Flint Water Study - WEATsections.weat.org/sanantonio/files/02 - Summer Seminar 2016 - Rebe… ·...
Transcript of Flint Water Study - WEATsections.weat.org/sanantonio/files/02 - Summer Seminar 2016 - Rebe… ·...
Flint Water Study: Revisiting Science and Engineering
for the Public Good
Rebekah MartinOn behalf of the Flint Water Study team
Ph.D. Student, Civil and Environmental EngineeringVirginia Tech
1950s-1960s 1980s-present
The Flint Journal, from http://www.teardownbook.com/photos/ http://www.plan59.com/photos/buickcity.htm
No
Lead
Lead
Pipe
Lead
Solder
Lead
In Brass
Graphic Adapted from: http://www.clevelandwater.com/customer-service/protect-your-
home/home-tips
Health Effects of Lead
https://www.epa.gov/your-drinking-water/basic-information-about-lead-drinking-water#health
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/
Flint
River
DEQ
Approves
$$$
August - September
2014
E. coli violation
April 2014
Switch to Flint River
October 2014
January 2015
Exceeds total trihalomethanes limit
Michigan Department of Environmental
Quality (MDEQ) Responsibility
Due to Flint River water
chemistry
= Perfect Storm For Lead
Release
No Corrosion Control
+ Corrosive Water
Sam
Owens/AP
Regina H. Boone—Detroit Free
Press/ZumaPress
Sephia8 –
mlive.com
Abayomi
Azikiwe
Flint's mayor drinks water from tap to prove it's safePosted: Jul 09, 2015 12:18 PM EDThttp://www.wnem.com/story/29511581/flints-mayor-drinks-water-from-tap#ixzz3gwcWslUQ
Is it safe to drink the tap
water in Flint? Some
residents don’t think so.
"It's your standard tap
water. You can taste a little
bit of the chlorine," Walling
said. Walling says he
drinks the water every day.
“Let me start here – anyone who is concerned about lead in the
drinking water in Flint can relax,” said MDEQ Spokesman on July
13th, 2015
Why Virginia Tech?How we became involved
Two very important people
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/01/mother-exposed-flint-lead-contamination-water-
crisis
Dr. Yanna Lambrinidou LeeAnne Walters
NSF grant #1135328
Bridging the Gap Between Engineers and Society: Learning to Listen
Washington
Post
Washington post
http://photos.cntraveler.com/2015/10/21/562803a9c4dab9d441425a74_washington-dc-cr-getty.jpg
2001 - 2004
RYAN
GARZA/AP
20152014
April 28
LeeAnne
sends
samples to
Virginia
Tech
April 27,
May 6
EPA
investigates
Lee Anne’s
home
February
LeeAnne
contacts City of
Flint regarding
lead in her water
December
2014
The Walters
family stops
drinking water
from their tap
February 4
LeeAnne’s son
develops
rashes over
body after
bathing in the
water
February 26
LeeAnne’s
son’s BLL is
3 μg/dL
March 19
MDEQ tells
EPA
LeeAnne’s
high lead
levels are from
sources in her
plumbing
March 27
LeeAnne’s
son’s BLL is
6.5 μg/dL
Images and figure courtesy of Virginia Tech
“A major concern from a public health
standpoint is the absence of corrosion
control treatment in the City of Flint”
City of Flint/MDEQ Cheated on Monitoring
ACTUALLY FAILED NOW PASSED!
The Daily Mail/AP
Flint Water Study Launch
• Website launched late August
• Purpose: • Inform Flint residents about water quality issues
• Bring public awareness
August 13, 2015
Trip 1 : Sampling and LearningSampling
SitesSampling supplies preparation team
Melissa Mays
Laura Sullivan
Claire McClinton
Nayyirah Shariff
LeeAnne Walters
Filter after filtering Flint
water
Mobile lab in Mrs. Edwards’
van
Opportunistic Pathogens
Legionella pneumophila Mycobacterium spp.Legionella spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosaTotal Bacteria (16S) Acanthamoeba polyphagaMycobacterium avium
Corrosion-causing bacteria
Heterotrophic Bacteria
Acid Producing Bacteria
Iron Reducing Bacteria
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria
Slime Forming Bacteria
Denitrifying Bacteria
BART
qPCR
Biological Parameters
Fecal Indicator Bacteria
E. Coli
Total Coliforms
Enterococcus spp.
