FLIGHT EXAMINER MANUAL Aeroplanes and · PDF file · 2016-10-03FLIGHT EXAMINER...
Transcript of FLIGHT EXAMINER MANUAL Aeroplanes and · PDF file · 2016-10-03FLIGHT EXAMINER...
HellenicCivilAviationAuthority
FLIGHTEXAMINERMANUAL
Aeroplanesand
Helicopters
Athens,15May2016Reissue01,Revision00
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ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ∆ΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ
HELLENIC REPUBLIC ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ ΥΠΟ∆ΟΜΩΝ, ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ∆ΙΚΤΥΩΝ
MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT AND NETWORKS ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΑ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΕΡΟΠΟΡΙΑΣ
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY ∆ΙΕΥΘΥΝΣΗ ΠΤΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΠΡΟΤΥΠΩΝ
FLIGHT STANDARDS DIVISION ΤΜΗΜΑ ΠΤΥΧΙΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΔΕΙΩΝ
LICENSING SECTION
HCAA
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FOREWORD
With the entry into force of the new Regulations, particularly Commission Regulation (EC) 216/2008, (EU) 1178/2011 and (EU) 290/2012, new rules affecting the function of flight examiners were established. As representatives certified or approved by HCAA to act on its behalf, it is essential that all examiners are well aware of the Regulations and particularly familiarise and adapt themselves to the new procedures established by the transition from the JAR to the Commission Regulations, commonly referred to as “EASA regulations”. Therefore, the purpose of this Flight Examiner Manual (FEM) is to provide standardisation directives and guidance in various aspects concerning the conduct of skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence to holders of HCAA issued Part-FCL licenses, providing all HCAA Part-FCL certified examiners a tool to fulfil effectively their function. Published Commission Regulations, Rules or AIC’s, prevail above any directives hereby contained.
HCAAGOVERNOR___________________________________KonstantinosLINTZERAKOSDate
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FOREWORD0.1
Controlmatrix Approvedby Signature Date
HCAAGovernor KonstantinosLINTZERAKOS
HCAADeputyGovernor
HCAADirectorGeneral AnastasiosKOKKINOS
DirectorofFlightStandards GeorgiosSOURVANOS
HeadofPersonnelLicensing AikateriniSTATHOPOULOU
Preparedby Signature Date
AuthorHCAAAviationSafetyInspector Capt.AthanasiosLEKKAS
15.05.2016
Theabovesignaturesconfirmtheapprovalofthismanualinitsentirety.ThisdocumentaswellaseachandanyinformationcontainedthereinisthesolepropertyofHCAA.
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Table of Contents FOREWORD 5 FOREWORD 0.1 7 Control matrix 7 A. Preface 11 A.1. List of Effective Pages 11 A.2. Revision Certification and Supervision 13 A.3. List of Copy Holders 15 A.4. Record of Revisions 16 A.5. Record of Temporary Revisions 17 A.6. Manual control procedure 18 0 Actual changes compared to the prior version 19 1 Objective 19 2 Scope 19 3 Flight Examiner's Manual 21 Module 1 – General Requirements 27 1 General 27 2 Use of “Dummies” during the Acceptance Test for an Initial Examiners Authorisation 29 3 Examiner Qualifications and Roles 31 4 Certification, Revalidation and Renewal 35 5 Authority to sign documentation after the Skill test/Proficiency check 37 6 Restrictions to the testing of applicants 39 Module 2 – Practical training of Examiners 41 1 General 41 2 Training Content 42 3 Test/Check Standards 44 4 Pre Flight – briefing 46 5 Airmanship 48 6 Assessment System 51 6.1 Factors affecting Evaluation 51 6.2 The components of the Threat and Error Management (TEM) Model 53 6.3 Evaluation Errors 55 6.4 Oral Questions 57 6.5 Definition of strong and weak elements of performance 58 6.6 Conduct of Test/Check 60 6.7 Pass/Fail criteria 62 6.8 Post flight - debrief 68 Module 3 – Test Standards Aeroplane 69 Module 4 – Test Standards Helicopter 73 1 Preparation for Flight 73 2 Conduct of Test/Check 75 Module 5 – Test Tolerances (Aeroplanes and Helicopter) 81 1 Aeroplane 81 2 Helicopter 82 Module 6 – LAPL and Private Pilot License (Aeroplane and Helicopter) – LAPL/PPL (A/H) 83 1 Foreword 83 2 Aeroplane 84 2.1 Check of Theoretical Knowledge 84 2.2 Conduct of Test/Check 85 2.3 Enroute Navigation 87 3 Helicopter 89 Module 7 – Commercial Pilot Licence – CPL (A/H) 91 1 Aeroplane 91 1.1 General 91 1.2 Conduct of Test/Check 92 2 Helicopter 95 Module 8 – Instrument Rating – IR (Aeroplane and Helicopter) 97 1 Aeroplane 97 1.1 General 97 1.2 Conduct of Test/Check 98 2 Helicopter 99 Module 9 – Type and Class Ratings (Aeroplane and Helicopter) 101 1 Aeroplane 101 2 Helicopters 102 Module 10 – Airline Transport Pilot License (Aeroplane) – ATPL (A) and Multi-Crew Pilot License - MPL(A) 107 Module 11 – Assessment of Competence of Instructors (Aeroplane and Helicopter) 109 1 General 109 2 Assessment of competences 111 3 Conduct of the Assessment 113 4 Records 117 5 Annexes, Forms 117 6 Relevant documents 117 7 Glossary/Abbreviations 117
