water from its tributaries when snow in the Ardennes melts.
In the “Mijnverzakkingsgebied”, located in the eastern part of Flanders, the water level can reach
seven meters as a result of former mining activities. In the Netherlands two different situations are
distinguished: with and without dikes. Up to Mook, there are no real dikes along the river. During
floods the water extends in the valley (although nowadays there are embankments to protect urban
areas). Downstream of Mook (up to the sea), the land is protected by dikes. A large part of the land
is below sea level. If a flood occurs, and the dike breaks, a large part of the land will be inundated.
4.3.2 Cross-border cooperation
National, cross-border and international cooperation partners
The Province of Limburg is a regional water authority, responsible for the regional water policy and
management in the south of the Netherlands. It is also responsible for spatial planning, the
environment, welfare, economy and mobility on a regional scale. The Province of Limburg has
experience in the field of sustainable water management, policy making and is involved with the
implementation of EU directives. Furthermore, they cooperate with the Dutch Ministry of
Waterways and Public Works (directorate Limburg), two water boards (Roer & Overmaas and Peel &
Maasvallei) and the so called safety regions within the country.
Across the border it deals with the Shipping Service (“Dienst voor de Scheepvaart”) and the
Administration for Waterways and Seeways (“Administratie Waterwegen en Zeewegen”) on the
Flemish side and the MET-Voie Hydrologique, Région Wallonne (DGNE) on the Walloon side. They
also deal with the Wasserverband Eiffel-Rur and Niersverband, which are both German
Organizations. The Province of Limburg deals with permanent border water committees and two
sub-divisions: the Meuse-Rur and the Meuse-Niers. There is also cooperation via the River Basin
Committee Thornerbeek, Jeker, Voer.
1 Natura 2000 is an ecological network of protected areas, set up to ensure the survival of Europe's most valuable species and
habitats. Natura 2000 is based on the 1979 Birds Directive and the 1992 Habitats Directive. The green infrastructure it provides
safeguards numerous ecosystem services and ensures that Europe's natural systems remain healthy and resilient.
(http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/biodiversity/natura2000gis)
33
The Province of Limburg Within the Netherlands
the Ministry of Waterways and Public Works, directorate Limburg
Water boards: Roer & Overmaas, Peel & Maasvallei
Safety regions (2)
Across the border
Flanders: a. Dienst voor de Scheepvaart b. Administratie Waterwegen en Zeewegen
Wallonia: a. MET-Voie Hydrologique b. Région Wallonne (DGNE)
Germany: a. Wasserverband Eiffel-Rur b. Niersverband International River Commissions
German-Dutch commission : International Meuse Commission
Permanent border water commission + two sub-divisions: a. Meuse-Rur, b. Meuse- Niers
Flemish-Dutch bilateral Meuse commission: River Basin Committee Thornerbeek, Jeker, Voer
The Région Wallonne is a regional public authority. The Directorate General of natural resources &
environment (DGNE) is the managing authority for the implementation of the water framework
directive.
The Région Wallonne Within Belgium/Walloon
Groupe Transversal Inondations (headquarters)
Centre Régional de Crise
Gestionnaires Provinces et Communes
Direction générale des Voies Hydrauliques Across the border
none
International River Commissions
CIM (Meuse)
CIE (Escaut)
CIPMS (Moselle-Sarre)
The Dutch Ministry of Waterways and Public Works (Rijkswaterstaat), has experience in interregional
cooperation through participation in several Interreg programmes. It cooperates with the
Waterbouwkundig Laboratorium (Flanders), the Region Wallonne (Walloon) via the public service of
Wallonia (Service public de Wallonie). Furthermore, there is cooperation with the French “Direction
regional de l’environnement, de l’aménagement et du Logement de Lorraine”. Finally,
Rijkswaterstaat Limburg cooperates through an international river commission between the Flemish
and the Dutch: the Flemish-Dutch Bilateral Meuse Commission.
Dutch Ministry of Waterways and Public Works (Rijkswaterstaat) Within the Netherlands
Water boards Roer & Overmaas and Peel & Maasvallei
Province of Limburg
Communities
Organizations managing nature areas
34
Dutch Ministry of Waterways and Public Works (Rijkswaterstaat) Across the border
NV De Scheepvaart (Flanders)
Waterbouwkundig Laboratorium (Flanders)
Service public de Wallonie
Direction régionale de l’environnement, de l’aménagement et du logement de Lorraine
(France)
International River Commissions
International Meuse Commission
Flemish-Dutch Bilateral Meuse Commission
The International River Committee reinforces the cooperation across the border. The three
organizations (Province of Limburg, Rijkswaterstaat and Région Wallonne) operate together in the
International Meuse Commission (IMC). Based in Liège, the IMC’s most important tasks are:
coordinating the obligations of the European Water Framework Directive and providing advice and
recommendations for improved flood prevention and risk management. Furthermore they provide
advice and recommendations to parties for preventing and combating water pollution (warning and
alarm system).
Communicative aspects
The Province of Limburg meets the cross-border authorities to discuss cross-border flood-
management every three months. Rijkswaterstaat meets its partners monthly. The Région Wallonne
and their partners, meet three to four times a year depending on the situation and following the
meeting of international rivers commissions. This also applies to contact through mail or telephone.
The Province of Limburg has informal contact with the cross-border authorities every two months
whereas Rijkswaterstaat has this contact weekly.
Every partner uses Dutch, French, and English to communicate, depending on their cross-border
counterparts. Dutch is used in communication between Flemish organizations and within the
International Meuse Committee (IMC) with a simultaneous translation in English. French is used
within Walloon organizations. The Région Wallonne deals also with several German organizations;
German language is used in their communication. All the organizations have experienced language
as a communication barrier.
Besides language, there are other factors considered a barrier for a good communication. The
Province of Limburg, experiences the different administration systems of the partners as a
problematic aspect. Also, the cultural differences, the existence of informal circuits, the different
interests between upstream and downstream, as well as the different policies and technical aspects
are considered a barrier. The different hierarchical structures of the organizations increase the
difficulties in cooperation.
35
For Rijkswaterstaat in Limburg, the cultural differences, the different interests as well as the
technical aspects are still problematic. In fact, different countries have different priorities; floods
may not have such disastrous consequences everywhere, as they have in the Netherlands. In some
countries, there is not enough staff to take the required actions and measures. In different
countries, civil servants have different powers and mandates. Some countries attach more
importance than others to the continuity and the level of representation and informal consultations
on the basis of mutual trust. In some countries political lines are very important and civil servants
are used to play a ‘diplomatic/political game’. The Région Wallonne recognizes that the different
administrations systems and the different policies applied in each country are the main problem.
The stakeholders involved in the Province of Limburg are the municipalities and various interest
organizations. For Rijkswaterstaat it is especially the inhabitants and the organizations managing
nature areas. For the Région Wallonne, the Gestionnaires (Direction générale des Voies
hydrauliques, Provinces, Communes, Direction des Cours d’eau non navigables) ; DGATLPE
(Administration responsables for land management; Universities (Gembloux AgroBioTech, ULiège,
UCLouvain).
All organizations take measures to raise the awareness among the inhabitants. In the Province of
Limburg, this is made possible through the national websites and its flood risk maps (www.risico-
kaart.nl), the flyers which are produced for calamity management, the website water board Peel en
Meuse valley which contains postal code checked, detailed flood risk maps with inundation areas.
The stakeholders and citizens are especially involved during the plan development phase, via legal
plan participation.
Rijkswaterstaat uses flyers, websites, posters,
informative meetings, campaigns and activities for
pupils. More precisely, the meetings involve
stakeholders and citizens since they are mostly
informative, sometimes interactive, in order to
facilitate their involvement in the process.
The Région Wallon uses the plan “Prévention et
Lutte contre les Inondations et leurs Effets sur les
Sinistrés” (plan pluie). It contains a couple of
actions that seek to reduce vulnerability in flood
zone (flyers, information meetings, posters and
website).