Testing for E. coli and other fecal indicator bacteria
Biological Parameters (cont.)
Physical/Chemical Parameters
ICP - MS
Probes
pH
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
THM’s
(Disinfection byproducts)
THMFP
Chlorimeter
Chlorine residual
Romain Blanquart / Detroit Free Press
Getty Images
Sampling protocol
Collected water samples from a cold water tap that is used for drinking water
1 L
First draw
(FD)
500 mL
~1 min flush
250 mL
~3 min flush
Flush for
2 minutes
6+ hour
stagnation
Flush for
45 seconds
For 271 samples:
90th Percentile for First Draw: 26.8 ppb
(EPA Action Level = 15 ppb)
Highest First Draw: 158 ppb
Highest overall: 1051 ppb
(after 1 minute of flushing)
Flint Trip 2: Public Health Advisory
Dr. Jeff Parks measuring lead
using ICP-MS
City Council Meeting
Sid Roy Speaking in Saints of God
Church
Town Hall Meeting
September 2015
Response from MDEQ
“This group specializes in looking for high lead
problems. They pull the rabbit out of that hat
everywhere they go. Nobody should be surprised
when the rabbit comes out of the hat, even if they
can’t figure out how it is done”
MDEQ’s Communications Director
Lead Corrosion Experiment
Flint Detroit
Iron Corrosion
Experiment
Iron Corrosion Experiment
Iron Corrosion Experiment
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fre
e C
hlo
rin
e (
mg
/L)
Time (Hr.)
Detroit water had less free chlorine
at the beginning of the experiment
September 2
Dr. Edwards warns
Flint people, MDEQ,
etc of high lead levels
August 31
VT Results from the first
120 kits indicate a
“serious lead in water
problem”
2015
August 13
300 Kits sent to Flint
September 24
Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha
and her team release
results of their study on
elevated blood lead levels
in children
September 9
MDEQ “rabbit out of the
hat comment”
September 14- 16
Flint Trip #2, 252
kits have been
returned
http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20150928/NEWS01/150929872/doctors-urge-flint-to-stop-using-water-from-flint-river
Public Health Emergency in
Genesee County
@HealthCritics, Detroit Free Press
Flint Trip #3
What tap water looked like one
hour before the switch!
Culturing was one
method used to detect
bacteria in drinking
water from Flint
Flint Trip #4
Ms. Weiss’ class at City School,
Grand Blanc, MI
Flint water was always
MORE corrosive than
Detroit water
40x
Student Observations
Drew: “…Flint water is
DISGUSTING!”
Ridley: “Flint = SNOW GLOBE”
Sophia: “…the Flint
water looks bad and
unhealthy to drink…”
“Flint looks like a snow globe and Detroit looks like nothing
barely happened” -Caroline
Legionella in Flint’s watersAn unfortunate prediction that came true
cdc.gov
Legionella bacteria
Lack of corrosion control = Increased Legionella
1. More bacteria “food”
1. More bacteria “food”
2. Iron corrosion = more iron entering buildings’ pipes
Lack of corrosion control = Increased Legionella
High levels of corrosion-
causing bacteria
Flin
t W
ater
Pu
re W
ater
1. More bacteria “food”
2. Iron corrosion = more iron entering buildings’ pipes
3. High iron corrosion removed chlorine disinfectant
Lack of corrosion control = Increased Legionella
Genesee County Legionnaires’ Outbreaks
Flint Water
Switch
Government Response
“We remain diligent in our efforts to proactively and appropriately address the potential for future cases”
January 16th to Today
“I KNOW IF I WAS A PARENT UP THERE [IN FLINT], I WOULD BE
BESIDE MYSELF IF MY KIDS’ HEALTH COULD BE AT RISK.”