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A.PrefaceA.1.ListofEffectivePagesPage Date Rev.No Page Date Rev.No Page Date Rev.No Page1 15.05.2016 00 57 15.05.2016 00 113 15.05.2016 00 2 15.05.2016 00 58 15.05.2016 00 114 15.05.2016 00 3 15.05.2016 00 59 15.05.2016 00 115 15.05.2016 00 4 15.05.2016 00 60 15.05.2016 00 116 15.05.2016 00 5 15.05.2016 00 61 15.05.2016 00 117 15.05.2016 00 6 15.05.2016 00 62 15.05.2016 00 118 15.05.2016 00 7 15.05.2016 00 63 15.05.2016 00 8 15.05.2016 00 64 15.05.2016 00 9 15.05.2016 00 65 15.05.2016 00 10 15.05.2016 00 66 15.05.2016 00 11 15.05.2016 00 67 15.05.2016 00 12 15.05.2016 00 68 15.05.2016 00 13 15.05.2016 00 69 15.05.2016 00 14 15.05.2016 00 70 15.05.2016 00 15 15.05.2016 00 71 15.05.2016 00 16 15.05.2016 00 72 15.05.2016 00 17 15.05.2016 00 73 15.05.2016 00 18 15.05.2016 00 74 15.05.2016 00 19 15.05.2016 00 75 15.05.2016 00 20 15.05.2016 00 76 15.05.2016 00 21 15.05.2016 00 77 15.05.2016 00 22 15.05.2016 00 78 15.05.2016 00 23 15.05.2016 00 79 15.05.2016 00 24 15.05.2016 00 80 15.05.2016 00 25 15.05.2016 00 81 15.05.2016 00 26 15.05.2016 00 82 15.05.2016 00 27 15.05.2016 00 83 15.05.2016 00 28 15.05.2016 00 84 15.05.2016 00 29 15.05.2016 00 85 15.05.2016 00 30 15.05.2016 00 86 15.05.2016 00 31 15.05.2016 00 87 15.05.2016 00 32 15.05.2016 00 88 15.05.2016 00 33 15.05.2016 00 89 15.05.2016 00 34 15.05.2016 00 90 15.05.2016 00 35 15.05.2016 00 91 15.05.2016 00 36 15.05.2016 00 92 15.05.2016 00 37 15.05.2016 00 93 15.05.2016 00 38 15.05.2016 00 94 15.05.2016 00 39 15.05.2016 00 95 15.05.2016 00 40 15.05.2016 00 96 15.05.2016 00 41 15.05.2016 00 97 15.05.2016 00 42 15.05.2016 00 98 15.05.2016 00 43 15.05.2016 00 99 15.05.2016 00 44 15.05.2016 00 100 15.05.2016 00 45 15.05.2016 00 101 15.05.2016 00 46 15.05.2016 00 102 15.05.2016 00 47 15.05.2016 00 103 15.05.2016 00 48 15.05.2016 00 103 15.05.2016 00 49 15.05.2016 00 105 15.05.2016 00 50 15.05.2016 00 106 15.05.2016 00 51 15.05.2016 00 107 15.05.2016 00 52 15.05.2016 00 108 15.05.2016 00 53 15.05.2016 00 109 15.05.2016 00 54 15.05.2016 00 110 15.05.2016 00 55 15.05.2016 00 111 15.05.2016 00 56 15.05.2016 00 112 15.05.2016 00
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A.2.RevisionCertificationandSupervisionCOPYNo.______Issuedto:___________________________________________________
RevNo. Rev.Date ReasonforRevision
00 15.05.2016 RE-ISSUE
ThisRevisionNumber-00-ofRE-ISSUE01haspassedtheRevision/AmendmentreviewproceduresdetailedinSection5oftheHCAAAdministrationProceduresManualandisapprovedforinclusioninthismanualasof:Date:____________________________Signature:________________________________________________DirectorFlightStandardsDivisionHellenicCivilAviationAuthority
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A.3.ListofCopyHolders
CopyNo. Holders Location01 HCAAGOVERNOR 02 HCAADEPUTYGOVERNOR 03 HCAAAIRTRANSPORTGENERALDIRECTOR 04 HCAAFLIGHTSTANDARDSDIRECTOR(D2) 05 HCAALICENSINGSECTIONHEAD 06 HCAAD2TECHNICALLIBRARY 07 HCAALICENSINGINSPECTORS 08 HCAAAIRWORTHINESSSECTIONHEAD 09 HCAAOPERATIONSSECTIONHEAD 10 11 12
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A.4.RecordofRevisionsIssueNo:00Changeduetosuggestedimprovement
InsertedbyRev.No. DateInserted(dd-mm-yyyy)
EffectiveDate(dd-mm-yyyy) Name Signature
00 15.05.2016 15.05.2016 RE-ISSUE00Capt.Athan.Lekkas
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A.5.RecordofTemporaryRevisionsRe-IssueNo:00
InsertedbyRev.No.
Pages DateInserted(dd-mm-yyyy)
EffectiveDate(dd-mm-yyyy) Name Signature
00 15.05.2016 15.05.2016 RE-ISSUE00Capt.Athan.Lekkas
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02
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A.6.ManualControlProcedureThemostcurrentversionofthisFlightExaminerManualexistsontheHCAALocalAreaNetwork(LAN)withoutsignatures.Forholdersofprintedversions,assurethatallprintedpagescontainthecurrentrevisionanddateasspecifiedontheListofEffectivePagesontheLAN.ForthegeneralHCAAmanualcontrolproceduresrefertotheHCAAAdministrativeManual.
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0ActualchangescomparedtothepriorversionRe-issue
1ObjectiveThisFlightExaminer’sManualhastobetakenasaguidanceandinstructionfortheFlightexaminersintherespectivevalidversion.
2ScopeThisManualisapplicableforallLicensingSectionInspectors,employeesandallexaminers.
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ThisManual“FlightExaminer’sManual”ispublishedasanappendixtotheLicensingProceduresManualandinaccordancewithregulation(EU)No1178/2011.ItreplacesthepreviouslypublishedFlightExaminer’sManual(FEM).ThenewrevisionisreferredtoasFEMandadvicesespeciallytothenewLimitationsofAeroplanesandHelicopters.ThisPilotExaminer’sManualiscompiledtoassistandstandardiseFlightExaminers.Informationhereinisderivedfrom:
• COMMISSIONREGULATION(EU)No1178/2011of3November2011layingdowntechnicalrequirementsandadministrativeproceduresrelatedtocivilaviationaircrewpursuanttoRegulation(EC)No216/2008oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilamendedbyCommissionRegulation(EU)No290/2012of30March2012and
• AcceptableMeansofComplianceandGuidanceMaterialtoCommissionRegulation(EU)No1178/2011of3
November2011layingdowntechnicalrequirementsandadministrativeproceduresrelatedtocivilaviationaircrewpursuanttoRegulation(EC)No216/2008oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncil.
