Flight manual for aeroplane VL 3B-3 - VliegClub … sn VL-3-71.pdf · date of issue: 28.4.2010 5/45...

Flight manual for aeroplane VL – 3B-3

Registration number :

Serial number : VL-3-71

Date : 28.4.2010

date of issue: 28.4.2010 2/45

Flight manual for aeroplane

VL – 3B-3

0. Table of Contents

0. Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................................................2 1. General............................................................................................................................................................5

1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................5 1.2 Warnings, cautions and notes .................................................................................................................5 1.3 Descriptive data .......................................................................................................................................6

1.3.1 Aeroplane description .....................................................................................................................6 1.3.2 Basic Technical data .........................................................................................................................7

1.4 Two-view drawing...................................................................................................................................8 2. Limitations......................................................................................................................................................9

2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................9 2.2 Airspeed ...................................................................................................................................................9 2.3 Airspeed indicator markings ...................................................................................................................9 2.4 Powerplant ............................................................................................................................................. 10 2.5 Engine instrument markings ................................................................................................................. 11 2.6 Miscellaneous instrument marking ...................................................................................................... 11 2.7 Weight..................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.8 Centre of gravity .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.9 Approved manoeuvres .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.10 Manoeuvring load factors ............................................................................................................. 13 2.11 Crew ............................................................................................................................................... 14 2.12 Kinds of operation ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.13 Fuel ................................................................................................................................................. 14 2.14 Other limitations ............................................................................................................................ 14 2.15 Limitation placards ........................................................................................................................ 15

3. Emergency procedures ................................................................................................................................ 16 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 16 3.2 Engine failure ......................................................................................................................................... 16

3.2.1 Engine failure during take-off run................................................................................................ 16 3.2.2 Engine failure immediately after take-off .................................................................................... 16 3.2.3 Engine failure in flight (Forced landing) ...................................................................................... 17

3.3 In-Flight start .......................................................................................................................................... 17 3.4 Smoke and fire........................................................................................................................................ 18

3.4.1 Fire on ground ............................................................................................................................... 18 3.4.2 Fire during take-off ........................................................................................................................ 18 3.4.3 Fire in flight .................................................................................................................................... 18

3.5 Glide ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 3.6 Landing emergencies ............................................................................................................................. 19

3.6.1 Emergency landing ........................................................................................................................ 19 3.6.2 Precautionary landing ................................................................................................................... 19 3.6.3 Landing with a flat tire .................................................................................................................. 20 3.6.4 Landing with a defective landing gear......................................................................................... 20

3.7 Recovery from unintentional spin ........................................................................................................ 20 3.8 Other emergencies ................................................................................................................................. 20

3.8.1 Vibration......................................................................................................................................... 20 3.8.2 Carburettor icing............................................................................................................................ 21 3.8.3 Alternator or power supply failure .............................................................................................. 21

4. Normal procedures ...................................................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 22 4.2 Pre-flight inspection ............................................................................................................................... 22 4.3 Normal procedures ................................................................................................................................ 25

4.3.1 Before entering cockpit .................................................................................................................. 25

date of issue: 28.4.2010 3/45


VL – 3B-3

4.3.2 After entering cockpit .................................................................................................................... 25 4.3.3 Before engine starting and Engine starting .................................................................................. 25 4.3.4 Engine warm up, Engine check .................................................................................................... 26 4.3.5 Taxiing ............................................................................................................................................ 26 4.3.6 Before take-off ................................................................................................................................ 27 4.3.7 Take-off .......................................................................................................................................... 28 4.3.8 Climb .............................................................................................................................................. 28 4.3.9 Cruise ............................................................................................................................................. 29 4.3.10 Descent ........................................................................................................................................... 29 4.3.11 Check before landing ..................................................................................................................... 29 4.3.12 On base leg ..................................................................................................................................... 29 4.3.13 On final ........................................................................................................................................... 29 4.3.14 Landing .......................................................................................................................................... 30 4.3.15 Balked landing ............................................................................................................................... 30 4.3.16 After landing .................................................................................................................................. 30 4.3.17 Engine shutdown ........................................................................................................................... 30 4.3.18 Flight in rain ................................................................................................................................... 30

5. Performance ................................................................................................................................................. 31 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 31 5.2 Performance ........................................................................................................................................... 31

5.2.1 Airspeed indicator system calibration.......................................................................................... 31 5.2.2 Stall speeds ..................................................................................................................................... 32 5.2.3 Take-off performance .................................................................................................................... 32 5.2.4 Landing .......................................................................................................................................... 32 5.2.5 Climb performance ........................................................................................................................ 32

5.3 Additional information .......................................................................................................................... 33 5.3.1 Cruise ............................................................................................................................................. 33 5.3.2 Demonstrated crosswind performance ........................................................................................ 33

6. Weight and Balance ..................................................................................................................................... 34 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 34 6.2 Permitted payload range ....................................................................................................................... 34

6.2.1 Weight limitations ......................................................................................................................... 34 6.2.2 C.G. calculation .............................................................................................................................. 34

7. Aeroplane and Systems Description ........................................................................................................... 36 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 36 7.2 Airfram ................................................................................................................................................... 36