- President Barack Obama
Carolyn Kaster/AP
Continuing Efforts
Lead Pipe Identification and Replacement
Many Flint residents are using very little water
Two homes with persistent elevated lead problem only using 20-45% of typical monthly volume
1. Trying to reduce water bills
2. Showering only once per week (<5 min) to reduce the likelihood of rashes or exposure
3. Using bottled water for baths, washing dishes and other uses
Loose lead and iron sediment in pipes
Water from Flint River disrupted developed scales
and biofilms
Flushing at low flow will clean lead deposits very slowly: Maybe months to years
Where do we go from here?Making sense (?) of this tragedy
18 months
100,000 residents
9,000 kids
200 confirmed
Jake May/AP
Criminal charges in Flint water crisisPaul Egan and Matthew Dolan, Detroit Free Press
11:54 a.m. EDT April 20, 2016
EPA Region 5 Administrator
… …to resign in wake of the Flint water
crisisJAN 21, 2016
Flint Water Study Team Member (FWS): So, do you inform the homeowners if the
lead levels are high?
Utility Manager (UM): We don’t need to inform homeowners if the 90th percentile is
below 15 ppb. [If fewer than 10 percent of homes produce lead readings above 15
ppb, the Lead and Copper Rule does not require the utility to take action.]
FWS: Yes, but, if you were a parent in a home which was tested over 15 pbb,
wouldn’t you like to know?
UM: I understand what you are saying, but that is not how the rule works.
FWS: I know, but would you agree that it is a problem and that the rule should
change? Isn’t it important to inform homeowners if they are over the action level?
UM: Yeah, but that is not up to me. Our job is to follow the rules and regulations.
EPA
DCH
FOIA – Agencies and the Water
Crisis
Jake May/AP
Jan 12 National Guard activated
Dec 14, 2015 City – Mayor Weaver
Jan 05, 2016 State – Gov. Snyder
Jan 16, 2015 Federal – Pres. Obama
$100+ million
The crisis is not over…
• Life-long education of Flint
citizens
• Nutritional and Health
Services to Children
Affected
• Meet the Lead and Copper
Rule
• Improve Water
Infrastructure
• Regain the trust of citizens
Why We Should Care
“…for just $100 a day you can save this village in
America…”
A Matter of Perspective
The Big Picture
[Flint] is a reminder of why you can't shortchange basic services that we provide to our people, and we together provide as a government to make sure public health and safety is preserved. – Pres. Obama
http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/drinking-water/
Public Education
Appropriate Sampling Methods
WaterInfrastructure
Transparency
“The idea ofscience as a public good is being lost”
“Listening to the
public is critical”
Marc
Edwards
Mona
Hanna
Attisha
Miguel del
Toral
Lee Anne
Walters
The FlintWaterStudy Team
Undergraduates: Margaret Carolan, Kim Hughes, Rebecca Jones, Alison Vick, Kristine
Graduate Students: Christina Devine, Emily Garner, Pan Ji, Anurag Mantha, Rebekah Martin, Jake Metch, Colin
Richards, William Rhoads, Siddhartha Roy, Laurel Strom, Owen Strom, Min Tang, Ni Zhu
Research Scientists: Drs. Brandi Clark, Dongjuan Dai, Sheldon Masters, Jeffrey Parks, Kelsey Pieper, David “Otto”
Schwake, Fei Wang
Principal Investigators: Dr. Marc Edwards, Dr. Amy Pruden, Dr. Joseph Falkinham III
Grateful acknowledgements
•National Science Foundation, RAPID Grant #1556258
•Citizens of Flint
•WaterYouFightingFor? (Melissa Mays and LeeAnne Walters)
•Hurley Medical Center (Mona Hanna-Attisha and others)
•US EPA Region 5 (Miguel Del Toral)
•ACLU of Michigan (Curt Guyette, Kate Levy)
•Sen. Jim Ananich, Congressman Dan Kildee (and their extraordinary staff)
•800+ donors supporting our work
• Michigan State Health Department // Genesee County Health Department
• Democracy Defense League (Nayyirah Shariff, Claire McClinton, Dr. Laura Sullivan)
• Northeast-Midwest Institute (Elin Betanzo)• Concerned Pastors for Social Action (Pastors Alfred Harris, Allen
Overton)• Parents for Non-toxic Alternatives (Dr. Yanna Lambrinidou)• City of Flint (Mayor Karen Weaver, Dayne Walling, Howard Croft,
Mike Glasgow)• Members of the media• Virginia Tech (staff and students)
flintkids.org
How can you help?
www.gofundme.com/flintstudyvt