IntroductionandLimitations
ImportantNotice:EveryExaminerisresponsibletocheckthelatestversionofFEMbeforeconductingcheckflights.Feedbackishighlyappreciatedandcanbesentto:examiners@hcaa.grTheFEMcomprises11modules.TheFEMisintendedtobethemainreferenceManualforthetrainingandsubsequentreferenceofExaminers.PART-FCLreferencesareshowninitalics.ExaminersarenottorelyonthosereferencesunlesstheyarecheckedagainstthemostrecentversionofPART-FCL.EachModulecontainsquickreferencetables.TheseareintendedtoprovidetheExaminerwithapreciseguideoftheessentialrequirementsforeachtest/check.AtthediscretionoftheHCAAthesetablesareextractedintothepresentFlightExaminer’sManual(FEM).
3FlightExaminer’sManual
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General:
EveryExaminerwillbeassessedandauthorisedviatheHCAA.Examinersareobligedtobeingeneralfit,firmandfairfortheirdutywhentheyaregoingtocarryoutExaminerprivileges.Theymustalwaysreleasetrueandproperfiledoutformstotheauthority.AgrandpartofAviationSafetyisonlypossibleifwelltrainedandexperiencedExaminersperformskillandproficiencyoversightduringallrequiredflightcheckingduties.ThefollowingtabledescribesthepurposeofeachModule:
Module 1 – General Requirements Guidance material for the HCAA in its management of their flight Examiners Module 2 – Examiner Training A guide to the practical training of Examiners Module 3 – Test Standards Aeroplane Tables give a practical guide to the criteria to be considered by the Examiner when assessing each item of PART-FCL Aeroplane tests and checks Module 4 – Test Standards Helicopter Tables give a practical guide to the criteria to be considered by the Examiner when assessing each item of PART-FCL Helicopter tests and checks Module 5 – Test Tolerances (Aeroplane and Helicopter) One table shows the tolerances applicable to all PART-FCL tests and checks Module 6 – LAPL & PPL Skill Test (Aeroplane and Helicopter) A guide to the structure of the PPL skill test for the training of the FE for the PPL Module 7 – CPL Skill Test (Aeroplane and Helicopter) A guide to the structure of the CPL skill test for the training of the FE for the CPL Module 8 – Instrument Rating - IR (Aeroplane and Helicopter) A guide to the structure of the IR skill test for the IRE and proficiency checks for the IRE and CRE Module 9 – Type and Class Skill Test and Proficiency Checks (Aeroplane and Helicopter) A guide to the structure of the skill test for rating issue and the revalidation proficiency check for the TRE and CRE Module 10 – ATPL Skill Test A guide to the structure of the ATPL skill test Module 11 – Instructor Skill Test and Proficiency Checks (Aeroplane and Helicopter) A guide to the structure of flight instructor initial skill tests and revalidation proficiency checks for the FIE All publications and guidance material released and published by the authority.
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LimitationsforCheckFlightsonAeroplanes
Malfunction/EmergencyTraining:
1. Malfunctionandemergencyproceduresmustonlybeperformedifthecorrespondingproceduresarepublishedinthemanufacturer’smanual.
2. Malfunctionandemergencytrainingintheaeroplanehastobeperformedastouchdrillsaccordingtothe
restrictionsoftheAFM/POH.Theexactprocedurehastobebriefedbeforetheflight.Theapplicationpriorityoftheprocedureisasfollows:firstthepublishedmanufacturer’sprocedureandsecondproceduresastrainedbytheATO.
3. Pullingofcircuitbreakersintheaeroplaneduringflightorgroundmaneuversforthesimulationofmalfunctionsandemergenciesisforbidden.
4. Actualengineshutdownontheaeroplaneisonlyallowedtobeperformedifrequiredbytherulesestablishedin
Part-FCLAppendix9.Thefollowinglimitationshavetobeapplied:i. Minimumaltitude4000ftAGL.ii. VMC.iii. Visualcontacttotheground.iv. Inglidingdistancetothefield.v. ATCinformed(ifapplicable).vi. Landinghastobeassured.vii. ProceduresandlimitationsaccordingtoAFM/POHhavetobeapplied.
5. Minimumaltitudeforairwork(steepturns,stallingexercises,etc.)is4000ftaboveGND.Checkforothertraffic,
beforestartingtheexercise.WeatherconditionsmustbeVMCandcontinuousvisualgroundcontact.
PlanningCriteriaforCheckFlights:
1. EverylimitpublishedinAFM/POH/OMstrictlyapplies.Windgustsabovethelimitarenottobeaccepted.2. NoflightbelowMEL/CDL,ifpublished.3. T/ObelowLDGMinimumallowedwhenplannedwithaT/Oalternate.4. LowestlandingweatherMinimumistheapplicableMinimum(OM,AFM,airport,crewqualification,physicaland
mentalconditionofthecrew,whicheverishighest).5. LowestWXMinimumforSEaeroplanesunderIFRenroute-1000ftcloudbase/1,5kmhorizontalvisibility6. Noflightshallstartwithoutrequireddocumentsandassociatedobligationsregardingvalidrulesandregulations.7. Noflightshallstartwithoutvalidcharts,updateddatabaseandflightplanningdocumentationappropriatetothe
flightrules.
DuringExaminationFlights,nofurtherpersonwithoutspecialdutiesshallbecarried.
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LimitationsforCheckFlightsonHelicopters
Malfunction/EmergencyTraining:
1. PriorenteringemergencyormalfunctionproceduresappropriatesafetymarginsshouldbecalculatedbytheExaminertoenablecorrectiveactionsiftheybecomenecessaryforthesafetyoftheflight.
2. Malfunctionandemergencyproceduresmustonlybecheckedifthecorrespondingproceduresarepublishedinthe
POH.3. Malfunctionandemergencycheckinginthehelicopterhastobeperformedastouchdrillsonly.Theexact
procedurehastobebriefedbeforetheflight.4. Pullingofcircuitbreakersinthehelicopterduringflightorgroundmaneuversforthesimulationofmalfunctions
andemergenciesisforbidden.5. Whenthetestisconductedonamulti-enginehelicopter,asimulatedenginefailuredrill,includingasingle-engine
approachandlanding,shallbeincludedinthetest.ManeuversandProcedures,whicharemarkedwithMintheappropriatetestorcheckformhavetobedonemandatorily.