7.2.1 Fuselage .......................................................................................................................................... 36 7.2.2 Wing ............................................................................................................................................... 36 7.2.3 Horizontal Tail Unit (HTU)........................................................................................................... 36

7.3 Instrument panels and controls in the cockpit ..................................................................................... 37 7.4 Landing gear .......................................................................................................................................... 38 7.5 Seats and Safety harness ........................................................................................................................ 38 7.6 Baggage compartment ........................................................................................................................... 38 7.7 Canopy.................................................................................................................................................... 38 7.8 Engine ..................................................................................................................................................... 38 7.9 Fuel system ............................................................................................................................................. 38 7.10 Electrical system ............................................................................................................................ 39 7.11 Pitotstatic system ........................................................................................................................... 39

8. Aeroplane handling, servicing and maintenance ...................................................................................... 40 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 40 8.2 Aeroplane inspection periods ............................................................................................................... 40 8.3 Aeroplane alterations or repairs ........................................................................................................... 40 8.4 Ground handling / Road transport ...................................................................................................... 40

8.4.1 Towing ........................................................................................................................................... 40

date of issue: 28.4.2010 4/45


VL – 3B-3

8.4.2 Parkin ............................................................................................................................................. 41 8.4.3 Tying-Down ................................................................................................................................... 41 8.4.4 Jacking ............................................................................................................................................ 41 8.4.5 Road transport ............................................................................................................................... 42 8.4.6 Aeroplane Assembly ..................................................................................................................... 42 8.4.7 Aeroplane Disassembly ................................................................................................................. 42

8.5 Cleaning and care................................................................................................................................... 43 9. Supplements ................................................................................................................................................. 44

9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 44 9.2 List of inserted supplements ................................................................................................................. 44 9.3 Supplements inserted ............................................................................................................................ 45

date of issue: 28.4.2010 5/45


VL – 3B-3

1. General

1.1 Introduction

This Flight Manual provides information useful for the safe and efficient operation of VL-3B aeroplane.

It also contains supplemental data supplied by the aeroplane manufacturer.

1.2 Warnings, cautions and notes

The following definitions apply to warnings, cautions and notes in the flight manual.

Note Draws the attention of any special item not

directly related to safety but which is important or unusual.

Caution Means that the non-observation of the

corresponding procedure leads to a minor or to a long term degradation of the flight safety.

Warning Means that the non-observation of the

corresponding procedure leads to an immediate or important degradation of the flight safety.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 6/45


VL – 3B-3

1.3 Descriptive data

1.3.1 Aeroplane description

VL-3B airplane is intended for recreational and cross-country flying. It is not approved for aerobatic operation.

VL-3B is a single engine, composite aeroplane with two side-by-side seats. The aeroplane is

equipped with fixed tricycle landing gear with a steerable nose wheel. The fuselage is a carbon shell with carbon/kevlar seats integrated

The wing is a monospar construction with a sandwich skin composed of two layers of

carbon and special foam. Control surfaces and empennage is of the same construction. The aeroplane is controlled by dual push-pull control system, only rudder drive is

controlled by cable. The ailerons and elevator are controlled by the control stick located between the pilot's legs (co-pilot's). The rudder is controlled by the rudder pedals, flaps are manyally operated by a control lever located between the pilots on the fuselage main spar.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 7/45


VL – 3B-3

1.3.2 Basic Technical data

Wing

span ……………………………………… 8,44 m

area of wing ……………………………. 9,8 m2

M.A.C. ………………………………… 1,236 m

loading ………………………………… 46 kg/m2

Ailerons

area …………………………………………… 0.207 m2

Flaps

area …………………………………………… 0.8 m2

Fuselage

length ..…………………………………………… 6,2 m

width ………………………………………………1.15 m

height …………………………………………….. 1,5 m

Horizontal tail unit

span …………………………………………… 2.68 m

area …………………………………………… 1.69 m2

elevátor area …………….. ………………..... 0.73 m2

Vertical tail unit

height …………………………………………… 1,03 m

area …………………………….……………….. 0.876 m2

rudder area …………………………………….. .0.309 m2

Landing gear

wheel track …………………………………………. 1.83 m

wheel base …………………………………………… 1.285 m

main wheel diameter ………………………………. 0.35 m

nose wheel diameter ……………………………….. 0.3 m

date of issue: 28.4.2010 8/45


VL – 3B-3

1.4 Two-view drawing

date of issue: 28.4.2010 9/45


VL – 3B-3

2. Limitations

2.1 Introduction

Section 2 includes Operating limitations, instrument markings, and basic placards necessary for safe operation of the aeroplane, its engine, standard systems and standard equipment.

2.2 Airspeed

Airspeed limitations and their operational significance are shown below:

Airspeed IAS

[km/h] Remarks

VNE Never exceed

speed 305

Do not exceed this speed in any operation.

VA Manoeuvring

speed 165

Do not make full or abrupt control movement above this speed, because under certain conditions the aircraft may be overstressed by full control movement.

VNO

Maximum structural

cruising speed

210

Do not exceed this speed except in smooth air, and then only with caution.

VFE Maximum flap

extension speed 120

Do not exceed this speed with flaps extended

2.3 Airspeed indicator markings

Airspeed indicator markings and their colour-code significance are shown below:

Marking Range or value

[km/h IAS] Significance

White arc

55-120 Positive Flap Operating Range

Green arc

75-210 Normal Operating Range

Yellow arc

210-305

Manoeuvres must be conducted with caution and only in smooth air.