Legal aspects
The FRMD has already been converted into national law in all the countries. The last organization
that has implemented it is the Région Wallonne. The directives have been adopted only recently, in
February 2010.
Accordingly to the FRMD, the Province of Limburg has data and flood risk maps available. They
forecast that flood risk maps must be finished in 2013 and the flood risk management plans must be
finished in 2015. The Rijkswaterstaat directorate and the Région Wallonne also use these flood risk
maps based on data about areas where there is a risk of flooding.
Figure 4.9 River Meuse, Godinne (Belgium) – Jean-Pol GRANDMONT
36
The Province of Limburg and all organizations have international treaties on cooperation in trans-
boundary waters. For the Province of Limburg, it is the treaty of Namen in which the Action Plan
High water Meuse was adopted.
The Province of Limburg also experiences legal obstructions with the treaty on the Border Meuse,
because in the Netherlands, measures must be adopted by Flanders.
Policy aspects
In the Netherlands, the strategies used by the Province of Limburg are: strengthening and
heightening the dikes, creating extra space for the river, improving evacuation systems, building
outside of the river basin and its floodplains, building on mouths on floating platforms,
compartmentalisation which ensures that the water does not spread as far or rapidly. In the past,
the strategies were concentrated on strengthening and heightening dikes and on
compartmentalisation.
In Belgium, the Flemish create extra space
for the river, improve evacuation systems,
build outside of the river basin and its
floodplains and build on mouths on
floating platforms. They also increase
water retention. In the past, the strategies
were concentrated on strengthening and
heightening dikes, creating extra space for
the river, improving evacuation systems
and on compartmentalisation.
The Walloons implement strategies such
as strengthening & heightening dikes,
creating extra space for the river, improving
evacuation systems, building elsewhere (not
inside of the river basin). Some other measures taken are: the use of integrated management of the
rivers (including vegetal techniques for example); agricultural measures on the watershed to reduce
runoff and erosion and improving infiltration; land management (avoiding settlements in flood
prone area). In the past, the strategies were strengthening & heightening dikes and improving
evacuation systems.
Floodplains are used for cattle farming, arable farming, tourism, housing sites, industries and nature
and recreation in the Netherlands. In Walloon, the floodplains are used for the same purposes,
except for tourism.
The Province of Limburg experienced conflicts between the implementation of flood measures and
the ecologic function of the Meuse river basin. For example, natural forest development is not
allowed in floodplains because this will lead to a higher water level. Rijkswaterstaat also experiences
these kinds of problems.
Water retention, by introducing a more natural system in tributaries (especially low in the
catchment areas) may delay the flood peak, so that the risk of overlap with the flood peak on the
Figure 4.10 River Meuse, border Meuse Belgium/the Netherlands –
Martin van Lokven, Natuurmonumenten
37
main river may increase. Then, allowing a high density of vegetation on floodplains hinders the flow
of water and can increase the water level. The construction of dikes can affect the functioning of
natural systems (preventing flood plains from flooding, worsening the accessibility of the floodplains
from the river).
Broadening of the summer-bed can lower the groundwater level (desiccation even on a big
distance).
In Belgium, the Région Wallonne also experienced a conflict between the possibilities to build
retention areas and the areas protected by the program Natura 2000 Areas.
So far, the cross-border organizations also experienced economic conflicts. In the part of the
Netherlands managed by the Province of Limburg and Rijkswaterstaat, building in the floodplains is
not allowed anymore, since this also leads to higher water level in case of flood.
In Belgium the Région Wallon experienced conflicts between extra space for rivers and urbanized or
industrial areas because a lot of economic activities are situated in flood prone area, and building is
not allowed anymore.
Ecosystem measures are implemented by the cross-border partners. In the Netherlands, the
Province of Limburg strives towards an integral approach in which flood risk management is
integrated with other river related functions. Rijkswaterstaat is looking for equilibrium between
vegetation on floodplains and the flow of water lower of floodplains. This increases ‘space for the
river’ and creates nature areas.
The Région Wallonne is also looking for integrated management. The future actions program on the
river is viewed by an integrated and devised approach, taking into account the requirements of
directives 22000/60/EC and 2007/60/EC.3
4.3.3 Summary
The Meuse is the third largest river within the FLOOD-WISE project and it flows through five border
states in a densely populated area.
The frequency of meeting between cross-border authorities widely varies among the cross-border
organizations. Each partner (Province of Limburg, Rijkswaterstaat and the Région Wallonne) has
their own organization meeting within the country and across the border.
An example of the good cross border cooperation between the countries is the International Meuse
Commission, which meets three to four times a year. English is used in this international commission
through besides translation into the various other languages.
Common language depends on the contact, due to the variety of communities. The languages used
in communicating with the cross-border authorities for the Meuse river basin are French, Dutch,
German and English. Due to the use of many languages across the border, language is basically
viewed as a barrier for a good communication.
2 The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) aiming at protecting and improving quality of groundwater streams, lakes, canals and coastal water through coherent planning, management and monitoring based on the river basin concept. 3 The Flood Risk Management Directive is the same as Directive 2007/ 60/ EC.
38
Other aspects are considered as a barrier for good communication. It may be the different
administration systems, the different policies and interests, the hierarchical correspondences, but
also the cultural differences and the different interest. It is commonly recognized that the different
countries have different priorities; as floods may not everywhere have such disastrous
consequences, some countries attach more importance than others to the continuity and the level
of representation and to informal consultations. In some countries political lines are very important
and civil servants are used to play a ‘diplomatic/political role’. In addition, some countries have not
enough staff to fulfil all required actions.
39
4.4 The Western Bug river basin
4.4.1 General river basin information
The Western Bug river is a major European river which flows through three countries. It originates
from central Ukraine, forms the natural (and therefore shifting) border between Ukraine and Poland
(185km) and also between Belarus and Poland (178km) and ends in the Narew River near the
Zeyrzynski Lake. It is connected with the Vistula River which ends in the Balthic Sea. It is one of the
few European rivers where the natural character of the river bed has been mostly preserved along
its entire length.
The total area of the Bug river basin is 39,400 km2 of which 19,300 km2 (50%) in Poland, 11,400 km2
(26%) in Belarus and 8,700 km2 (24%) in Ukraine.
The climate of the Bug catchment is temperate, although average temperatures are lower compared
to central regions of Poland.
Figure 4.11 Bug river basin
40
In terms of annual changes in its levels, the river Bug is similar to lowland rivers. It experiences
spring flood due to snow thawing; this period witnesses the highest annual water level. Then a low-
flow period starts and lasts till October (sometimes mid-November). Summer floods often occur in
the headstream area, where the mountain part of the basin and favourable run-off conditions have a
strong influence. Autumn level increases are inconsiderable; in some years they do not happen
altogether. In wintertime, temporary ice-outs sometimes provoke ice-jams, causing an increase of
the level to up to 2m. Water levels are unstable due to the instability of ice cover.
Flood issue is relevant because flooding is sometimes a direct threat to industrial properties and
transport infrastructures. Flooding in the Bug river has caused damage both in built-up areas with
technical infrastructure and in precious natural ecosystems and the related inundation causes both
material and non-material damage. Only
limited flood control measures exist in the
Bug River Valley. The flood control measures,
that do exist, were built 20-40 years ago.
They require modernization and
reconstruction. In order to protect both
natural values and economic infrastructure,
it is a challenge to combine flood-control
measures in built-up areas with ecological
solutions in natural areas, using the river’s
own retention potential and controlled
flooding, while preserving its natural
character. The perception is that it is
necessary to establish a common strategy to
manage flooding and for warning and
measurement systems. If the Bug countries
work together according to common principles for flood control along the border marked by the Bug
River, all the interested parties can exchange data and establish uniform protection criteria.
The Western Bug has the following land characteristics:
o arable land (45%);
o meadows, pastures and orchards (nearly 20%);
o forests (little above 25%);
o the remaining 10% consist of waters, urban and village settlements and of unusable areas.
