FLIGHT TEST CONSIDERATIONS - Civil Aviation Safety · PDF fileFlight Test Requirements...
Transcript of FLIGHT TEST CONSIDERATIONS - Civil Aviation Safety · PDF fileFlight Test Requirements...
Pods, FLIRs, Cameras etcCargo Pods
Sprayers and Water Bombers
Nose Booms, Wing Tip Mods and Tail StingersFloats and Skis
AntennaeAvionics and Cockpit Systems
Engines and Propellers
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Anything liable to affect handling or performance characteristics of the aircraft
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Anything liable to affect handling or performance characteristics of the aircraft
Protrusion into the airflowEspecially;
- noticeable increase in drag index- altering wing lift characteristics (eg VGs) - in front of or near flight control surfaces- in front of or near static ports / pitot tubes
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Anything liable to affect handling or performance characteristics of the aircraft
Changes to flight control systemControl surface size or travelTab gearing / spring size
Autopilots / SAS / Yaw Dampers
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Anything liable to affect handling or performance characteristics of the aircraft
Engine and Power ChangesTurbo or superchargingPropellers
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Anything liable to affect handling or performance characteristics of the aircraft
Engine and Power ChangesTurbo or superchargingPropellers
Also consider changes to noise signature.
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Anything liable to affect handling or performance characteristics of the aircraft
Weight changesAny proposal to change CG limits
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Any systems changes liable to affect operation of the aircraft
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Any systems changes liable to affect operation of the aircraft
Cockpit ControlsEngine, Propeller, Fuel
CoolingInduction Icing
Landing Gear, Steering, Brakes
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Any systems changes liable to affect operation of the aircraft
Flight InstrumentsElectricsAvionics / CommsSystems Integration / Autopilots
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Any systems changes liable to affect operation of the aircraft
Cockpit EnvironmentVentilation
Field of ViewLightingSeating, HarnessesEntry and Exit
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Any systems changes liable to affect operation of the aircraft
WorkloadIFR considerations
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Any modification that requires changes to the Flight Manual for the aircraft
Flight Type ModificationsModifications with flight testing implications include:
Any modification that requires changes to the Flight Manual for the aircraft
Or introduction of a Flight Manual Supplement
Supplemental Type CertificatesAircraft type certification is the process of the evaluation and approval of aircraft design data against designated design standards.Culminates in the issue of a Type Certificate (TC).A TC is a prerequisite for the issue of a Certificate of Airworthiness (CofA) for an individual aircraft.
Supplemental Type CertificatesAircraft type certification is the process of the evaluation and approval of aircraft design data against designated design standards.Culminates in the issue of a Type Certificate (TC)…....or a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) …or a CAR 35 Design Approval.
Three Phases:
1. Applicant’s Developmental Test Flying
Supplemental Type Certificates
Flight Test Process
Three Phases:
1. Applicant’s Developmental Test Flying
2. Applicant’s Certification Test Flying to Demonstrate / Claim Compliance
Engineering Conformity!
Supplemental Type Certificates
Flight Test Process
Three Phases:
1. Applicant’s Developmental Test Flying
2. Applicant’s Certification Test Flying to Demonstrate / Claim Compliance
3. Authority’s Certification Test Flying to Validate Compliance
Engineering Conformity!
Engineering Conformity!
Supplemental Type Certificates
Flight Test Process
•Detailed information contained in CASA AC 21.10(1) – Experimental Certificates
•Experimental Certificate only issued for specific purposes
•Research & Development
•Showing Compliance With Regulations
Supplemental Type Certificates
Experimental Certificates
•Flight Test Areas
•Flight Test Program
•Flight Test Safety
•Test Planning
•Hazard Analysis / Risk Management
•Operating Conditions and Limitations
Supplemental Type Certificates
Experimental Certificates
Supplemental Type Certificates
Test Pilot Qualifications•Information also contained in CASA AC 21.10(1) – Experimental Certificates
•Minimum requirements:
•Private Pilot’s Licence
•Appropriate Endorsements
•Or Written Permission under CAR 5.50(1)
Supplemental Type Certificates
Test Pilot Qualifications•Regulations do not require the nominated TP to hold specific test flying qualifications or experience!!!
•So who would make the grade?
•Review Applicant’s Test Plan
•Provide Advice
•Encourage Flight Test Risk Management
•Review Applicant’s Test Report
•Conduct a Flight Type Inspection
•(If Required)
•Review FMS
Supplemental Type Certificates
Flight Test Process – CASA Contribution
The Authority conducts flight tests only to verify compliance has been shown by the Applicant.
All experimental and developmentalflight testing, and flight testing to show/claim compliance, is the responsibility of the Applicant.
Supplemental Type Certificates
Flight Test Process – CASA Contribution
Supplemental Type Certificates
Flight Test Process – CASA Contribution
• VALIDATION
• SPOT-CHECKING
• REPEATABILITY
• Recommendation to the Delegate who then may, or may not, agree that compliance has been demonstrated.
Aircraft must continue to meet Certification Basis.
All Airworthiness Standards, from the most complicated (eg FAR 25, FAR 29) to the simplest (eg BCAR-S), are presented in the same general layout♦:
♦Although specific paragraph numbers may be different.