Red line

305 Maximum speed for all operations.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 10/45


VL – 3B-3

2.4 Powerplant

Engine Manufacturer : Bombardier-Rotax GMBH

Engine Model : Rotax 912 ULS

Power :

Max. Take - off : 73.5 kW / 100 hp

Max. Continuous : 69 kW / 95 hp @ 5500 rpm

Cruising : 66 kW / 90 hp @ 4800 rpm

Engine RPM :

Max. Take-off : 5800 ot/min max 5 mins

Max. Continuous : 5500 ot/min

Cruising : 4800 ot/min

Idling : 1400 ot/min

Cylinder head temperature:

Minimum : 60 °C

Maximum : 135 °C

Oil temperature:

Minimum : 50 °C

Maximum : 130 °C

Optoperating : 90 °C – 100 °C

Fuel pressure (if the fuel gauge and sensor are instaled) :

Minimum : 0,15 bar

Maximum : 0,4 bar

Fuel : viz. 2.13

Druh oleje (refer to engine Operator’s Manual).

Warning

This engine has not been certified as an aircraft engine and its failure may occur at any time. The

pilot is fully responsible for consequences of such a failure.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 11/45


VL – 3B-3

2.5 Engine instrument markings

Function Minimum

Limit

Normal Operating

Range

Caution Range

Maximum Range

Engine speed (RPM)

1400 1400-5500 5500-5800 5800

Cylinder Head

Temperature (CHT) [°C]

60 60-100 100-135 135

Oil Temperature

[°C] 50 90-110 110-130 130

Oil Pressure

[bar]

1 1,5-5,0 5,0-7,0 7,0 cold engine starting

2.6 Miscellaneous instrument marking

Fuel Level Indication

Left tank Right tank

Liter U.S.gallon Liter U.S.gallon

Full tank 44 11.6 44 11.6

3/4 32 8.4 30 7.9

1/2 23 6 21 5.5

1/4 10 2.6 9 2.4

Fuel warning light 8 2.1 7 1.8

date of issue: 28.4.2010 12/45


VL – 3B-3

2.7 Weight

Empty weight (standard equipment) ….…… 303 kg

Max. take-off weight ………..……………………… 472 kg

Max landing weight …………..…………….……… 472 kg

Max. baggage weight ………..………………….…. 15 kg

2.8 Centre of gravity

Empty aeroplane C.G. position………………………….…. 17.6 %MAC.

Operating C.G. range …….…………………………………. 21 - 34 %MAC.

2.9 Approved manoeuvres

Aeroplane Category: NORMAL The aeroplane is approved for Normal and Manoeuvres listed below:

- Steep turn not exceeding 60° bank

Warning

Aerobatics, intentional spins and stalls are prohibited!

NOTE

Actual empty weight is stated in SECTION 6, par. 6.2

date of issue: 28.4.2010 13/45


VL – 3B-3

2.10 Manoeuvring load factors

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400V IAS [km/h]

n

A D

G

Ude=15 m/s

Ude=-15 m/s

Ude=7.5 m/s

Ude=-7.5 m/s

E

Vne

date of issue: 28.4.2010 14/45


VL – 3B-3

2.11 Crew

Numer of seats………………………………………….. 2

minimum crew weight ……………………………… 65 kg

maximum crew weight ……………………………… see. 6.2

2.12 Kinds of operation

Day VFR flights only.

2.13 Fuel

automotive premium grade gasoline, leaded, according to DIN 516000,Ö-NORM C 1103

EUROSUPER RON 95 unleaded accord. to DIN 51607,Ö-NORM 1100

AVGAS 100 LL

Due to higher lead content in AVGAS, the wear of valve seats and deposits in the combustion chamber will increase. Therefore, use AVGAS only if other fuel types are not available.

(Refer to the Rotax 912S Series Engine Operating Manual for limitations and recommendations relating to fuel grades used)

2.14 Other limitations

No smoking aboard the aeroplane.

Warning

Never exceed Maximum Také-off Weight

date of issue: 28.4.2010 15/45


VL – 3B-3

2.15 Limitation placards

NEVER EXCEED SPEED VNE= 305 Km/h MANOEURING SPEED VA = 165 Km/h DESIGN CRUISING SPEED VC = 210 Km/h MAX. FLAP EXTENSION SPEED VFE = 120 Km/h STALL SPEED VS0 = 55 Km/h

EMPTY WEIGHT 303 kg MAX. TAKÉ-OFF WEIGHT 472 kg MIN. CREW WEIGHT 65 kg MAX. BAGGAGE WEIGHT 15 kg

Caution

The owner (aeroplane operating agency) of this aeroplane is responsible for placards readability

during aeroplane service life.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 16/45


VL – 3B-3

3. Emergency procedures

3.1 Introduction

Section 3 provides checklist and amplified procedures for coping with emergencies that may occur.

Emergencies caused by aeroplane or engine malfunctions are extremely rare if proper pre-flight inspections and maintenance are practised.

However, should an emergency arise, the basic guidelines described in this section should be considered and applied as necessary to correct the problem.

.