The Western Bug has the following functions:
o fishing;
o recreation;
o nature;
o waterway;
o agriculture;
o transportation;
o hydroelectric power stations;
o pond cultures;
Figure 4.12 River Bugat Wlodawa, Poland – Piotr Trochymiak
41
o industries (mining, oil industry, chemical industry, pulp and paper industry and machine
building).
In the past 50 years, the floods that exceeded the normal flood level values in Belarus were
registered in 1958, 1962, 1967, 1971 and 1974. The most serious spring flood was observed in 1979,
when the maximum water discharge was 19.1 m3/s (24/03/1979) at the village of Chersk, 166 m3/s
near the village of Tyukhinichi (Lesnaya river) (31/03/1979) and 269 m3/s near Brest (1/04/1979). A
similar spring flood occurred in 1999, when the spring run-off in March-May exceeded the average
annual value by 48%. The last time the Bug flooded in Poland and Ukraine was in 2010 and the last
time it flooded in Belarus was in 1999.
4.4.2 Cross-border cooperation
National, cross-border and international cooperation partners The Central Research Institute for Complex Use of Water Resources (CRICUWR) Belarus cooperates with the following organizations regarding flood-management in the Western Bug river basin:
The Central Research Institute for Complex Use of Water Resources (CRICUWR) Belarus
Within Belarus
Brest Regional Committee of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection
(MNREP) of the Republic of Belarus
Brest Regional Department of Hydrometeorology on a national level
Across the border
Lubelsky Woewodsky Inspectorate of Environment Protection
Bialostocky Woewodsky Inspectorate of Environment Protection
The District Office of Wlodawa (Poland) cooperates with the following organizations regarding flood-management in the Western Bug river basin:
The District Office of Wlodawa (Poland) Within Poland:
Regional Water Management - Inspectorate Wlodawa (RZGW); Provincial Board of Land Reclamation and Water Facilities (WZM i UW) - Group Field Wlodawa;
District Headquarters of State Fire (KP PSP);
District Police (KPP);
Communal Crisis Management Centre (GCZK); Communal Crisis Management Team (GZZK). Across the border:
Fire Department District Headquarters in Brest “MCzS” (ad hoc)
National University of Water Management and Nature Resources Use (Ukraine) cooperates with the following organizations regarding flood-management in the Western Bug river basin:
National University of Water Management and Nature Resources Use (Ukraine)
Within Ukraine:
State Committee of Ukraine of Water Management
Volhyn Regional Water Management Department
Lviv Regional Water Management Department
Western Bug Basin Water Department
State Administration of Environmental Protection in Rivne Region
42
Communicative aspects
Meetings between cross-border flood-management authorities in Poland an Belarus usually only
happen in case of a flood, this is also true for communication through e-mail and telephone. In
Ukraine, seminars, panel discussions and conferences are held regularly, but only on a national level.
When a flood occurs, meetings are everyday. This is also true for phone and e-mail communication.
The languages used in communicating are: Russian, Polish, Ukrainian and English.
Both Belarus and Poland agree that different administration systems, different interests and
different policies are, beside language, the biggest problems in communication. Ukraine thinks that
only the difference in administration systems is a crucial problem in communication. For Belarus it is
extra difficult to deal with different administration systems and policies, since the Bug is a cross
border river and Belarus is not a member of the European Union. In Poland, at the district level,
there is no guideline or task division to ensure communication to an international level.
In Belarus, there are no specific measures to raise awareness among inhabitants of the river basin
regarding flood risks. Poland, in the contrary, does take measures through consulting the Offices of
Commons in order to transfer any risks associated with new construction investments in the areas
flooded.
The Polish partner involves citizens and stakeholders through the constant cooperation of units of
the Volunteer Fire Brigade, Civil Defence teams flood. In Belarus, they are just notified in case of a
flood.
The stakeholders involved in the Ukraine are organizations belonging to the system of State
Committee of Ukraine of Water Management and organizations belonging to the system of Ministry
for Environmental Protection of Ukraine. Informative meetings, websites and other media are used
to raise awareness regarding flood-risk among inhabitants of the river-basin and other shareholders.
They are also involved in flood management plans. In case of emergencies citizens are involved as
well as specialists.
Legal aspects
The Flood Risk Management Directive has not been adapted into national legislation in Belarus.
Since Belarus is not a member of the European Union, it will obviously be hard to predict if and when
this will happen. Poland, on the other hand, has converted the FRMD into national legislation by
introducing the Act on Crisis Management of 26.04.2007.
Ukraine is now converting the FRMD into national legislation step by step. It will be hard to predict if
and when it will be totally converted.
Taking a look at mapping, we see that unlike Belarus, Poland and Ukraine keep data about areas
where flood risk occurs and have created maps based on these data. Though all three countries have
international treaties concerning trans-boundary water cooperation, the Polish partner nevertheless
complains about the absence of a fixed communication system to exchange information.
43
Policy aspects
In the past, all three countries improved their evacuation systems in order to minimize flood risk
consequences. Belarus and Ukraine also took measures by strengthening and heightening the dikes
and by building outside of the river floodplains. Poland only recently (in the last few years) started
building outside of the river floodplains. Together with Ukraine, they also use compartmentalisation,
this ensures that water does not spread as far or rapidly. Ukraine is the only country out of the
three that also creates extra space for the river.
Poland, Belarus and Ukraine use floodplains for cattle and arable farming, tourism and nature. In
Belarus and Ukraine they are also used for fishing. Belarus and Poland share the fact that they use
their floodplains for housing sites as well.
Poland is the only country of the three, that experiences a conflict between the implementation of
flood measures and ecologic functions within their river basin. They have restrictions called “Natura
20004” (which is not applicable to Belarus since it is not an EU country) which states that it is
prohibited the use explosives to remove ice jams. Poland also experiences conflict between the
implementation of flood measures and economic functions within their river basin: a prohibition on
construction in the flooded areas. Belarus suffers from neither conflicts.
In Ukraine, there is a conflict between the
implementation of flood measures and
economic functions within their river
basin. The cause of this conflict is due to
insufficient funds.
In Poland, ecosystem services of the river
basin are integrated in flood risk
management by taking the “Natura 2000"
into account. Ukraine integrates these
ecosystem services by closely cooperation
with a lot of ecosystem organisations of
the river basin.
4.4.3 Summary The Western Bug is the fourth largest river in the FLOOD-WISE project. It forms the natural border
between Poland and Ukraine and between Poland and Belarus (about 400km).
The cross-border flood-management authorities in Poland and Belarus usually meet when a flood
occurs. In Ukraine, seminars, panel discussions and conferences are held regularly. When a flood
occurs, meetings are everyday. This is also true for phone and e-mail communication.
4 Natura 2000 is an ecological network of protected areas, set up to ensure the survival of Europe's most valuable species and
habitats. Natura 2000 is based on the 1979 Birds Directive and the 1992 Habitats Directive. The green infrastructure it provides
safeguards numerous ecosystem services and ensures that Europe's natural systems remain healthy and resilient.
(http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/biodiversity/natura2000gis)
Figure 4.13 River Bug - ship yard at Nikolaev Ukraine
44
Cross-border communication in the Bug river basin happens in four different languages: Ukrainian,
Russian, Polish and English. This diversity in languages, results in the fact, that all three countries
experience language as a communication barrier. Different administration systems, different
interests and different policies are seen as the other key factors that stand in the way of perfect
international communication.
Since Belarus is not a member of the European Union, it is harder for them to deal with different
administration systems and policies.
Poland uses a lot more measures to keep the risks of flooding to a minimal. Belarus involves the
citizens in flood risk management by notifying them in case of a flood. Ukraine carries out trainings
of masters in trans-boundary water management to constantly improve their flood management
and international cooperation regarding flood management.