OnlyMEH:ActualshutdownofoneengineisonlyallowedtobeperformedifrequiredbytherulesestablishedinPart-FCLAppendix9.Thefollowinglimitationshavetobeapplied:i. Minimumaltitude1000ftAGL.ii. VMC.iii. Visualcontacttotheground.iv. Inglidingdistancetothefield.v. ATCinformed(ifapplicable).vi. Landinghastobeassured.vii. ProceduresandlimitationsaccordingAFM/POHhavetobeapplied.
Note:TheTREshallselectfouritemsfromthefollowing:
1. Enginemalfunctions,includinggovernor/FADECfailure,carburettor/engineicing,oilsystem,asappropriate2. Fuelsystemmalfunction
3. Electricalsystemmalfunction
4. Hydraulicsystemmalfunction,includingapproachandlandingwithouthydraulics,asapplicable
5. Mainrotorand/oranti-torquesystemmalfunction(FFSordiscussiononly)
6. Firedrills,includingsmokecontrolandremoval,asapplicable
7. ProceduresregardingCAT-AcertificationorequivalentforMEHlaiddownintheappropriateflightmanual:
-SimulatedEngineFailurebeforeTODP-SimulatedEngineFailureafterTODP-SimulatedEngineFailurebeforeLDP-SimulatedEngineFailureafterLDP
8. Autorotations(TREtoselecttwoitemsfrom-Basic,range,lowspeed,and360°turnsNofulldownAutorotationsshallbedone,exceptAutorotationsfromHover/GE.
9.Practiceforcedlandingwithpowerrecovery(ifapplicable)
DuringExaminationFlights,nofurtherpersonwithoutspecialdutiesshallbecarried.
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PlanningCriteriaforCheckFlights:
1. EverylimitpublishedinAFM/POH/OMstrictlyapplies.Windgustsabovethelimitfromanysidearenottobeaccepted.
2. NoflightbelowMEL,ifpublished.3. LowestlandingweatherMinimumistheapplicableMinimum(OM,AFM,airport,crewqualification,physicaland
mentalconditionofthecrew,whicheverishighest).4. Simulatedinstrumentflyingincludingrecoveryfromunusualattitudesshallbecarriedoutatsafealtitudebutno
lessthan1000ftAGL.5. Noflightshallstartwithoutrequireddocumentsandassociatedobligationsregardingvalidrulesandregulations.6. Noflightshallstartwithoutvalidcharts,updateddatabaseandflightplanningdocumentationappropriatetothe
flightrules.7. Theexaminermustensure,whensimulatingemergencyorabnormalflightsituationsthatsuitablelandingareasare
available,ifrequiredtocarryoutapromptprecautionarylanding.Ifasiteisfoundtobeunacceptableforthepurposeofthetestuponcloserinspection,theexaminermaydecidenottoproceedtoanactuallandingbyrequestingthatthecandidaterecovertoahoverorovershoottoaclimb.Whenalandingisaccomplishedfollowingasimulatedin-flightemergencytoanunknownsurface,thelandingwillbeatthediscretionoftheexaminerandonlyafterassessingthesurfaceconditionfromahover(ifthemalfunctionand/oremergencyprocedurepermits,otherwiselandingstounknownsurfacesshallnotbeperformed).
Pre-flightpreparationrequirestheapplicanttoassesstheweatherconditionsandmakehisdecisionwhethertoproceedwiththeflight.Theapplicantmusttakeintoaccounttherequirementsofallthesectionsofthetestthatheistaking.TheExamineristoassesstheapplicant’sdecision.Adecisiontocontinuewhentheweatherisforecastbelowthelimitsrequiredtocompletetheflight,shallbeconsideredafailitemfortest/check.Thosesections/itemsofthetest,whicharerequiredtobeflownbysolereferencetoinstruments,willbesimulatedbyusingsuitableequipmenttosimulateIMC.Awarenessoficingconditionsmustbedisplayedbyregularlycheckingtheoutsideairtemperatureandcarburettorheatwhereappropriate.Theapplicantshouldbeabletouseanyanti/de-icingequipmentfittedtotheaeroplane/helicopter.Ifactualiceispresentthenecessaryequipmentoractionsmustbeused.Trainingorpreparationmustensureanoperatingprocedureforusingaeroplane/helicoptericingequipmentparticularlywithreferencetopitotheaters,carburettorheat,engine/propellerandairframeanti-icing.Theaeroplane/helicoptermustnotbeflowndeliberatelyintoicingconditionsifthisiscontrarytotheaeroplane/helicopterflightmanual.
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphqAtestorcheckflightwillbeconductedinaccordancewiththeAFMand,ifapplicable, theAOM.
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphrAtestorcheckflightwillbeconductedwithinthelimitationscontainedintheoperationsmanualofanATO.
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FCL.030Practicalskilltest(a) Beforeaskilltestfortheissueofalicense,ratingorcertificateistaken;theapplicantshallhavepassedthe
requiredtheoreticalknowledgeexamination,exceptinthecaseofapplicantsundergoingacourseofintegratedflyingtraining.Inanycase,thetheoreticalknowledgeinstructionshallalwayshavebeencompletedbeforetheskilltestsaretaken.
(b) Exceptfortheissueofanairlinetransportpilotlicense,theapplicantforaskilltestshallberecommendedforthetestbytheorganisation/personresponsibleforthetraining,oncethetrainingiscompleted.Thetrainingrecordsshallbemadeavailabletotheexaminer.
AMC1FCL.050Recordingofflighttime(iv)theholderofanexaminer’scertificatemaylogasPICallflighttimeduringwhichheorsheoccupiesapilot’sseatandactsasanexaminerinanaircraft.
FCL.1000(a)General.Holdersofanexaminercertificateshall:
(1)holdanequivalentlicense,ratingorcertificatetotheonesforwhichtheyareauthorisedtoconductskilltests,proficiencychecksorassessmentsofcompetenceandtheprivilegetoinstructforthem;(2)bequalifiedtoactasPIContheaircraftduringaskilltest,proficiencycheckorassessmentofcompetencewhenconductedontheaircraft.