3.2 Engine failure

3.2.1 Engine failure during take-off run

1. Throttle - retard to idle 2. Ignition - off

3.2.2 Engine failure immediately after take-off

1. Speed - gliding at 100km/h ( 55 kts) 2. Altitude - below 50m (165 ft): land in take-off direction

- over 50m (165 ft): choose landing area 3. Wind - evaluate direction and velocity 4. Landing area - choose free area without obstacles,

into wind 5. Flaps - extend as needed 6. Fuel valve - off 7. Ignition - off 8. Safety harness - tighten 9. Master switch - switch off before landing 10. Land

Note

Skip 6-10 if necessary.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 17/45


VL – 3B-3

3.2.3 Engine failure in flight (Forced landing)

1. Speed - gliding at 100km/h (55 kts) 2. Altitude - below 50m (165 ft): land in take-off direction

- over 50m (165 ft): choose landing area 3. Wind - evaluate direction and velocity 4. Landing area - choose free area without obstacles 5. Flaps - extend as needed 6. Fuel valve - off 7. Ignition - off 8. Safety harness - tighten 9. Master switch - off before landing 10. Land

3.3 In-Flight start

1. Speed - gliding at 120km/h (65 kts) 2. Altitude - check 3. Landing area - choose according to altitude (safest area) 4. Master switch - on 5. Fuel valve - open 6. Choke - as necessary (for cold engine) 7. Throttle - for 1/3 power 8. Ignition - on 9. Starter - engage

date of issue: 28.4.2010 18/45


VL – 3B-3

3.4 Smoke and fire

3.4.1 Fire on ground

1. Fuel valve - off 2. Throttle - full 3. Master switch - off 4. Ignition - off 5. Abandon the aeroplane

6. Extinguish fire if possible or call fire department.

3.4.2 Fire during take-off

1. Fuel valve - off 2. Throttle - full 3. Speed - 120km/h (65 kts) 4. Master switch - off 5. Ignition - off 6. Land and brake 7. Abandon the aeroplane 8. Extinguish fire if possible or call fire department.

3.4.3 Fire in flight

1. Fuel valve - off 2. Throttle - full 3. Master switch - off 4. Ignition - off after using up fuel in carburettors

and engine stopping 5. Choose of area - heading to the nearest airport or choose

emergency landing area 6. Emerg. landing - perform according to par.3.6.1 7. Abandon the aeroplane 8. Extinguish fire if possible or call fire department.

Note

Estimated time to pump fuel out of carburettors is of 30 sec.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 19/45


VL – 3B-3

3.5 Glide

Gliding may be used in case of engine failure. 1. Speed - ~110km/h (60 kts) 2. Flaps - retracted 3. Instruments - within permitted limits

3.6 Landing emergencies

3.6.1 Emergency landing

1. An emergency landing may be carried out due to engine failure and when the engine cannot be restarted.

2. Speed - 100km/h (55 kts)

3. Trim - trim the aeroplane

4. Safety harness - tighten

5. Flaps - as needed 6. COMM - if installed - report your location if it is

possible 7. Fuel valve - off 8. Ignition - off 9. Master switch - off

3.6.2 Precautionary landing

A precautionary landing may be carried out due to low fuel and/or bad weather conditions.

1. Choose landing area, determine wind direction

2. If a COMM is installed - report your plan to land and land area location to nearest ATC

3. Perform low-altitude passage into wind over the right-hand side of the chosen area with flaps extended to the take-off position at a speed of 110km/h (60 kts) to thoroughly inspect the area

4. Perform flight around the chosen area

5. Perform an approach at increased idling with fully extended flaps

6. Reduce power to idle when over the runway threshold and touch-down at the very beginning of the chosen area

7. After stopping the aeroplane switch off all switches, shut off the fuel valve, lock the aeroplane and look for a help

date of issue: 28.4.2010 20/45


VL – 3B-3

3.6.3 Landing with a flat tire

1. Approach - Normal 2. Touch down - good tire first, keep the damaged wheel

above ground as long as possible using ailerons

3. Maintain the direction at landing run, applying braking control

3.6.4 Landing with a defective landing gear

1. If the main landing gear is damaged, perform touch-down at the Lowest speed possible and maintain direction during landing run, if possible

2. If the nose wheel is damaged perform touch-down at the lowest speed possible and hold the nose wheel off the runway by means of the elevator control as long as it is possible

3.7 Recovery from unintentional spin

There is no tendency of spontaneous uncontrollable spin entry if normal pilot techniques are used.

Should an inadvertent spin occur, the following recovery procedure should be used: 1. Throttle - retard to idle 2. Control stick - hold ailerons neutralized 3. Rudder pedals - apply full opposite rudder 4. Control stick - forward elevator control

as required to break the spin 5. Rudder pedals - immediately after the stopping

of a rotation neutralise the rudder 6. Recover from dive

3.8 Other emergencies

3.8.1 Vibration

If vibrations appear::

1. Set engine speed to power setting where the vibrations are the lowest.

2. Land at the nearest airfield or perform a precautionary landing according to 3.6.2

Warning Intentional spins are prohibited !

Note

Watch the chosen area continuously during precautionary landing.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 21/45


VL – 3B-3

3.8.2 Carburettor icing

Carburettor icing mostly occurs when getting into an area of ice formation. The carburettor icing shows itself through a decrease in engine power and an increase of engine temperatures.