Unlike Poland and Ukraine, Belarus has not implemented the FRMD into national legislation. One of
the main reasons for this is that they are not a member of the European Union. This also results in
the fact that they don’t have to cope with for instance the “Natura 2000” and its restrictions.
A possible explanation why Poland and Ukraine take more measures when it comes to minimizing
the risks of flooding and managing the situation when an actual flood occurs, might be the date of
the last flood. The last time the Bug flooded in Poland and Ukraine was in 2010, where its last flood
in Belarus was in 1999. Since Belarus has not seen the Bug flood for over 10 years, they might not be
as worried as other countries.
45
4.5 The Somes river basin
4.5.1 General river basin information
The Somes river basin is a trans-boundary basin located in the north-western part of Romania and in
the north – eastern part of Hungary. It is one of the most important tributaries of the Tisza River and
therefore the river is also part of the greater catchment area of the Danube river. Its total length is
around 427 km, the Romanian part of the river has a length of 376km and the Hungarian part has a
Figure 4.14 Somes river basin
46
length of 51 km. The surface of the river basin is 18,146 km2 and has an average discharge level of
approximately 125 m³/s.
The Somes rises in the Romanian Carpathian Mountains and has its mouth in the Tisza River -
Vásárosnamény, Hungary. Furthermore, the river has an unusual birth having 2 springs:
1. Somesul Mare originates in the western part of the Rodna Mountains;
2. Somesul Mic originates from the union of Somesul Cald - rising in the Apuseni Mountain
range, on the eastern slope of the Bihor Mountains– and the Somesul-Rece rising in the Gilau
Mountains.
The geographical region comprising the Somes river basin is characterised by a great diversity of
landforms:
o plains (4%);
o hills (74%);
o mountains (22%).
The climate in the Somes river basin is moderate-continental, for which one may distinguish:
o plain climate in the west and north west part of the basin;
o hill and plateau climate in the south, south west and central parts of the basin;
o mountain climate in the rest of the basin.
The plain climatic area is characterized by hot and rainy summers and cold winters sometimes with
snowstorms, but also with warm periods, with a stable thick snow layer. The hill and plateau climate
is characterized by gradual decrease of temperature and increasing rainfall quantities with higher
altitude. The mountain climatic area is characterized by cool summers with abundant rainfalls and by
cold winters with abundant snowing for long periods of time.
The rainfall distribution in the Somes river basin is strongly influenced by the relief of the region,
with average annual values that vary from 600 mm/ m2 (Somes and Transylvanian Fields) to over
1400 mm/ m2 (in the Rodnei Mountains).
The land utilisation in the Somes river basin is non-uniformly distributed due to the large variety of
its landforms, vegetation cover and economic development. The Somes has the following land
characteristics.
o 40% covered by forests;
o 37% used for agriculture purposes: grain, hay and grass farming, fruit-, vegetable- and
animal-growing;
o 22% covered by urban-rural centres and used for various industrial purposes;
o 1% covered by waters (rivers, lakes and reservoirs) and used for water purposes.
According to the landforms of the basin, steppe vegetation is found in the plain areas; deciduous and
evergreen forests, and sometimes mixed, depending on the altitude, usually cover the hill and
mountain areas. In the Somes river basin, the average annual air temperature is of 7.9oC, ranging
from 9.7 0C at Satu Mare City to -2 0C in the Rodnei Mountains.
47
The Somes river basin is a well populated and economically developed (industry, agriculture and
forestry) region. The region is well populated and has major cities such as Cluj-Napoca, Baia Mare,
Satu-Mare, Bistrita and Zalau. There are also some smaller cities. In general, 52% of inhabitants live
in urban areas and 48% in rural areas. Population density within the river basin is 87.6 inhabitants/
km2.
The infrastructure of the region is well developed and comprises international, national and local
roads and railways; bridges and crossings, power generation units (hydroelectric power stations),
electrical lines (of high and medium voltage) with
transformation stations.
The major industries in the region are:
o extraction;
o metallurgic, chemical and mechanical
industries;
o forestry and furniture industries;
o textile industry;
o food and drinks industries.
The Somes has the following functions:
o industrial and drinkable water supply;
o irrigations;
o fishing;
o hydropower;
o recreation;
o nature.
Floods in the Somes river basin in Romania can form in any season due to rainfall or snowmelt,
usually the later being accompanied by the first. The typical Romanian floods are flash floods which
can last from 2 days to 3 days. The most significant floods in the last 40 years were: May 1970,
August 2005, and July 2008 which is the last flood that occurred in Romania. In Hungary the floods
appear because of the sudden change of territory. If Romania has higher forms of relief with rapid
rivers, the Hungarian plain cannot accommodate great quantities of water in a very short time. In
2010 the last flood occurred in Hungary.
Figure 4.15 River Somes - Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water
Directorate
48
4.5.2 Cross border cooperation
National, cross-border and international cooperation partners
The Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate cooperates with the following
organizations regarding flood-management within the Somes river basin:
The Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate Within Hungary:
North-Hungarian Environmental and Water Directorate
Over-Tisza-regional Environmental and Water Directorate
Disaster Management Directorate of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County
Across the border:
Carpathian Water Directorate Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations
The Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations cooperates with the following organizations
regarding flood-management within the Somes river basin:
The Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations Within Romania
County Inspectorates for Emergency
Situations
Prefect Institutions – County
Committees for Emergency Situations
Halls of Localities (cities, towns,
communes) – Local Committees for
Emergency Situations
National Meteorological Administration –
North Transilvania Regional Center
National Institute of Hydrology and Water
Management
Power generation companies
Administrations of Land Improvement Works
Across the border
Upper Tisa Environment Protection and Water Directorate, Nyregyhaza, Hungary
Transcarpathian Admistration of Melioration and Water Management, Ujgorod, Ukraine, for
Tisa River
Both partners do not have an international river commission. However, there is an international
river commission for the Danube river basin. As a tributary of the Tisza river basin the Somes is part
of the greater catchment area of the Danube river.
Communicative aspects
The Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate meets monthly with the cross-border
flood-management authorities to discuss cross-border flood-management. They have contact with
cross-border flood-management authorities through e-mail, telephone, and other media on a
weekly basis.
The Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations meets with the cross-border flood-management
authorities once a year during the Flood protection Subcommittee under the Collaboration
Agreement for the protection and sustainable use of cross-border waters between Romania and
Hungary; twice a year during the inspections of the flood protection hydro technical works in cross-
border areas of common interests; and they meet if necessary, at the request of either party, after
49
major floods. There is daily contact through the operational information flow on the exchange of
hydro meteorological data and information, but also whenever necessary during the periods of high
water.
The partners of the Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate use Romanian,
Hungarian and Ukrainian to communicate with cross-border authorities of the Somes. The partners
of the Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations also use Romanian and Hungarian and they
use English, if necessary. Both partners don’t experience language as a communication barrier. The
Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate does not experience any barrier for good
communication. However, the Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations experiences a barrier
in the different administration system.
Stakeholders, such as hydro technical works and construction designers, companies of infrastructure
maintenance, telecommunication operators, forest administration, public health authorities and
inhabitants. Both partners raise awareness among the inhabitants of the river basin regarding flood-
risk. The Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate does this through flyers, a
website and movies. To involve stakeholders in flood management they have continuous contact
with the local governments, the Disaster Management Directorate of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg
County, and with these organizations they have group called County Committee on Defence. This is
the organization which guides the flood protection of the county. In this organization they deal with
the real flood protection/ management process.
The Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations does this through informational meetings
(briefings with local authorities) and through simulation exercises in order to check the management
of high water situations. Stakeholders are involved through brochures and posters.
Legal aspects
The FRMD has already been converted into national law in Romania, but not in Hungary. However, it
is in process, Hungary has a regulation draft. Furthermore the exact date for converting it to national
law is still unknown.
In both countries there are data available about areas where flood risk occurs. However, no flood-
risk maps have been developed based on these data yet. In both countries international treaties on
cooperation in trans-boundary waters exist. Both partners do not experience any legal obstructions
in cross-border flood risk management.