(c)ExaminationoutsidetheterritoryoftheMemberStates:(1)Notwithstandingparagraph(a),inthecaseofskilltestsandproficiencychecksprovidedinanATOlocatedoutsidetheterritoryoftheMemberStates,thecompetentauthorityoftheMemberStatemayissueanexaminercertificatetoanapplicantholdingapilotlicenseissuedbyathirdcountryinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1,providedthattheapplicant:
(i)holdsatleastanequivalentlicense,rating,orcertificatetotheoneforwhichtheyareauthorisedtoconductskilltests,proficiencychecksorassessmentsofcompetence,andinanycaseatleastaCPL;
(ii)complieswiththerequirementsestablishedinthisSubpartfortheissueoftherelevantexaminercertificate;and
(iii)demonstratestothecompetentauthorityanadequatelevelofknowledgeofEuropeanaviationsafetyrulestobeabletoexerciseexaminerprivilegesinaccordancewiththisPart.
(2)Thecertificatereferredtoinparagraph(1)shallbelimitedtoprovidingskilltestsandproficiencytests/checks:
(i)outsidetheterritoryoftheMemberStates;and(ii)topilotswhohavesufficientknowledgeofthelanguageinwhichthetest/checkisgiven.
FCL.1010PrerequisitesforexaminersApplicantsforanexaminercertificateshalldemonstrate:
(a)relevantknowledge,backgroundandappropriateexperiencerelatedtotheprivilegesofanexaminer;(b)thattheyhavenotbeensubjecttoanysanctions,includingthesuspension,limitationorrevocationofanyoftheirlicenses,ratingsorcertificatesissuedinaccordancewiththisPart,fornon-compliancewiththeBasicRegulationanditsImplementingRulesduringthelast3years.
1General
Module1–GeneralRequirements
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FCL.1015Examinerstandardisation(a)ApplicantsforanexaminercertificateshallundertakeastandardisationcourseprovidedbytheHCAA.(b)Thestandardisationcourseshallconsistoftheoreticalandpracticalinstructionandshallinclude,atleast:
(1)theconductof2skilltests,proficiencychecksorassessmentsofcompetencesforthelicenses,ratingsorcertificatesforwhichtheapplicantseekstheprivilegetoconducttestsandchecks;(2)instructionontheapplicablerequirementsinthispartandtheapplicableairoperationsrequirements,theconductofskilltests,proficiencychecksandassessmentsofcompetence,andtheirdocumentationandreporting;(3)abriefingonthenationaladministrativeprocedures,requirementsforprotectionofpersonaldata,liability,accidentinsuranceandfees.
(c)Holdersofanexaminercertificateshallnotconductskilltests,proficiencychecksorassessmentsofcompetenceofanapplicantforwhichtheHCAAisnottheonethatissuedtheexaminer’scertificate,unless:
(1)theyhaveinformedthecompetentauthorityoftheapplicantoftheirintentiontoconducttheskilltest,proficiencycheckorassessmentofcompetenceandofthescopeoftheirprivilegesasexaminers;(2)theyhavereceivedabriefingfromthecompetentauthorityoftheapplicantontheelementsmentionedin(b)(3).
RegisterofExaminersHCAAwillmaintainaregisterofExaminers,containingthefilesofExaminerswhomeettherequirementsfortheapprovalssought.ExaminersassessmentofcompetenceTheassessmentofcompetencefollowstheprovisionslaiddowninFCL.1020.
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DefinitionsItisnecessarytoclarifytherolesoftherespectivemembersoftheInitialAcceptanceFlightTestasfollows:Applicant: Pilotrequiringaratingetc.Candidate: PilotrequiringInitialExaminer’sAuthorisationDummy: PilotactingasanApplicant(MustbeanexperiencedExaminer)AcceptanceTest:FlightTestconductedbyanInspectorforanInitialExaminersAuthorisationThepurposeoftheacceptancetestistoprovethatthecandidateforanInitialExaminersAuthorisationisproficientandcapabletoundertakethedutiesofanExaminer.DutiesofCrewDuringAcceptanceTestsItisimportantthatallPre-FlightBriefingsarethoroughandthatallmembersoftheflightareawareoftheirdutiesandresponsibilitiesthroughouttheAcceptanceTest.
“Dummy”Theprimarydutyofa‘Dummy’istoactasanapplicantinallaspectsoftheflightandshouldhaveavailabletherelevantpaperworktoshowtheexaminerwhenrequested.Duringtheflightitisimportantthathemakessomeerrors(whetherbyaccidentorbydesignisnotimportant),sothatthecandidatemustobserve,exercisejudgment,assessandhavesomethingtodebriefon.Theerrorsareimportantsothatthecandidatecanbeseencompletingpaperworkanddetailinganyretestingorretrainingthatmaybeconsiderednecessary.The‘dummy’mustnotmaketheerrorstoosubtleorsetanytrapsforthecandidate;hemusttrytoproduceatypicalflightfromamarginalapplicant.ThepurposeoftheflightistoensurethatthecandidateisawareofhisdutiesasanExaminer.A‘Pass’withnoerrorswouldproveverylittle.Thereforethe‘dummy’needstobeanexperiencedexaminer.Anyotherpilotactingas‘dummy’maybereluctanttomakeerrorsincasetheywouldberecordedagainsthimandhavethepossibilityoflosinghisrating;also,hemaynotbesufficientlyexperiencedtoproduceconvincingerrors.
2Useof“Dummies”duringtheAcceptanceTestforanInitialExaminer’sAuthorisation
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PilotinCommandWhenthecandidateisoccupyingapilot’sseat,heistheonlyonewithaclearviewandfullaccesstothecontrols,andoftenismostfamiliarwiththetype,hemustbethePICandthecontroloftheaircraftishisresponsibility.However,theExaminerhasanoverridingresponsibilitynottoendangertheaeroplane,althoughhehasnotfullaccesstocontrols.
Part-FCLSubpartKTherewillbesixrolesofExaminersasapplicableforaeroplane,helicopter,airship,balloonandsailplane:1. FlightExaminer(FE)2. TypeRatingExaminer(TRE)3. ClassRatingExaminer(CRE)4. InstrumentRatingExaminer(IRE)5. SyntheticFlightExaminer(SFE)6. FlightInstructorExaminer(FIE)
Pre-requisitesFCL.1000(a)General.Holdersofanexaminercertificateshall:
(1)holdanequivalentlicense,ratingorcertificatetotheonesforwhichtheyareauthorisedtoconductskilltests,proficiencychecksorassessmentsofcompetenceandtheprivilegetoinstructforthem;(2)bequalifiedtoactasPIContheaircraftduringaskilltest,proficiencycheckorassessmentofcompetencewhenconductedontheaircraft.