To recover the engine power, the following procedure is recommended:

1. Speed - 110km/h (60 kts) 2. Throttle - set for 1/3 power 3. If possible, leave the icing area 4. Gradually increase the engine power to cruise conditions

after 1-2 minutes.

If you fail to recover the engine power, land at the nearest airfield (if possible) or depending on circumstance, execute a precautionary landing according to 3.6.2

3.8.3 Alternator or power supply failure

1. Switch off all electrical instruments which are not important for flight. 2. Land at the soonest

date of issue: 28.4.2010 22/45


VL – 3B-3

4. Normal procedures

4.1 Introduction

Section 4 provides checklist and amplified procedures for the conduct of normal operation.

4.2 Pre-flight inspection

The pre-flight inspection is very important because an incomplete or careless inspection could allow aeroplane failure. The following pre-flight inspection procedure is recommended by the

aeroplane Manufacturer:

Check if ignition is switched off in the cockpit

1. Wing

Wing surface condition

Leading edge condition

check if the flap and aileron controls are correctly connected

pitot-static tube condition

2. Wing tips

Surface condition

Check of tips attachment

Condition and attachment of position lights (if installed)

date of issue: 28.4.2010 23/45


VL – 3B-3

3. Aileron

Surface condition

Attachment

Play

4. Flap

Surface condition

Attachment

Play

5. Fuselage rear

Surface condition

6. Vertical tail unit

Surface condition

Play

Free movement

7. Horizontal tail

Surface condition

Attachment

Play

Free movement

check if the elevator and trim tab controls are correctly connected

8. see. 5

9. see. 4

10. see. 3

11. see. 2

12. see. 1

13. Landing gear

Check of main and nose landing gear attachment

nose wheel steering

Condition and inflation of tires

Condition and attachment of wheel fairings

date of issue: 28.4.2010 24/45


VL – 3B-3

14. Engine

Engine cowlings condition

Engine mount condition

Engine attachment check

Turn propeler until gurgling sound is heard and then check the oil. (usually 20-30 lades station)

Fuel and Electrical system visual check

Fuel system drain

15. Propeller

Propeller attachment

Blades, Hub, Spinner condition

16. Cockpit

Ignition - OFF

Switch box - OFF

Master switch - OFF

Instruments - check of condition

Fuel gauge - fuel quantity check (for fuel quantity check switch on Switch box

and Master switch, then switch off!)

Controls - visual check

- check for proper function

- check for play in each kontrol circuit

- check of flaps extension

- check of free movement up to the stops

Check for loose items - secure papers

Canopy - Condition of attachment, cleanliness

Caution It is advisable to turn the propeller by hand with ignition off if the engine has been out of operation for a long time. Avoid excessive pressure on a blade tip and trailing edge.

.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 25/45


VL – 3B-3

4.3 Normal procedures

4.3.1 Before entering cockpit

1. Aeroplane surface - check of covers and caps

2. Cockpit - items inside the cockpit

3. Ignition - OFF

4. Master switch - OFF

4.3.2 After entering cockpit

1. Rudder control - free movement check - Correct?

2. Brakes - check of function

3. Control Stick - free movement check - Correct?

4. Trim - check control movement

5. Flaps - check of function

6. Engine controls - throttle and choke lever movement

7. Fuel valve - OFF

8. Fuel gauge - fuel quantity check

9. Switch box - OFF

10. Circuit breakers - OFF

11. Ignition - OFF

12. Instruments, COMM- condition check

13. Safety harness - check of integrity and attachment

14. Cockpit - condition and canopy lock function

4.3.3 Before engine starting and Engine starting

1. Fuel valve - ON

2. Master swich - Batt & Alt ON

3. Circuit breakers - in

4. Throttle - set for idling

5. Choke - according to engine temperature

6. Control stick - fully pulled

7. Check of free area - clear

8. Master switch - ON

9. Ignition - ON

10. brakes - fully applied

11. Starter - engage

date of issue: 28.4.2010 26/45


VL – 3B-3

12. After starting - set throttle to idle

13. Oil pressure - within 10 sec. min. pressure

14. Choke - OFF

15. Engine warm - according to 4.4.4

4.3.4 Engine warm up, Engine check

Lock the main wheels by means of wheel chocks before engine check. Refer to the Engine Manual for warming .

Set max. power.

Check acceleration from idling to max. power. If necessary cool the engine prior to its shutdown.

4.3.5 Taxiing

The maximum recommended taxiing speed is15km/h ( 8 kts). The direction of taxiing can be controlled by the steer able nose wheel and rudder or by brakes.

Caution Engine check should be performed with the aeroplane pointing upwind and not on loose terrain (the propeller will pick up debris which can damage the propeller).