Policy aspects
In the past the following measures have been taken to minimize the risks of flooding and its
consequences in Hungary: strengthening and heightening dikes. In Romania they have taken the
following measures in the past: strengthening and heightening dikes and dams,
compartmentalisation which ensures that the water does not spread as far or rapidly, development
and modernization of information flow decision, directed flooding areas and promotion and
execution of new hydro technical works.
Building reservoirs and strengthening and heightening dikes are the strategies regarding flood risk
management that are currently implemented in Hungary. In Romania strengthening and heightening
50
dikes and dams, compartmentalization which ensures that water does not spread as far or rapidly,
directed flooding areas and flood wave attenuation in the accumulations are the strategies regarding
flood risk management are currently implemented in Romania. Both in Hungary and Romania
floodplains are used for arable farming and nature. In Hungary floodplains are also used for housing
sites and in Romania they are also used for cattle farming.
Hungary has experienced conflicts between the implementation of flood measures and ecologic
functions within their river basin namely because of the method of translocation of some protected
plants, because vegetation has/ had to be eradicated (where necessary). Both countries have
experienced conflicts between the implementation of flood measures and economic functions.
Hungary has experienced this when the Vásárhelyi plan’s reservoirs were being implemented.
Romania had to recover the costs of maintaining the safety of the National System for Water
Management under the administration of the Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations- itself.
Furthermore there were a lot of costs due to the implementation of the EC Directive 60/2007.
The Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate does not integrate ecosystem services
of the river basin in flood risk management within their organization. Unlike the Upper-Tisza-region
Environmental and Water Directorate, the Somes –Tisa River Basin Water Administrations does
integrate ecosystem services of the river basin in flood risk management within their organization.
The integration of criteria and principles of conservation and development of aquatic ecosystems is
performed by applying normative evaluation and selection of technical solutions to design and
execute hydro technical works for the water courses.
4.5.3 Summary
The Somes is one of the most important tributaries of the Tisza River (a main tributary of the
Danube). The Somes is the fifth largest river of the six rivers of the FLOOD-WISE project.
The Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate meets monthly with its partners
although the Romanian partner meets less with its partner organizations. Although they meet less,
the Romanian partner does have more contact
with its partners than the Hungarian partner has.
Both partners do not experience language as a
barrier for good communication. Although the
Hungarian partner does not see any obstacles in
communication, the Romanian partner
mentioned that different administration systems
are experienced as being a barrier for good
communication. Both partners involve their
stakeholders (and citizens) in flood risk
(management). However, they do this in
different ways.
A big difference in the legal aspect can be found
in that Hungary has not yet converted the FRMD
in national law. Romania did already convert the
FRMD in national law. Both partners do not
experience any legal obstructions.
Figure 4.16 River Somes - Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water
Directorate
51
In both countries the strategy of strengthening and heightening of dikes and dams is being used. But
apart from that, they use other strategies.
Both Hungary and Romania use their floodplains for arable farming and nature, but apart from that
they use their floodplains for different purposes. Hungary did not experience any conflicts between
the implementation of flood measures and ecologic functions, Romania did. They both experienced
conflicts between the implementation of flood measures and economic functions.
The Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate does not integrate ecosystem services
of the river basin in flood risk management within their organization. Unlike Hungarian partner, the
Romanian partner does integrate ecosystem services of the river basin in flood risk management
within their organization.
52
4.6 The Rur river basin
4.6.1 General River basin Information
The river Rur rises in the nature reserve “De Hoge Venen” in the Belgian Ardennes. It flows via the
German Eiffel, various industrial areas, cities/villages and vast agricultural areas to its mouth in the
river Meuse in Roermond, the Netherlands. Compared to its size in terms of average discharge
levels, length and surface, the Rur has a remarkable high population density of 524 per km².
With its length of 165 kilometres the river Rur is the shortest river basin in the FLOOD-WISE project.
With respect to its average discharge level of 22.7 m³/s and a surface of 2,338 km² it can be named
Figure 4.17 Rur river basin
53
with all respect the runt of the litter in this project. Therefore, the Rur river basin is considered a
small river basin.
The WVER divides its service area into three geographical parts which all have different
characteristics and functions:
o In the northern part of the Eiffel hillside, there are mainly forests and lakes (artificial dams),
a national park area, stock farming and tourism.
o In the middle, from Aix-la-Chapelle in the west to Düren in the east, there is an industrial
belt (paper industry, metal working, machine construction, confectionary industry). Aix-la-
Chapelle and Jülich are as well centres of scientific training and research).
o The flat areas of the northern parts
of the WVER service area are mainly
characterized by agriculture and
former coal mining.
The Rur has the following functions:
o flood control;
o drinking water supply;
o energy supply;
o recreation;
o industry;
o agriculture.
In the Netherlands agriculture is the main
purpose of land use. In Belgium, the Rur flows
through moors and forests.
Traditionally, there has been a close relationship between inhabitants and the river, because
traditional industry was based on the use of water (e. g. paper industry, textile industry), thus the
rivers in the WVER service areas “created” a lot of jobs. Today the river is a very important factor of
recreation (there is a vast system of promenades at the river banks of the Rur). A more and more
developed system of flood protection minimized the feeling or threat – which will perhaps become
an item again as a result of the consequences of climate change. Furthermore the river is used for
flood control, drinking water supply, energy supply, industry and agriculture.
In the past there have been floods on a large scale. These floods were influenced by flood
protections of the flood control dams (the so-called Rurtall Sperren). In the river basin in Belgium
there have been deluges. The number of floods over the last thirty years in the river basin the Rur is
about seven. In the years 1984 and 2007 there were floods in the upper catchment of the river
basin. There are flash floods as well as large scale inundations in the Rur basin. Since there is a large
inundation area for the Rur river available, there was not much impact on people, property and
environment. Floods are regulated by dams in the upper catchment in Germany. In this catchment
area there are predominantly local flood events, e.g. caused by thundershowers.
In the years 1980, 1983, 1984 and 1988 there were floods southwards of the flood control dams in
the river basin of the Rur and the damage that had been caused was only on property.
Figure 4.18 River Rur - Rurtalsperre Schwammenauel, Germany
54
In the river Meuse large scale inundations did occur in December 1993, January 1995, 2002 and
2003. In the past high water levels in the river Meuse drove up the water level of the river Rur in the
downstream area causing serious flood problems for the city of Roermond. However, recently
measures were taken in order to protect the city centre from flooding. In the catchment area of the
Rur there are also flood problems in conjunction with snow melting this occurs approximately every
five years.
In the Rur river basin floods occur in sub-catchments nearly every year during the summer. The Rur
river itself seriously flooded for the last time in Germany in 2001 and in the Netherlands in 2002.
4.6.2 Cross border cooperation
National, cross-border and international cooperation partners
Wasserverband Eiffel-Rur cooperates with the following organizations regarding flood-management
within the Rur river basin:
Wasserverband Eifel-Rur Within Germany
The Federal State of Nordrhein Westfalen
Bezirksregierung Köln
County of Düren
County of Heinsberg
Across the border
The District Water board Roer & Overmaas
District Water Board Roer & Overmaas cooperates with the following organizations regarding flood-
management within the Rur river basin:
District Water Board Roer & Overmaas Within the Netherlands
The Province of Limburg
Rijkswaterstaat
Local municipalities
Across the border
WVER Bezirksregierung Köln
International River Commissions
International Meuse Commission SubCie Maas-Rur Bil.VL-NL Maascie
Communicative aspects
Once every three months there is a meeting between the Dutch and German partners while their
contact through mail, phone or other devices takes place in the same sequence. Furthermore there
are contacts on an ad-hoc basis.
Dutch and German are the languages used in the contacts between the partners and language is not
experienced as a barrier for good communication. Coordination of actions and measures taken
between the different public bodies, both domestic and international, might be improved.