(b)Specialconditions:
(1)InthecaseofintroductionofnewaircraftinHellasorinanoperator’sfleet,whencompliancewiththerequirementsinthisSubpartisnotpossible,theHCAAmayissueaspecificcertificategivingprivilegesfortheconductofskilltestsandproficiencychecks.Suchacertificateshallbelimitedtotheskilltestsandproficiencychecksnecessaryfortheintroductionofthenewtypeofaircraftanditsvalidityshallnot,inanycase,exceed1year.(2)Holdersofacertificateissuedinaccordancewith(b)(1)whowishtoapplyforanexaminercertificateshallcomplywiththeprerequisitesandrevalidationrequirementsforthatcategoryofexaminer.
(c)ExaminationoutsidetheterritoryofHellas:(1)Notwithstandingparagraph(a),inthecaseofskilltestsandproficiencychecksprovidedinanATOlocatedoutsidetheterritoryofHellas,theHCAAmayissueanexaminercertificatetoanapplicantholdingapilotlicenseissuedbyathirdcountryinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1,providedthattheapplicant:
(i)holdsatleastanequivalentlicense,rating,orcertificatetotheoneforwhichtheyareauthorisedtoconductskilltests,proficiencychecksorassessmentsofcompetence,andinanycaseatleastaCPL;(ii)complieswiththerequirementsestablishedinthisSubpartfortheissueoftherelevantexaminercertificate;and(iii)demonstratestothecompetentauthorityanadequatelevelofknowledgeofEuropeanaviationsafetyrulestobeabletoexerciseexaminerprivilegesinaccordancewiththisPart.
(2)Thecertificatereferredtoinparagraph(1)shallbelimitedtoprovidingskilltestsandproficiencytests/checks:
(i)outsidetheterritoryofHellas;and(ii)topilotswhohavesufficientknowledgeofthelanguageinwhichthetest/checkisgiven.
3ExaminerQualificationsandRoles
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RolesAnexaminerstandardisationhastobeattendedandcompletedsuccessfullyinaccordancewithAMC1FCL.1015Examinerstandardisation.Quickreference:AeroplanesandHelicopter
FEAUTHORISATION(LAPL&PPL)Part-FCLreference
FCL.1005.FE
Whocantest: AnHCAA/D2/BInspectorFormused: NationalFormaccordingtoPart-FCL
Testformat:
1. BasedonthePPLSkilltest:brief,conductandassessaskilltestflownbyanexamineractingastheapplicant.
2. WherethecertificateisrequiredforMultiengineaeroplane/helicopterthetestistobeconductedinthattype/class.
FEAUTHORISATION(CPL)Part-FCLreference
FCL.1005.FE
Whocantest: AnHCAA/D2/BInspectorFormused: NationalFormaccordingtoPart-FCL
Testformat:
1. BasedontheCPLskilltest:brief,conductandassessaskilltestflownbyanexamineractingastheapplicant.
2. WhereanauthorisationisrequiredforMultiengineaeroplane/helicopterthetestistobeconductedinthattype/class.
TREAUTHORISATIONPart-FCLreference
FCL.1005.TRE
Whocantest: AnHCAA/D2/BInspectorFormused: NationalFormaccordingtoPart-FCL
Testformat:1. BasedontheATPLskilltest:brief,conductandassessaskilltestflownbyanapplicant,oran
examineractingastheapplicant.2. Theauthorisationwillbetypespecific.
CREAUTHORISATION(notapplicabletohelicopter)Part-FCLreference
FCL.1005.CRE
Whocantest: AnHCAA/D2/BInspectorFormused: NationalFormaccordingtoPart-FCL
Testformat:
1. Basedonthetestforwhichtheauthorisationissought:brief,conductandassessaskilltestorproficiencycheckprofileforaSPArating,flownbytheexamineractingastheapplicant.
2. WherethecertificateisrequiredforMultiengineaeroplanethetestistobeconductedinthattype/class.
3. Whereinstrumentratingrevalidationprivilegesarerequiredthetestistoincludeallinstrumentratingtest/checkrequirements.
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IREAUTHORISATIONPart-FCLreference
FCL.1005.IRE
Whocantest: AnHCAA/D2/BInspectorFormused: NationalFormaccordingtoPart-FCL
Testformat:
1. BasedontheInstrumentRatingskilltest:brief,conductandassessaskilltestflownbyanexamineractingastheapplicant.
2. Wherethecertificateisrequiredformulti-engineaeroplane/helicopterthetestistobeconductedinthattype/class.
SFEAUTHORISATIONPart-FCLreference
FCL.1005.SFE
Whocantest: AnHCAA/D2/BInspectorFormused: NationalFormaccordingtoPart-FCL
Testformat:1. Basedonthetyperatingskilltest:brief,conductandassessaskilltestflownbyanapplicant,or
anexamineroractingastheapplicant.2. ThecertificatewillbeflightsimulatorandTypeSpecific.
FIEAUTHORISATIONPart-FCLreference
FCL.1005.FIE
Whocantest: AnHCAA/D2/BInspectorFormused: NationalFormaccordingtoPart-FCL
Testformat:
1. BasedontheFlightInstructorskilltest:brief,conductandassessaninstructorskilltestflownbytheexamineractingastheapplicant.
2. Whereanauthorisationisrequiredforbothsingleandmultiengineaeroplanetherequiredmultiengineelementsofthetestaretobeconductedinthattype/classasasecondflight.
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TheHCAAwillmaintainalistofallexaminersithascertified,statingtherolesforwhichtheyhavebeencertified.ThelistwillbemadeavailabletoATOsandAOCholders.TheHCAAwilldeterminebywhichmeanstheexaminerswillbeallocatedtotheskilltest.
ValidityFCL.1025(a)Validity:Anexaminercertificateshallbevalidfor3years.