Caution The starter should be activated for max.10 sec., then 2 min. pause for engine cooling. After engine starting adjust the throttle for smooth running at 1 500 rpm. Check oil pressure which should increase within 10 sec. Increase engine speed after oil pressure reaches2 bars and is steady. Only one magneto should be switched on (off) during ignition magneto check.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 27/45


VL – 3B-3

4.3.6 Before take-off

1. Brakes - fully applied

2. Rudder control - check of free movement

3. Hand control - check of free movement

4. Trim - neutral position

5. Flaps - "15°" position

6. Engine controls - choke off

7. Fuel valve - open

8. Fuel gauge - fuel quantity check

9. Circuit breakers - in

10. Instruments, COMM, - within limits, frequency set

11. Safety harness - secured and tightened

12. Cockpit - canopy condition, lock

date of issue: 28.4.2010 28/45


VL – 3B-3

4.3.7 Take-off

Gradually increase the throttle (max. power) to set the aeroplane into motion. The direction of take-off run can be controlled by steer able nose wheel and rudder.

Slightly pull the stick to lift the nose wheel. The aeroplane takes-off at a speed above 70km/h (38 kts), then slightly push forward the stick to reach climb speed of 110km/h (60 kts). Refer to the par. 5.2.5 for optimum climb speed. Max. flaps extended speed is 120km/h (65 kts).

4.3.8 Climb

1. Throttle - Max. Continuous Power


3. Trim - adjust as needed to reduce stick pressure

4. 5. Instruments - CHT, Oil temp. and pressure within limits.

Caution

If cylinder head or oil temperature exceed limits, reduce the angle of climb to increase airspeed and allow better cooling..

Warning

The Take-off is prohibited if:

The engine run is unsteady

The engine instruments values are beyond operational limits

The engine choke is on

The crosswind velocity exceeds permitted limits. 5.3.3

date of issue: 28.4.2010 29/45


VL – 3B-3

4.3.9 Cruise

The aeroplane flight characteristics are very forgiving within permitted limits of airspeeds, configurations and C/G range. The aeroplane can be controlled very easily. Refer to the Section 5 par. 5.3.1.

4.3.10 Descent

1. Throttle - idling


3. Trim - as necessary to reduce stick pressure

4. Instruments - within limits

4.3.11 Check before landing

1. Fuel - fuel quantity check

2. Safety harness - tightened

3. Brakes - check function

4. Trim - adjust as required

5. Landing area check - runway

- Base leg

4.3.12 On base leg


2. Flaps - extend to "15°“ position


4. Throttle - as necessary


4.3.13 On final

1. Speed - 90-100km/h (50 - 55 kts)

2. Flaps - „55°“ or „38° “ position


4. Throttle - as necessary


Caution When on long final or descending from a very high altitude, it is not advisable to reduce the engine Throttle control lever to idle. The engine becomes overcooled and a loss of power occurs. When descending, apply increased idle so that engine instrument readings stay within the limits for normal use.

.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 30/45


VL – 3B-3

4.3.14 Landing

The airspeed during final is slowly reduced, so that the touch down speed is about 65km/h (35 Kts.)

Gradually pull the stick after touch down to hold the nose wheel up as long as possible. Push the control stick forward when the nose wheel touches. The landing run can be shortened by braking.

4.3.15 Balked landing

1. Throttle - full

2. Engine speed - Full Throttle

3. Flaps - set at the "15°" position at a speed of 90km/h (50 kts)

4. Trim - as necessary

5. Flaps - retract at a height of 50m (165 m)

6. Trim - as necessary

7. Engine speed - Max. cont. power


9. Climb - at 120km/h (65 kts)

4.3.16 After landing

1. Engine speed - set as necessary for taxiing

2. Flaps - retracted and locked

3. Trim - neutral position

4.3.17 Engine shutdown

1. Engine speed -idling

2. Instruments - engine instruments within limits

3. COMM + intercom - OFF

4. Ignition - OFF

5. Circuit breakers - OFF

6. Master switch - OFF

7. Switch box - turn the key to switch off

8. Fuel valve - OFF

4.3.18 Flight in rain

When flying in the rain, no additional steps are required. Aeroplane qualities and performance are not substantially changed

date of issue: 28.4.2010 31/45


VL – 3B-3

5. Performance

5.1 Introduction

Section 5 provides approved data for airspeed calibration, stall speeds and take-off performance and additional information.

The data in the charts has been computed from actual flight tests with the aeroplane and engine in good condition and using average piloting techniques.

If not stated otherwise the performance data given in this section is valid for max. takeoff weight and under International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) conditions

5.2 Performance

5.2.1 Airspeed indicator system calibration

IAS EAS

[km/h] [km/h]

57 65

70 78

80 87

100 108

120 125

140 142

160 160

180 179

200 198

220 218

240 238

260 258

280 278

300 297

305 302

date of issue: 28.4.2010 32/45


VL – 3B-3

5.2.2 Stall speeds

Stall Flaps

position Engine Power

Stalling Speed

IAS [km/h]

CAS [km/h]

Wing level stall

RETRACTED idling 75 82

"TAKE-OFF“ idling 65 73

"LANDING“ idling 55 65

5.2.3 Take-off performance

Take-off distances stated in the following table are valid at sea level.

Take-off run

distance

[m]

Take-off distance over 15m obstacle

[m]

Grass 160 290

5.2.4 Landing

Landing distances stated in the following table are valid at sea level.

Landing distance over 15m obstacle

[m]

Landing run distance (full braking)

[m]

Grass 270 90

5.2.5 Climb performance

Best Rate-of-climb speed is 130km/h (65 kts) IAS, corresponding Rate of climb is 6m/s

date of issue: 28.4.2010 33/45


VL – 3B-3

5.3 Additional information

5.3.1 Cruise

Regime Economy Cruise

Max. Continuous

Power

Max. Take-Off Power

Time limitation

unlimited unlimited max. 5 min.

