FLNG Technical Challenges - IUMI...
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FLNG Technical Challenges Spencer Clark MSc, B.Eng(Hons), C.Eng, C.MarEng, MRINA, MIMarEST Director LWI Middle East Lloyd Warwick International
Transcript of FLNG Technical Challenges - IUMI...
FLNG Technical Challenges
Spencer Clark MSc, B.Eng(Hons), C.Eng, C.MarEng, MRINA, MIMarEST
Director LWI Middle East
Lloyd Warwick International
19.09.2017 2
Introduction
• Floating Units Recap
• Known Risks
• What is FLNG?
• New Risks
• Technical Challenges
• Future of FLNG
www.shell.com
Floating Units Recap
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• Mobile Offshore Units (MOUs)
• Drill Rigs, Semi Sub, Jack Up, Drill Ships
• FLNG / FPSO / FPU / FSU / FSRU
• Remote Locations / Deep Water
• Develop Smaller / Marginal Fields
• New Build vs Tanker Conversion Options
• Relocate Assets to New Field location
• Keep Machinery & Propulsion Systems
• CAPEX Advantages
FPSOs - Well Understood Risks
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• Ship-like structures
• Turret & Mooring Systems
• Subsea Equipment
• Marine Environment & Wave Loads
• Inspection Regime – Frequency & Quality
Why FLNG or FSRU?
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• FLNG
– Avoid onshore infrastructure requirements
– Reduced Capital Costs / Time
• FSRU
– Floating LNG Transfer & Gasification
Why FLNG or FSRU?
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Question
Is there better physical security and cyber protection offshore?
Regasification
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Process of converting liquefied natural gas (LNG) at −162°C (−260°F) back to natural gas at atmospheric temperature
www.wikipeida.com
Regasification Terminal – Tokyo Gas in Yokohama
Natural Gas Processing
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• Separation
• Scrubbing
• Dehydration
• Refrigeration, Liquefaction & Separation
• Treatment of LNG
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Natural Gas Properties
Boiling Point 0C Melting Point 0C
Nitrogen -196 -210
Oxygen -183 -219
Methane -162 -182
Ethane -88 -183
Propane -43 -188
Butane 0 -140
Pentane 36 -130
Water 100 0
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Natural Gas Properties Liquid Form
• Colourless
• Odourless
• Non-explosive & non-flammable
• 600 times denser than natural gas
• 60% density of diesel
• Causes Cryogenic Embrittlement
As Vapour
• Can be Explosive within flammable range
• Flammable Limits: 5 to 15% in the air
FLNG Projects
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• Hyundai FLNG - Korea
• MODEC LiBro FLNG – Japan
• Petronas PFLNG Satu & Rotan - Malaysia
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Types of Losses (FPSOs) Incident Consequence Exposure
Magnitude
Static System Damage Repairs to whole / part of system. PD claim + possible LOPI
PD US$50MM LOPI US$75MM
Dynamic Riser Systems Damage Repairs / replacement of riser(s). PD claim + possible LOPI
PD US$50MM LOPI US$100MM
Major Process System Damage Repairs to part of system. FPSO to shipyard PD claim + possible LOPI
PD >US$100MM BI >US$200MM
Mooring System Loss of One Line Continue Operations. Repair line PD claim
PD US$5MM
Mooring System Loss of Two Lines Suspend operations. Repair lines PD claim + possible LOPI
PD US$10MM BI US$20MM
Mooring System Loss of Three+ Lines FPSO exceeds excursion. Damage to turret, risers, static system FPSO to shipyard Extended shutdown for repairs
PD >US$500MM BI >US$500MM
Catastrophic Loss Cost of repairs exceed sum insured CTL + BI Policy Limits?
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Types of Losses (FLNG)
Question
What costs (other than component value) could be seen within a FLNG claim following an operational damage incident?
Similar Risks to FPSOs
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• Ship or ship-like structure
• Turret mooring arrangement
• Subsea facilities
• Marine Environment & Environmental Loads
• Process System (some parts)
Similar Risks to FPSOs
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• Vessel Marine Issues – COT, WBT, Corrosion
• Claims management of multiple interests in FPSO and Fields
• Vessel Physical Damage
• Offshore repair campaigns
• LOH / LOPI losses
FLNG Technical Challenges
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• New Risks:
– FLNG offloading offshore
– Cryogenic transfers (-162 deg C)
– Ship to Ship Transfers
• Large Scale Projects
• LNG Storage:
– Moss Sphere or Membrane Tanks?
FLNG Technical Challenges
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• FLNG is new
• Offshore FLNG will be substantially larger than the largest FPSOs and LNG carriers
Belanak FPSO Prelude FLNG - Length: 285m - Length: 480m - Breadth: 58m - Breadth: 75m
FLNG Technical Challenges
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• Processing Facilities Adapted
– Offshore Environment
– Heave & Roll motions
• Compact Layout Risk & Safety Implications
• Contractor and supplier competency to deliver “first of a kind” projects
• Unknown challenges?
FLNG Technical Challenges
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• Product off-loading between vessels in open ocean
– Rigid articulated loading arms
– Cryogenic flexibles
FLNG Safety and Mitigation
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• Selection of liquefaction technology
• Complexity of design & operations vs FPSOs
• Cryogenic liquid spill prevention
• Vapour dispersion
• Storage & handling of refrigerants
• Operations during LNG offloading
FLNG Operational Constraints
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• Topside physical space
• Maintenance challenges
• Refrigeration / compression systems
• Machinery reliability
• Shutdown procedures
• Reduce restart times
• Avoid unplanned liquefaction unit shutdown
FLNG Operational Constraints
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• Hydrocarbon Escape - Fire
• Uncontained Vapour Cloud Explosion
• Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion
• Rapid Phase Transformation
Conclusions
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• The demand for gas is growing
• FLNG is becoming an increasingly viable option
• Globally there are gas reserves to fuel this growth
• However significant challenges and operational uncertainties remain
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Spencer Clark MSc, B.Eng(Hons), C.Eng, C.MarEng, MRINA, MIMarEST
Director LWI Middle East
Lloyd Warwick International
Tel: +971 (50) 106 3304