ExaminerrevalidationandrenewalofExaminerCertificateFCL.1025(b)Revalidation:AnExaminercertificateshallberevalidatedwhentheholderhas,duringthevalidityperiodofthecertificate:
(1)conductedatleast2skilltests,proficiencychecksorassessmentsofcompetenceeveryyear;(2)attendedanExaminerrefresherseminarprovidedbytheHCAA,duringthelastyearofthevalidityperiod.(3)Oneoftheskilltestsorproficiencycheckscompletedduringthelastyearofthevalidityperiodinaccordancewith(1)shallhavebeenassessedbyanHCAA/D2/BinspectorasresponsibleAuthorityfortheExaminer’scertificate.(4)WhentheapplicantfortherevalidationholdsprivilegesformorethanonecategoryofExaminer,combinedrevalidationofallExaminerprivilegesmaybeachievedwhentheapplicantcomplieswiththerequirementsin(b)(1)and(2)andFCL.1020foroneofthecategoriesofExaminercertificateheld,inagreementwiththeHCAA.
(c)Renewal:Ifthecertificatehasexpired,applicantsshallcomplywiththerequirementsof(b)(2)andFCL.1020beforetheycanresumetheexerciseoftheprivileges.
(d)AnExaminercertificateshallonlyberevalidatedorrenewediftheapplicantdemonstratescontinuedcompliancewiththerequirementsinFCL.1010andFCL.1030.
4Certification,RevalidationandRenewal
FCL.1020ExaminersassessmentofcompetenceApplicantsforanexaminercertificateshalldemonstratetheircompetencetoaninspectorfromthecompetentauthorityoraseniorexaminerspecificallyauthorisedtodosobythecompetentauthorityresponsiblefortheexaminer’scertificatethroughtheconductofaskilltest,proficiencycheckorassessmentofcompetenceintheexaminerroleforwhichprivilegesaresought,includingbriefing,conductoftheskilltest,proficiencycheckorassessmentofcompetence,andassessmentofthepersontowhomthetest,checkorassessmentisgiven,debriefingandrecordingdocumentation.
FCL.1010PrerequisitesforexaminersApplicantsforanexaminercertificateshalldemonstrate:(a)relevantknowledge,backgroundandappropriateexperiencerelatedtotheprivilegesofanexaminer;(b)thattheyhavenotbeensubjecttoanysanctions,includingthesuspension,limitationorrevocationofanyoftheirlicenses,ratingsorcertificatesissuedinaccordancewiththisPart,fornon-compliancewiththeBasicRegulationanditsImplementingRulesduringthelast3years.
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FCL.1030Conductofskilltests,proficiencychecksandassessmentofcompetence(a)Whenconductingskilltests,proficiencychecksandassessmentsofcompetence,examinersshall:
(1)ensurethatcommunicationwiththeapplicantcanbeestablishedwithoutlanguagebarriers;(2)verifythattheapplicantcomplieswithallthequalification,trainingandexperiencerequirementsinthisPartfortheissue,revalidationorrenewalofthelicense,ratingorcertificateforwhichtheskilltest,proficiencycheckorassessmentofcompetenceistaken;(3)maketheapplicantawareoftheconsequencesofprovidingincomplete,inaccurateorfalseinformationrelatedtotheirtrainingandflightexperience.
(b)Aftercompletionoftheskilltestorproficiencycheck,theexaminershall:
(1)informtheapplicantoftheresultofthetest.Intheeventofapartialpassorfail,theexaminershallinformtheapplicantthathe/shemaynotexercisetheprivilegesoftheratinguntilafullpasshasbeenobtained.Theexaminershalldetailanyfurthertrainingrequirementandexplaintheapplicant’srightofappeal;(2)intheeventofapassinaproficiencycheckorassessmentofcompetenceforrevalidationorrenewal,endorsetheapplicant’slicenseorcertificatewiththenewexpirydateoftheratingorcertificate,ifspecificallyauthorisedforthatpurposebythecompetentauthorityresponsiblefortheapplicant’slicense;(3)providetheapplicantwithasignedreportoftheskilltestorproficiencycheckandsubmitwithoutdelaycopiesofthereporttothecompetentauthorityresponsiblefortheapplicant’slicense,andtothecompetentauthoritythatissuedtheexaminercertificate.Thereportshallinclude:
(i)adeclarationthattheexaminerhasreceivedinformationfromtheapplicantregardinghis/herexperienceandinstruction,andfoundthatexperienceandinstructioncomplyingwiththeapplicablerequirementsinthisPart;(ii)confirmationthatalltherequiredmanoeuvresandexerciseshavebeencompleted,aswellasinformationontheverbaltheoreticalknowledgeexamination,whenapplicable.Ifanitemhasbeenfailed,theexaminershallrecordthereasonsforthisassessment;(iii)theresultofthetest,checkorassessmentofcompetence.
(c)Examinersshallmaintainrecordsfor5yearswithdetailsofallskilltests,proficiencychecksandassessmentsofcompetenceperformedandtheirresults.(d)Uponrequestbythecompetentauthorityresponsiblefortheexaminercertificate,orthecompetentauthorityresponsiblefortheapplicant’slicense,examinersshallsubmitallrecordsandreports,andanyotherinformation,asrequiredforoversightactivities.
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TheHCAAmaygrantExaminersauthorisationtosignlicensepagesfortherevalidationofitemssuccessfullypassedbyProficiencyCheckinaccordancewithFCL.1030.
5AuthoritytosighdocumentationaftertheSkilltest/Proficiencycheck
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NotificationofExaminersFCL.1005Examinersshallnotconduct:
(a)skilltestsorassessmentsofcompetenceofapplicantsfortheissueofalicense,ratingorcertificate:(1)towhomtheyhaveprovidedflightinstructionforthelicense,ratingorcertificateforwhichtheskilltestorassessmentofcompetenceisbeingtaken;or(2)whentheyhavebeenresponsiblefortherecommendationfortheskilltest,inaccordancewithFCL.030(b);
(b)skilltests,proficiencychecksorassessmentsofcompetencewhenevertheyfeelthattheirobjectivitymaybeaffected.
GM1FCL.1005(b)LimitationofprivilegesincaseofvestedinterestsExamplesofasituationwheretheExaminershouldconsiderifhis/herobjectivityisaffectedarewhentheapplicantisarelativeorafriendoftheExaminer,orwhentheyarelinkedbyeconomicalinterestsorpoliticalaffiliations,etc.
6Restrictionstothetestingofapplicants
FCL.030paragraphb(b)Exceptfortheissueofanairlinetransportpilotlicense,theapplicantforaskilltestshallberecommendedforthetestbytheorganisation/personresponsibleforthetraining,oncethetrainingiscompleted.Thetrainingrecordsshallbemadeavailabletotheexaminer.