To raise inhabitants awareness of flood risk in Germany, there exists a flyer with information about
the flood management of the WVER. Additionally presentations of flood protection measures and
plans contribute to the involvement of stakeholders in flood risk management. In the Netherlands
the District Waterboard Roer & Overmaas makes use of their website to inform the river basin
inhabitants about measures taken with regard to flood (risk) management.
55
Legal aspects
The Flood Risk Management Directive is already been converted into national law in both the
Netherlands and Germany. There is sufficient data available to develop flood-risk maps, which
already has been done, even though in the Netherlands this is unofficially in the form of inundation
maps. However, there are no international treaties on cooperation in trans-boundary waters. None
of the partners experience legal obstructions in their cross border cooperation.
Policy aspects
In the past, risk reduction focussed mainly
on the strengthening & heightening of dikes,
creation of space for the river,
discouragement of building inside the river
basin, the creation of dam systems,
channelling rivers and flood retention basins,
while currently there is more attention for
the improvement of evacuation systems and
for the creation of flood retention basins in
smaller rivers.
Floodplains are used for different purposes
namely (cattle & arable) farming, fishing
(only in Germany), tourism and nature.
With respect to tension between the
implementation of flood measures and ecologic functions within the river basin, conflicts arise
between landscape conservation and nature re-establishment on the one hand and flood protection
on the other. This counts only for Germany, for the Dutch part there are no conflicts mentioned.
In both Germany and the Netherlands, economic aspects conflict with flood risk management with
regard to building activities. Since it is not allowed anymore to build in the near area of the river nor
in flood plains.
4.6.3 Summary
The river Rur is the smallest river in the FLOOD-WISE project. Especially its downstream area is
densely populated. Its small size is probably an important reason why the partners do not report a
lot of problems in their communication practices. They have regular contact and meet on an ad-hoc
basis whenever necessary. However, there may be a better coordination between the actions of the
different partners. Communication with stakeholders takes place mainly via the partners’ websites.
Both partners have rather elusive websites with a lot of information, pictures and maps. Moreover,
in Germany there exists a flyer in which flood measures are explained:
o www.wver.de
o www.roerenovermaas.nl
Legally the Rur river basin can be considered as rather harmonized. The FRMD is converted into
national law and with regard to other legal issues there are no obstructions mentioned.
Figure 4.19 River Rur - Fish ladder near Roermond, the Netherlands
56
It seems that the ecologic and economic functions in the river basin in general conflict with the
implementation of flood measures. This is of no difference in the Rur river basin. Although building
in the floodplains has been prohibited for a while now, parties often try nevertheless to get
permission for building activities. In this respect there still is some work to do in the area of
communication. Furthermore, building of flood retention basins often conflicts with the
conservation of nature.
57
5. Bibliography
Literature
o J.H. Bulthuis, Wonen in Nederland, the Netherlands: ThiemeMeulenhoff bv, 2007.
o A. Blaua, A.Fabian, L.Hojgrova, C.Janssen, A.Sanders & E.Schoonbroodt, FLOOD-WISE project
2008. Student report Europe Calling, Maastricht, the Netherlands: Zuyd University for
Applied Sciences, Department of European Studies (HEBO), 2008.
o G. Arnold, Watermanagement in the Netherlands, the Netherlands: Ministry of Transport,
Public Works and Water Management, 2009.
o E. v. Eijsbergen, Flood risk, Understanding concepts, the Netherlands: Ministry of Transport,
Public Works and Water Management, Directorate-General of Water Affairs, 2008.
o J. Verwijmeren & M. Wiering (eds.). Many rivers to cross. Cross-border co-operation in river
management. The Netherlands, Eburon Delft, 2007.
World Wide Web
o “Flood Awareness and Prevention Policy in Border Areas”: Euregio Meuse-Rhine<http://www.flapp.org/upload/122/FLAPP%20final%20report%20website%20version.pdf>.
o “Watermanagement door de eeuwen heen”: Stichting deltawerken Online
<http://www.deltawerken.com>.
o “Flood risk studies for Meuse River,Belgium”: Deltares
<http://www.wldelft.nl/cons/appl/hydrology/flood-risk.html>.
o “International watermanagement”: Verkeer en Waterstaat
<http://www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/english/topics/water/international_water_manageme
nt/international_river_basins/>.
o De internationale Maas commissie <http://www.meuse-
maas.be/page.asp?id=9&langue=NL>.
o “ Internationale Kommission zum Schutz der Elbe“ : Ikse MKOLhttp://www.ikse-
mkol.org/uploads/media/Text_a_tabulky_01.pdf.
o “ Sava basin”: The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River,
< http://www.icpdr.org/icpdr-pages/sava_basin.htm>.
58
o “River Sava Croatia”: Find Croatia <http://www.find-croatia.com/rivers-croatia/river-sava.html>.
o M. Rutkowski “Specific problems of transboundary water management along eastern borders of EU territories – with special attention to the Bug River Basin”: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management Warsaw, POLAND < http://www.feem-web.it/transcat_conf/conf_papers/Rutkowski.pdf>.
o European Union “Official EU website on River basin management” <http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/flood_risk/index.html>
o Wasserverband Eiffel-Rur official website <www.wver.de>
o District Water Board Roer & Overmaas official website <www.roerenovermaas.nl>
Pictures and Figures
o Figure 1.1 – Euregio Meuse-Rhine “Locations of FLOOD-WISE river basins“ Euregio Meuse-
Rhine
o Figure 3.1 to 3.21 – Own research results
World Wide Web pictures
o Figure 4.1 – NordNordWest “Drainage basin map of Elbe River” No Source Germany
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Elbe_Einzugsgebiet.png>
o Figure 4.2 – Mathias Scholz/UFZ “River Elbe” Zentrum für Umweltforschung Germany
http://www.ufz.de/data/river-elbe2458.jpg
o Figure 4.3 – Andre Kuenzelmann/UFZ “River Elbe, Sandbucht“ Zentrum für
Umweltsforschung Germany Germany <http://www.ufz.de/data/river-elbe-sand-
bank2459.jpg>
o Figure 4.4 – International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR)
“drainage basin map of the river Sava” ICPDR <http://www.icpdr.org/wim07-
mysql/download.php?itemid=14357&field=file1>
o Figure 4.5 – Szeder László “River Sava at Hrastník” Szeder László Slovenia
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/SLO-Hrastnik1.JPG>
o Figure 4.6 – Julian Nitzsche “Sava-Drina Confluence, Bosnia and Herzegovina” Julian Nitzsche
Bosnia and Herzegovina
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Sava_Drina_Confluence.JPG>
o Figure 4.7 – Province of Limburg “Meuse River Basin” – www.limburg.nl the Netherlands
59
o Figure 4.8 – Average precipitations in mm p/y www.risicokaart.nl
o Figure 4.9 – Jean-Pol Grandmont “River Meuse at Godinne, Belgium“ Jean-Pol GRANDMONT
Belgium < http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Godinne_JPG001.jpg>
o Figure 4.10 – Martin van Lokven “River Meuse, border Meuse Belgium/the Netherlands”
www.natuurmonumenten.nl the Netherlands
<http://www.natuurmonumenten.nl/content/grensmaas-0>
o Figure 4.11 – Microsoft Mappoint “Bug river basin”
o Figure 4.12 – Piotr Trochymiak “Bug River at Wlodawa, Poland” Piotr Trochymiak Poland
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Bug_wlodawa01b-04.jpg>
o Figure 4.13 – Unknown author “Ship Yard on the Bug River at Nikolaev Ukraine” Unknown
Ukraine <http://www.panoramio.com/photos/original/1342102.jpg>
o Figure 4.14 – Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate “Somes river basin
map” http://www.fetikovizig.hu Hungary
o Figure 4.15 – Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate “River Somes”
http://www.fetikovizig.hu Hungary
o Figure 4.16 – Upper-Tisza-region Environmental and Water Directorate “River Somes”
http://www.fetikovizig.hu Hungary
o Figure 4.17 – Wasserverband Eiffel-Rur “Rur river basin map” www.wver.de Germany
<http://test.wver.de/php_alpha/diagram/graphics/pegeldaten_a4.png>
o Figure 4.18 – Christoph Paulus “River Rur Rurtalsperre Schwammenauel, Germany”
Christoph Paulus Germany
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/CP_Rurtalsperre-Luft.jpg>
o Figure 4.19 – Unknown “River Rur, fish ladder near Roermond, the Netherlands” Unknown
the Netherlands <http://www.panoramio.com/photos/original/8251387.jpg>
Appendix 1 – Partner letter
18 March 2010
Subject: FLOOD-WISE: Preparation for the kickoff event
Dear Sir/Madam,
As you know, the FLOOD-WISE project has started and will have its launch conference on the 27th of
April this year. To ensure a good kickoff of the event, it is essential that we gather some basic information
about the actual situation of cross-border water management in the partner regions.
