Flight Maneuvers 05
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Transcript of Flight Maneuvers 05
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Teaching Flight Maneuvers
Soaring Safety Foundation
FIRC
Rich Carlson
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Basic Teaching Steps
Preparation Presentation
Application Review and Evaluation
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Common Student Errors
Under/Over controlling Stress overload
Fixation on a single task Loss of situational awareness
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Necessary Flight Maneuvers
Normal and Crosswind Launch Straight and Turning flight
Ground Reference Stalls and Spins
Slips to Landing
Normal and Crosswind Landing
Emergency procedures
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In flight maneuvers
Orientation to airport/runway (upwind) Determining heading (using landmarks)
Picking the heading for stalls Turning left or right
Basic glide performance
How much altitude needed to cover 1 mile?
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Emergency Procedures
Discuss/demo T.O. Emergencies PT3 at low/mid/high altitude
Distractions during T.O./Tow
Canopy opening
Bugs, Snakes, Object on runway, etc
Discuss/demo Landing Emergencies
To low to fly normal pattern
Off-airport landings
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Approach & Landing
The Glider Flight Instructor does anexcellent job of teaching T.O. Emergency
procedures including practicing low altitude
rope breaks.
The SSF accident statistics show that this
practice has paid off by a low number ofPT3 accidents.
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Approach & Landing
A review of glider accident statistics showsthat over 70% of the accidents occur in the
landing phase of flight.
The Law of Primacy states that the first
thing learned is what is remembered during
times of stress.
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Approach & Landing
What we teach Complete the landing checklist
Reach the IP at xxxx ft AGL
Enter the downwind leg and correct for x-wind
Opposite Touchdown point
Turn Base Turn Final and aim for T.D. point
Use spoilers to control height, elevator to control
speed
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Approach & Landing
Major drawback is that primary focus is onreaching the IP.
This technique works well when students plan
ahead to reach the IP at the desired altitude.
What happens when this planning breaks down
and the student is 1 mile out at 1000 ft?
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Approach and Landing
What we really mean Make sure you control your speed to keep from
stalling
Make sure you control your height and positionso you reach the intended landing point
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Approach & Landing
Serial Tasks Time independent
Step by Step procedure
Completion dependson completing all steps
in sequence
Parallel Tasks Time dependent
Multiple simultaneous
procedures Different tasks may
finish at different times
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Approach and Landing
A Goal orientated approach Pick your touchdown point on/off the runway
Determine where base/final turn must be
Determine where downwind/base turn must be Determine where entry point will be given
current situation (altitude, position, and speed)
Complete landing checklist prior to landing
Law of Primacy view
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Emergency Procedures
Practice arrival from various directions Practice left, right, straight-in, downwind
approaches
Practice arrival from various altitudes
Demonstrate the effect of constant headwind
Demonstrate the effect of a decreasingheadwind
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Post Flight De-briefing
Essential component of lesson to discusswhy this approach was different and how it
effected other gliders/pilots
Emphasize the skills you are trying to
impart (Judgment Training and problem
solving skills)
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Determining When to Land
What altitude do you start thinking aboutlanding?
Immediately upon release?
When reaching a specific altitude?
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Determining When to Land
Before take-off Emergency item on check-list
Develop a number of plans, and execute the
best one for this situation
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Determining When to Land
What effect does the wind have on landing?
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Effect of 20 Kt wind
9
2
7
Time on Downwind: More, Less, no Change?
Altitude loss: More, Less, no Change?
20 Kts
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Effect of 20 Kt wind
9
2
7
Time on base: More, Less, no Change?
Altitude loss: More, Less, no Change?
20 Kts
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Effect of 20 Kt wind
9
2
7
Time on Final: More, Less, no Change?
Altitude loss: More, Less, no Change?
20 Kts
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Effect of 20 Kt wind
9
2
7
Which path is your student likely to fly?
20 Kts1
2
3
4
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Final Approach
(No wind)
2400
200
60 kts @ 500 ft/m decent rate
12:1 glide slope24 seconds
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Final Approach
(20 Kt Head Wind)
2400
20060 kts @ 500 ft/m decent rate
8:1 glide slope
24 seconds
1600
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Final Approach
(20 kt wind shear)
2400
200
60 kts @ 500 ft/m decent rate
Maintain constant speed during approachHow much time remains?
1600
X Y
20 kts
0 kts
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Decision Time
With a 20 kt shear, are you likely to overshoot (into area Y) undershoot (into area X)
Said another way, what actions do you need totake to reach your intended touchdown point close the spoilers to extend (undershooting)
open the spoilers to sink faster (overshooting)
Another variation, what will the aim spot do? move up on the canopy (undershooting)
move down on the canopy (overshooting)
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Transition throughWind Shear Line
101770240
88389150
800100060
Distance
(ft)
Alt Remaining
(ft)
Time
(s)
Speed
(kts)
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Final Approach
(20 Kt Wind Shear)
2400
200
2 seconds for the glider to stabilize at the new sink rate
AOA increases from 0.5o
to 5.0o
1600
20 kts
0 kts
1017
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Distance & Altitudeduring recovery phase
1313-5360
119331253
109556147101870040
Distance(ft)
Alt Remaining(ft)
Time(s)
Speed(kts)
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Final Approach
(20 Kt Wind Shear)
2400
200
3 seconds to accelerate back to 60 Kts
Glider nose is 20o
below the horizon
1600
20 kts
0 kts
1300
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Distance & Altitudeduring recovery phase
164705.8860
105949263
9617415788389050
Distance(ft)
Alt Remaining(ft)
Time(s)
Speed(kts)
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Final Approach
(20 Kt Wind Shear)
2400
200
Start recovery process after 1 second
(at height of 88 ft)
1600
20 kts
0 kts
1647
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Final Approach
(Likely outcome in 3 cases?)
2400
200
16001300
No Wind
Constant headwind
20 Kt Wind Shear
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Shear Encounters
When can this happen? Landing in gusty conditions
Landing area shielded by obstructions
During good thermal conditions
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Recommendations
Plan for this loss of energy Pick an approach speed that will allow for some
loss
Move base leg closer to runway edge Be higher turning Final
Be prepared to close the spoilers
Be prepared to pitch forward to
maintain/recover airspeed
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Conclusions
Shear line causes loss of Total Energy Large Pitch change required to rapidly
recover lost energy
Large amount of Time lost while total
energy changes
Immediate action is required to reachoriginaltouchdown point!