Engine speed 4800 5500 5800

manifold pressure [inHg]

24 27 27.5

IAS [km/h]

185 235 250

5.3.2 Demonstrated crosswind performance

Max. permitted cross wind velocity for take-off and landing 5m/s Max. permitted head wind velocity for take-off and landing 8m/s

date of issue: 28.4.2010 34/45


VL – 3B-3

6. Weight and Balance

6.1 Introduction

This sections contains the payload range within which the VL-3 aeroplane may be safely operated.

Procedures for weighing the aeroplane and the calculation method for establishing the permitted payload range are contained in the Technical Description, Operating, Maintenance and Repair Manual for VL-3 ultralight aeroplane.

6.2 Permitted payload range

6.2.1 Weight limitations

maximum take-off weight ……………………… 472 kg

Operating C.G. range …………………………….. 21 - 34 %MAC

6.2.2 C.G. calculation

Empty weight (see 2.7) mpr [kg] Pilot weight mp1 [kg] Copilot weight mp2 [kg] Fuel quantity vp [litr] Baggage weight mz [kg] C.G. of empty airplane (see 2.8) xbsat [%]

Wing leading edge position xNH = 540 mm M.A.C. displacement xSAT = 68 mm M.A.C. bSAT = 1236 mm

Weight m = mpr+mp1+mp2+vp*0,725+mz C.G. position

m

mvpmmbx

m

x

zppsatbsat

pr 1467215725.0682682100

21

100SATb

xxt

Example

Empty weight mpr = 301kg Pilot weight mp1 = 100 kg Copilot weight mp2 = 0 kg Fuel quantity vp = 45 litrů Baggage weight mz = 10 kg C.G. of empty airplane xbsat = 17.1 % bsat

date of issue: 28.4.2010 35/45


VL – 3B-3

Weight m = mpr+mp1+mp2+vp*0,725+mz = 301+100+0+45*0,725+10 = 443,6kg C.G. position

m

mvpmmbx

m

x

zppsatbsat

pr 1467215725.0682682100

21

mmx 3466.443

146710215725.0456820682100100

12361.17301

SAT

SAT

bb

xxt %28100

1236

346100

Warning

If C.G. position and take-off weight are not in operating range (see 6.2.1.) Do not fly ! The Center of the Gravity must be inside operating range (see 6.2.1.) during the whole flight!

date of issue: 28.4.2010 36/45


VL – 3B-3

7. Aeroplane and Systems Description

7.1 Introduction

This section provides description and operation of the aeroplane and its system.

Refer to Section 9, Supplements, for details of optional systems and equipment.

7.2 Airfram

VL-3 airframe is all-carbonfibre monocoque airframe

7.2.1 Fuselage

All composite sandwich construction.

7.2.2 Wing

The composite wing has one main spar with carbon flanges, no ribs; the stressed skin is of sandwich construction with a foam core.

7.2.3 Horizontal Tail Unit (HTU)

HTU has same construction like wing.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 37/45


VL – 3B-3

7.3 Instrument panels and controls in the cockpit

1 Rudder pedals 16 Garmin 496

2 Control stick 17 12V socket

3 Flaps control 18 Verical speed indicator

4 Throttle 19 Circuit breakers

5 Trim control 20 Rescue parachute

6 Fuel tanks valve 21 Parking brake

7 Choke 22 Fuel indicators

8 Heating + ventilation 23 Turn-indicator

9 Magnetos+starter 24 Tachometer

10 Charging pilot-light 25 Altimeter

11 Baterry switch 26 Compass

12 Airspeed indicator 27 Head of cylinder thermometer

13 Switches 28 Oil thermometer

14 Comm 29 Oil pressure gauge

15 Transponder

date of issue: 28.4.2010 38/45


VL – 3B-3

7.4 Landing gear

The plane has a tricycle retractable landing gear with a nose wheel. The main fibreglass legs, main wheel size 350x100, hydraulically operated brakes. The steer able nose wheel of 300 x 100 size has a shock absorber and is controlled by the rudder pedále

Recommended pressure:

- main wheels 1,6 ± 0,1 atm (bar)

- nose wheel 1,6 ± 0,1 atm (bar)

7.5 Seats and Safety harness

The seats and back rests are formed by a composite skeleton covered with upholstery. Four points safety harness with a central lock

7.6 Baggage compartment

Baggage compartment is space behind seats.

7.7 Canopy

Canopy is made from the clear Plexiglas. The canopy frame is formed by a composite profile. The canopy is tilted forvard.

7.8 Engine

There is installed Rotax 912 engine in VL-3B airplane.

Rotax 912 is 4-stroke, 4 cylinder horizontally opposed, spark ignition engine .

7.9 Fuel system

The main fuel tanks are an integral part of the wings, a fuel quantity sensor is located inside the wing. Further a coarse filter, fuel valve, and fine filter are parts of the fuel system.

For draing use blow down valve located on the bottom of the wing.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 39/45


VL – 3B-3

7.10 Electrical system

7.11 Pitotstatic system

The pitotstatic system consists of a Prandtl tube under the wing.