On behalf of the Euregion Meuse Rhine – lead partner of the FLOOD-WISE project – a questionnaire has
been set up by third-year European Studies students of Zuyd University for Applied Sciences Maastricht,
in order to investigate the cooperation between different organizations that are involved in flood-risk
management for the following river basins: Meuse, Roer, Somes, Sava, Elbe and Bug. With this letter, we
would like to ask you if you would be so kind to complete this questionnaire. The main goal is to gather
accurate information about each of the six river basins mentioned above.
During the project development phase, another group of students of the Zuyd University for Applied
Sciences in Maastricht already made an inventory of geographic characteristics, flood problems, flood
policies and existing cross border cooperation structures in the FLOOD-WISE river basins. We would like
to ask you to please check the data in the previous study for it might be incomplete, incorrect or
outdated.
Please find attached both the questionnaire and the results of the previous study. Filling out the
questionnaire will take about 15 minutes and checking the results of the previous study will take about
45 minutes. Please return both the questionnaire and the revised results of the previous study to
[email protected] before the 3rd of April.
Using your answers from the questionnaire and the revised data from the previous survey, a new
research report with updated information will be created. With this report, we hope to contribute to an
improvement in future cooperation across borders between different organizations within international
river basins.
You will receive the research report before the launch event of the FLOOD-WISE project held in Brussels
on the 27th of April 2010. We highly appreciate your input as it is necessary to create a good knowledge
base to start the FLOOD-WISE project activities.
Yours sincerely,
Appendix 2 – Questionnaire
Questionnaire FLOOD-WISE Project
The aim of this questionnaire, is to find out to what extent authorities cooperate regarding flood risk
management across the border. Please check whether your contact details below are correct and
make changes if necessary.
Please return this questionnaire before the 3rd of April 2010 to: [email protected]
Contact details Flood Wise partner
River basin: Organization: Contact person FLOOD-WISE project: E-mail address: Phone number:
A. General river basin information
A1. When did the last flood occur in your river basin?
A2. Which organizations are you cooperating with regarding flood-management in your river basin?
Please make a distinction between organizations in your own country and organizations at the
other side of the border.
Organizations within your
country:
Organizations across the
border:
International River
commission(s):
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. Communicative aspects
B1. How often do you meet with the cross-border flood-management authorities to discuss cross-
border flood-management?
o Daily
o Weekly
o Monthly
o Every two months
o Other, namely:
B2. How often do you have contact through e-mail / telephone/ other with cross-border flood-
management authorities to discuss cross-border flood-management?
o Daily
o Weekly
o Monthly
o Every two months
o Other, namely:
B3. Which language(s) is / are used in communicating with the cross-border authorities of your
river basin?
1. 3.
2. 4.
B4. Do you experience language as a communication barrier?
o Yes
o No
B5. Are there any other aspects you consider as a barrier for good communication and cooperation?
o Different administration systems
o Cultural differences (please explain in box below)
o Different interests (please explain in box below)
o Different policies
o Technical aspects
o Other(s), namely:
B6. Which stakeholders are involved in flood-risk management?
B7.1 Do you take measures to raise the awareness among the inhabitants of the river basin regarding flood-risk?
o Yes
o No
B7.2 If so, please explain? (E.g. flyers, websites, posters, informative meetings, campaigns, etc.)
B8. How do you involve stakeholders and citizens in flood management?
C. Legal aspects
C1. Has the FRMD (Flood Risk Management Directive) already been converted into national
legislation on flood management?
C2. If not, when do you expect the process of converting the FRMD into national legislation on
flood management to be completed?
C3. Are there any data available about areas where flood risk occurs?
o Yes
o No
C4. Have flood-risk maps already been developed based on these data?
o Yes
o No
C5. Are there any international treaties on cooperation in trans-boundary waters?
o Yes
o No
C6. Do you experience any legal obstructions in cross-border flood risk management?
o Yes
o No
If yes, please verify:
D. Policy aspects
D1.1 Which kind of strategies regarding flood risk management are currently implemented in your country?
o Strengthening & heightening dikes o Creating extra space for the rivers o Improving evacuation systems o Building elsewhere (not inside of the river basin) o Building on mouths on floating platforms o Compartmentalisation which ensures that the water does not spread as far or rapidly o Other, namely:
D1.2 What measures have been taken in the past to minimise the risks of flooding and/or its consequences?
o Strengthening & heightening dikes o Creating extra space for the rivers o Improving evacuation systems o Building elsewhere (not inside of the river basin) o Building on mouths on floating platforms o Compartmentalisation which ensures that the water does not spread as far or rapidly o Other, namely:
D2. What do you use floodplains for?
o Cattle farming
o Arable farming
o Fishing
o Tourism
o Housing Sites
o Industries
o Nature
o Other, namely:
D3. Have you experienced any conflicts between the implementation of flood measures and
ecologic functions within your river basin?
o Yes
o No
If yes, please give an example:
D4. Have you experienced any conflicts between the implementation of flood measures and
economic functions within your river basin?
o Yes
o No
If yes, please give an example:
D5. Do you integrate ecosystem services of the river basin in flood risk management within your
organization?
o Yes
o No
If yes, please explain:
E. Comments
If you have any other comments or remarks which you would like to add, please use the space below.
Thank you for filling out this survey. You will receive the research report before the launch event of
the FLOOD-WISE project held in Brussels, April 2010.
Appendix 3 – River basin characteristic schemes
On the following pages you can find the schematic overviews of the different river basin
characteristics.