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart A - GeneralSubpart B - FlightSubpart C - StructureSubpart D - Design and ConstructionSubpart E - PowerplantSubpart F - EquipmentSubpart G - Operating Limitations & InformationAppendices
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart A – GeneralApplicabilitySpecial Retroactive RequirementsAircraft Categories
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart B – FlightGeneral
Proof of Compliance (Testing Tolerances)Weight and Balance
PerformanceStall SpeedClimb and GlideTake-Off and Landing
Flight CharacteristicsControllability and ManoeuvrabilityTrim (…cont.)
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart B – FlightFlight Characteristics (Cont…)
StabilityStallsSpinning
Ground and Water HandlingMiscellaneous Flight Requirements
Vibration and BuffetHigh Speed Characteristics
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart C – StructureGeneralFlight LoadsControl Surface and System LoadsHorizontal Stabiliser and Balancing SurfacesVertical SurfacesAilerons and Special DevicesGround / Water / Emergency Landing LoadsFatigue
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart D – Design and ConstructionGeneral
Flutter
WingsControl SurfacesControl SystemsLanding GearFloats and HullsPersonnel Accommodation
(…cont.)
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart D – Design and Construction (Cont..)
PressurisationFire ProtectionElectrical Bonding and Lightning ProtectionMiscellaneous
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart E – PowerplantGeneralFuel SystemFuel System ComponentsOil SystemCoolingInduction SystemExhaust System
(…cont.)
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart F – EquipmentGeneralInstruments; InstallationElectrical Systems and EquipmentLightsSafety EquipmentMiscellaneous Equipment
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart G – Operating Limitations and InformationGeneralMarkings and PlacardsAirplane Flight Manual
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart A - GeneralSubpart B - FlightSubpart C - StructureSubpart D - Design and ConstructionSubpart E - PowerplantSubpart F - EquipmentSubpart G - Operating Limitations & InformationAppendices
Flight Test Requirements
Subpart A - GeneralSubpart B -Subpart C -Subpart D -Subpart E -Subpart F - EquipmentSubpart G - Operating Limitations & InformationAppendices
+ Hover / Low Speed / Climb Perf, - Stall / Spin
+ Rotors / Flight Controls,
- Wings, Empennage, etc
+ Rotor Drive Train
+ IFR Stability / Handling
Flight Test Requirements
Flight testing may not be required for all clauses…
…but each should be addressed in the Compliance Matrix.
Flight Test Requirements
Flight Test Requirements
Pressure Error CorrectionKeep mods as far away from static ports as possible……otherwise airspeed and altitude systems will need to be recalibrated……and operational speeds may need to be redefined.
Flight Test Requirements
PerformanceMay be scope to accurately measure the effect the mod has on one performance clause (eg OEI Climb)……and add conservative penalty in other cases……otherwise all clauses may be subject to flight testing.
Flight Test Requirements
SpinningSingle engine aircraft must continue to meet spin requirements of Clause 221.Flight testing may be required especially if…
Flight Test Requirements
SpinningMoments of Inertia change >5%.Power Available change >10%.Major Flight Control Mods.Incorporation of Canards.Major Wing Mods.Major Change to Airflow about Empennage.
Flight Test Requirements
Vibes - FlutterVibration and Buffet required if Mod sticks out into the airflow.Flutter?
Philosophy:
•Certification Flight Testing should be conducted in accordance with the relevant Guidance Material.
•Or using agreed alternative methods of equal engineering rigour.
Flight Test Methods
References:
US FAA AC23-8B “Flight Test Guide for Certification of Part 23 Airplanes”.
US FAA AC25-7A “Flight Test Guide for Certification of Transport Category Airplanes”.
Flight Test Methods
US FAA AC27-1B “Certification of Normal Category Rotorcraft”.
US FAA AC29-2C “Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft”.
References:
Flight Test Methods
Check also the FAA Advisory Circulars list. Includes ACson:
Engine ChangesWeight IncreasesSystems RequirementsIcing EquipmentRestricted Categoryetc…
References:
Flight Test Methods
PRINCIPAL CERTIFICATION FLIGHT TEST REFERENCES
The primary sources of information regarding procedures and flight test techniques for use during CASA certification flight testing are as follows:
•CASA Type Certification Procedures Manualhttp://www.casa.gov.au/manuals/regulate/type/index.htm
•CASA Advisory Circular 21.10(0) – Experimental Certificates -http://www.casa.gov.au/rules/1998casr/021/021c10.pdf
•CASA Advisory Circular 21.13(0) – Australian-Designed Aircraft – Certificationhttp://www.casa.gov.au/rules/1998casr/021/021c13.pdf
•CASA Advisory Circular 21.40(0) – Measurement of Airspeed in Light Aircraft – Certification Requirementshttp://www.casa.gov.au/rules/1998casr/021/021c40.pdf
•FAA Advisory Circular 23-8B – Flight Test Guide for Certification of Part 23 Airplanes.
•FAA Advisory Circular 25-7A – Flight Test Guide for Certification of Transport Category Airplanes.
•FAA Advisory Circular 27-1B – Certification of Normal Category Rotorcraft.
•FAA Advisory Circular 29-2C – Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft.
•FAA Advisory Circular 90-89A – Amateur-Built and Ultralight Flight Testing Handbook
For links to FAA Advisory Circulars see the FAA’s Regulations and Policies page at:http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/
Flight Test Methods
Aircraft must still meet certification basis after any modifications likely to affect performance, handling or systems operation.
Flight testing may be required.
Must be done in accordance with References and with equal rigour as original certification flight tests.
Summary