Keep the system clear to assure its correct function. If water gets inside the system disconnect hoses from the instruments and slightly blow into the system.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 40/45


VL – 3B-3

8. Aeroplane handling, servicing and maintenance

8.1 Introduction

This section contains factory-recommended procedures for proper ground handling and servicing of the aeroplane.

It also identifies certain inspection and maintenance requirements which must be followed if the aeroplane is to retain that new-plane performance and dependability.

It is wise to follow a planned schedule of lubrication and preventive maintenance based on climatic and flying conditions encountered.

8.2 Aeroplane inspection periods

Refer to the Operating, Maintenance and Repair Manual for VL-3 aeroplane for more details about periodical inspections.

8.3 Aeroplane alterations or repairs

It is essential that the aeroplane manufacturer be contacted prior to any alternations on the aeroplane to ensure that airworthiness of the aeroplane is not compromised

If the aeroplane weight is affected by an alternation, a new weight and balance will be

necessary. A revised "Weight and Balance Record / Permitted payload range" and Placard "LOAD LIMITS" must be filled out and attached to the aeroplane.

8.4 Ground handling / Road transport

8.4.1 Towing

It is easy to tow the aeroplane a short distance by holding the blade root because the empty weight of this aeroplane is relatively low.

Suitable surfaces to hold the aeroplane airframe are the rear part of the fuselage before the fin and wing roots“

Caution Handle the propeller by holding the blade root - never the blade tip! If starting the engine manually - always handle the propeller on a blade surface i.e. do not hold only an edge

Caution Avoid excessive pressure at the aeroplane airframe - especially at the wing tips, elevator, rudder, trim etc.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 41/45


VL – 3B-3

8.4.2 Parkin

It is advisable to parking the aeroplane inside a hangar or eventually inside other weather proof space (such as a garage) with a stable temperature, good ventilation, low humidity and dust-free environment.

It is necessary to tie-down the aeroplane when parking outside. When the plane must be tied-down outdoors for extended periods, it is advisable to cover

the cockpit canopy, and if possible, the entire aeroplane using a suitable cover.

8.4.3 Tying-Down

The aeroplane is usually tied-down after a flight day or when needed. The tying-down is necessary to protect the aeroplane against possible damage caused by wind gusts.

For reason the aeroplane is equipped with tie-down strips on the wing tips and tail.

Procedure: :

- Check: Fuel valve off, Circuit breakers and Master switch off, Switch box off.

- Block the control stick up e.g. by means of safety harness

- Close and lock cockpit

- Shut all the ventilation windows

- Tie-down the aeroplane to the ground by means of the strips. It is also necessary to tie-down the fuselage rear and nose wheel landing gear (lace a rope through the wheel and fork).

8.4.4 Jacking

Because the empty weight of this aeroplane is relatively low it is easy to lift the aeroplane using 2 persons.

First prepare two suitable jacks to support the aeroplane. The aeroplane should be lifted by the following parts:

- Press-down on the rear of the fuselage in front of the fin to lift the front and then support under the firewall.

- To jack the rear of the fuselage grab the fuselage near the auxiliary tail skid, lift it upward and support.

To lift the wings, push on the wings lower surface at the main spar. Do not lift by the wing tips

Note

It is advisable to cover cockpit canopy, if possible the whole aeroplane, by means of a suitable covering material attached to the airframe for long term outside parking.

date of issue: 28.4.2010 42/45


VL – 3B-3

8.4.5 Road transport

The aeroplane may be transported in a suitable trailer. It is necessary to dismantle aeroplane before loading.

8.4.6 Aeroplane Assembly

Refer to the Operating, Maintenance and Repair Manual for VL-3

8.4.7 Aeroplane Disassembly

Refer to the Operating, Maintenance and Repair Manual for VL-3

date of issue: 28.4.2010 43/45


VL – 3B-3

8.5 Cleaning and care

Use cleaning detergents to clean aeroplane surface. Oil spots on aeroplane surface (except the canopy!) may be cleaned with appropriate degreasers.

The canopy clean should be cleaned only by washing it with lukewarm water and mild detergents, using clean, soft cloth sponge or deerskin. Then use suitable polishers to clean the canopy.

Upholstery and covers may be removed from the cockpit, brushed or washed in lukewarm

water with mild detergents. Dry the upholstery before reinstalling inside the cockpit.

Caution For long term storage cover the canopy to protect the cockpit interior from the direct sunshine..

Caution Never clean the canopy under "dry" conditions (it will scratch) and never use gasoline or chemical solvents!

date of issue: 28.4.2010 44/45


VL – 3B-3

9. Supplements

9.1 Introduction

This section contains the appropriate supplements necessary to safely and efficiently operate the aeroplane when equipped with various optional systems and equipment not provided with the standard aeroplane.

9.2 List of inserted supplements

Date Title of inserted supplement

date of issue: 28.4.2010 45/45


VL – 3B-3

9.3 Supplements inserted

Flight manual for aeroplane VL 3B-3 - VliegClub … sn VL-3-71.pdf · date of issue: 28.4.2010 5/45...

Documents

Transcript of Flight manual for aeroplane VL 3B-3 - VliegClub … sn VL-3-71.pdf · date of issue: 28.4.2010 5/45...