1. River Elbe
2. River Sava
3. River Meuse
4. River Bug
5. River Somes
6. River Rur
1. River Elbe
Origin Giant Mountains, Czech Republic Mouth North Sea, Germany Basin countries Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Poland Length 1,094 km Source elevation 1,386.3 metres above sea-level Average discharge 861 m³/s Surface 148,268 km
2
Climate, precipitation Mild climate zone, annual precipitation amount – 630mm River discharge characteristics 311 m³/s in Hřensko (Czech-German border)
728 m³/s on lower reach (in Geesthacht)
70-75 % of the floods are in winter or spring due to the snowmelt and long-lasting precipitation
Main tributaries Vltava
Ohře
Saale
Havel
Mulde
Black Elster Land use characteristics Agricultural land (49.4%)
Woods (26.7%)
Grass growths (8.6%)
Different type of surface (15.3%) Functions of the river Waterway transport – personal and cargo
Water inlet
Operation of hydro-electric power plants
Drinking water (artificial lakes)
Fishing, Sport, Recreation Population density within the river basin
170 inhabitants per km2
24.52 million people
5.95 million people (58.3% from whole population) in the Czech Republic
18.5 million people (22.4%) in Germany Languages used by inhabitants in the river basin
Czech, German, Polish
Common language used in cross-border communication
Czech, German, Polish, English
Relationship of inhabitants with the river
Benefit: recreation area, tourism
Threat: inundation area
Emotionally positive to those living at its banks, beneficial to entrepreneurs and employees working for example at ports
Neutral to inhabitants living away from the river
2. River Sava
Origin 2 sources: - Zelenci near Rateče, at the foothills of the Julian Alps
on one side and Karavanke on other side as Sava Dolinka; Slovenia
- Waterfall Savica which after some hundred meters flows into the Lake of Bohinj and from there as Sava Bohinjka, Slovenia
Both are joined into Sava near the town Radovljica, Slovenia
Mouth Danube, Belgrade, Serbia Basin countries Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia,
Montenegro, Albania Length 945km Source elevation 1,222m Average discharge 1,722 m³/s Catchment area 95,719 km² Climate, precipitation Alpine, pannonic and continental. The average precipitation is
1,593mm per year in Slovenia and 1,000mm per year west and 600mm per year east in Croatia
River discharge characteristics The mean annual discharge at the point joining the Danube in Belgrade is about 1,700 m3/s
Main tributaries Savinja, Mirna, Krka, Kupa, Lonja, Orljava, Bosut, Una, Vrbas, Ukrina, Bosna, Tinja, Lukovac, Drina, Kolubara
Land use characteristics Mountains 5 %
Forests 25 %
Wetlands about 60,000 ha
Pastures 25 %
Agriculture 40 %
Few Irrigated lands
In Slovenia is the area highly populated and mainly covered by forests
Functions of the river - Source for drinking water - Navigation routes - Boating - Fish angling activities - Navigable waterways - Recreational sports - Mills & saw mills - Mineral & thermal water abstractions - Hydropower use
Population density within the river basin In Croatia 2,211,900 inhabitants with tributaries and 1,317,000 inhabitants directly in the watershed
Languages used by inhabitants in the river basin
Croatian / Slovenian/ Serbian
Common language used in cross-border communication
English (Sava Commission)/ Croatian / Slovenian/ Serbian
Relationship of inhabitants with the river Both: beneficial and threat
3. River Meuse
Origin Pouilly-en-Bassingy, France Mouth Hollands Diep, North Sea Basin countries France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Netherlands, Length 925km Source elevation 384m Average discharge 350 m³/s Surface/ Catchment area 34,500 km² Climate, precipitation Moderate maritime climate
The average annual precipitation ranges from 1,000–1,200 mm in the Ardennes to 700–800 mm in the Dutch and Flemish lowlands.
River discharge characteristics The average discharge of the Meuse is approximately 350 m³/s. The average summer discharge of the Meuse is about one quarter of the average winter discharge. At Borgharen, in the Netherlands, the average discharge is about 250 m³/s.
Main tributaries (upstream-down) Chiers, runs through Luxembourg, Belgium and France
Sambre, runs through France and Belgium
Semois, runs through Belgium
Viroin, runs through Belgium
Lesse, runs through Belgium
Ourthe, runs through Belgium
Roer, runs through Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands
Niers, runs through Germany and the Netherlands
Land use characteristics About 60% of the Meuse basin is used for agricultural purposes (including pastures) and 30% is forested
Functions of the river Conduit for rainwater
Transport route for inland shipping
Source for drinking water
Recreational activity
Used for industrial processes and for cooling
Hydropower
Agriculture
Source of sand and gravel
Recreation
Nature (Natura 2000, ecological function and
corridor) Population density within the river basin
About 9 million inhabitants per 35,000 km: Average: 250 inhabitants per square km.
Languages used by inhabitants in the river basin
French, Dutch, German
Common language used in cross-border communication
Depends on contacts, with Flanders the language is Dutch, which Germany German and with France and Walloon it is French. In the International Meuse Committee everyone speaks in its own language and simultaneous translation is taken care for. Generally, language is a barrier that makes interaction/communication sometimes difficult
Relationship of inhabitants with the river (e.g. beneficial or threat?)
Mostly beneficial, sometimes threat in cases of floods.
4. River Bug
Origin East Roztozce in the Liv Region in Ukraine Mouth Narew river near the Zegrzynski Lake in Poland Basin countries Ukraine, Poland and Belarus Length The total length of the Bug river is 772 km
Ukraine - 184.4km Border between Ukraine and Poland - 185.0km Border between Belarus and Poland - 178.0km Poland - 224.6km
Average discharge The yearly average discharge at the northern point of state border is 118 cm (ca 77 % of average discharge in the mouth to Narew)
Surface The total area of the Bug river basin is 39,400 km2
Poland – 19,300 km2 (50%)
Belarus – 11,400 km2 (26%)
Ukraine – 8,700 km2 (24%)
Climate, precipitation Temperate, although average temperatures are lower comparing to central regions of Poland. The annual precipitation quantity varies from 600 to 750 mm in Ukraine and the annual amount of precipitation is 545 mm on the average in Belarus, Poland - annual precipitation quantity 516 mm.
River discharge characteristics Average annual discharge on the border with Belarus is about 50 m/second. On leaving the border of Belarus – 100 m
3/second.
The highest level of tide within the length of the river is 3-6 m. Main tributaries Poltva, Sołokija, Bukowa, Huczwa, Uherka, Włodawka, Krzna,
Liwiec, Ług, Mukhavets, Leśna, Nurzec, Brok, Warenzhanka Land use characteristics - Arable land (45%)
- Meadows, pastures and orchards (nearly 20%) - Forests (little above 25%). -The remaining 10% consist of waters, urban and village settlements and of unusable areas.
Functions of the river - Fishing - Recreation - Nature - Waterway - Agriculture - Transportation - Hydroelectric power stations - Pond cultures - Industries (mining, oil industry, chemical industry, pulp and paper industry and machine building)
Population density within the river basin
The population in the catchments area is: 2.0 million inhabitants on Ukrainian side 0.5 million in Belarus and 1.1 million in Poland
Languages used by inhabitants in the river basin
Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, and Belarusian
Common language used in cross-border communication
Russian, English, Polish, Ukrainian
Relationship of inhabitants with the river
Mostly beneficial, sometimes threat in cases of floods.
5. River Somes
Origin Romanian Carpathian Mountains Mouth Tisza River - Vásárosnamény, Hungary Basin countries Romania and Hungary Length 427km Source elevation 2 springs:
Somesul Mare – Somesul Mic -
Average discharge 125 m3/s at the border
Surface 18,146 km
2
Climate, precipitation Temperate continental. The influences are distributed on a West - East axis and also on an altitudinal axis.
River discharge characteristics Influenced by season
Main tributaries Romania – Almas, Lapus, Crasna
Land use characteristics Agriculture Industrial activities
Functions of the river Industrial and drinkable water supply Irrigations Fishing Hydropower Recreation Nature
Population density within the river basin
87. 6 inhabitants/ km2
Languages used by inhabitants in the river basin
Romanian and Hungarian
Common language used in cross-border communication
No common language - translation
Relationship of inhabitants with the river (e.g. beneficial or threat?)
Mostly beneficial
6. River Rur
Origin Sourbrodt, in the Hautes Fagnes/ Hohes Venn National Park in Belgium.
Mouth Meuse at Roermond Basin countries Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands Total Length Germany The Netherlands
166 km 144 km 22 km
Source elevation Origin 660 m NAP
Avg. discharge 20,000-25,000 litres per second, approx. 22.7m³/s Surface 2,338 km² Climate, precipitation Ø 855 mm/a River discharge characteristics Discharge by flood control dam controlled Land use characteristics In Germany the land is used for industry, live areas for the
population and agriculture. In the Netherlands it is basically agricultural with some nature reserves. In Belgium there is nature around the Rur
Functions of the river Flood control, drinking water supply, energy supply, recreation, used for the industry and agriculture.
Population density within the river basin
About 500 per km² 524 per km² in Germany
Languages used by inhabitants in the river basin
German, Dutch and French
Common language used in cross-border communication
German, English
Relationship of inhabitants with the river (e.g. beneficial or threat?)
Beneficial because of the use-possibilities.