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ItisintendedthatallapplicantsforauthorisationmusthavereceivedanauthorityapprovedinitialtrainingforthispurposebeforeundertakinganacceptanceflightwithanHCAA/D2/BInspector.ThestandardsofcompetenceofpilotsdependtoagreatextentonthecompetenceofExaminers.ExaminerswillbebriefedbytheHCAAontheaircrewregulationrequirements,theconductofskilltestsandproficiencychecks,andtheirdocumentationandreporting.Examinersshouldalsobebriefedontheprotectionrequirementsforpersonaldata,liability,accidentinsuranceandfees,asapplicableinHellas.ApplicantsforanExaminercertificateshalldemonstratetheircompetencetoanHCAA/D2/BInspectorwhoholdsanequivalentlicense,ratingorcertificatetotheonesforwhichtheyareresponsiblefortheExaminer’scertificateintheroleforwhichprivilegesaresought,includingbriefing,conductoftheskilltest,proficiencycheckorassessmentofcompetence,andassessmentofthepersontowhomthetest,checkorassessmentisgiven,debriefingandrecordingdocumentation.
1General
Module2–PracticaltrainingofExaminers
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RoleandDutiesoftheExaminerAMC1FCL.1020ExaminersassessmentofcompetenceBRIEFINGTHE‘CANDIDATE’(d) The‘candidate’shouldbegiventimeandfacilitiestoprepareforthetestflight.
Thebriefingshouldcoverthefollowing:(1)theobjectiveoftheflight;(2)licensingchecks,asnecessary;(3)freedomforthe‘candidate’toaskquestions;(4)operatingprocedurestobefollowed(forexampleoperatorsmanual);(5)weatherassessment;(6)operatingcapacityof‘candidate’andExaminer;(7)aimstobeidentifiedby‘candidate’;(8)simulatedweatherassumptions(forexampleicingandcloudbase);(9)useofscreens(ifapplicable);(10)contentsofexercisetobeperformed;(11)agreedspeedandhandlingparameters(forexampleV-speeds,bankangle,approachminima);AllitemsabovearecoreknowledgerequirementsforanExaminerandarerecommendedascorecoursematerial.ThiscorecoursemaybestudiedbeforerecommendedExaminertrainingiscommenced.ThecorecoursemayutiliseanytrainingformatandwouldbepreparedbytheAuthority.(12)useofR/T;(13)respectiverolesof‘candidate’andExaminer(forexampleduringemergency);(14)administrativeprocedures(forexamplesubmissionofflightplan).
(e)TheExaminerapplicantshouldmaintainthenecessarylevelofcommunicationwiththe‘candidate’.ThefollowingcheckdetailsshouldbefollowedbytheExaminerapplicant:
(1)involvementofExaminerinaMPoperatingenvironment;(2)theneedtogivethe‘candidate’preciseinstructions;(3)responsibilityforsafeconductoftheflight;(4)interventionbyExaminer,whennecessary;(5)useofscreens;(6)liaisonwithATCandtheneedforconcise,easilyunderstoodintentions;(7)promptingthe‘candidate’aboutrequiredsequenceofevents(forexamplefollowingExaminerapplicantshouldmaintainthenecessarylevelofcommunicationwiththe“ago-around”);(8)keepingbrief,factualandunobtrusivenotes.
2TrainingContent
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SpecificFlightTestandCheckTrainingDetailedknowledgeofthetestsandchecksforwhichtheauthorisationissoughtisrequired.Trainingistocover:
1. Knowledgeandmanagementofthetestforwhichtheauthorisationistobesought.ThesearedescribedintherelevantModulesinthisFEM.
2. Knowledgeoftheadministrativeprocedurespertainingtothattest/check3. ForaninitialExaminerauthorization,practicaltrainingintheexaminationofthetestprofilesoughtisrequired.4. AnExaminerCertificationAcceptanceTestflightwithanHCAA/D2/BInspector,e.g.forFE(PPL),thisistobe
thePPLskilltest.ExamplesofacceptablemeansofcomplianceforInitialExaminertraining
Categories CRE TRE FE(PPL) FE(CPL) FIE IRE
Corecourse
1. FEMwherethisisusednationally2. TrainingcourseonPART-FCLrequirementsandprocedures3. Test
AMC1FCL.1015item(b)ExaminerstandardisationThecourseshouldlast:
(1)fortheFEandFIE,atleast1day,dividedintotheoreticalandpracticaltraining;(2)forotherExaminers,atleast3days,dividedintotheoreticaltraining(1day)andpracticaltraininginanFFSconductingroleplayedproficiencychecksandskilltests(atleast2days).
Groundtraining
AMC1FCL.1015item(d)(1)ExaminerstandardisationTheoreticaltrainingcoveringatleast:
(i)thecontentsofAMC2FCL.1015andtheFEM;(ii)Part-FCLandrelatedAMCsandGMrelevanttotheirduties;(iii)operationalrequirementsandrelatedAMCsandGMrelevanttotheirduties;(iv)nationalrequirementsrelevanttotheirexaminationduties;(v)fundamentalsofhumanperformanceandlimitationsrelevanttoflightexamination;(vi)fundamentalsofevaluationrelevanttoapplicant’sperformance;(vii)managementsystemofATOs;(viii)MCC,humanperformanceandlimitations,ifapplicable.
Flighttesttraininggeneral
Knowledgeandmanagementofthetestforwhichthecertificateistobesought.Thesearedescribedintherelevantmodulesinthismanual
Flighttestandchecktraining(flight)
ForaninitialExaminercertificate,practicaltrainingshouldincludetheexaminationofthetestprofilesought,consistingoftheconductofatleasttwotestorcheckprofilesintheroleofExaminer(thesetwotestsorchecksprofilescanbeperformedinthesamesimulatorsession),includingbriefing,conductoftheskilltestandproficiencycheck,assessmentoftheapplicanttowhomthetestorcheckisgiven,debriefingandrecordingordocumentationunderthesupervisionofanExamineroftheappropriatecategoryontheapplicabletype.Thistrainingisconductedintheaircraftifapprovalfortestingorcheckingintheaircraftisrequired.IfExaminerprivilegesinFSTD’sarerequired,practicalinstructionintheuseofFSTD(s)fortestingorcheckingshouldalsobecompleted.
Flighttest(additionaltocourse)
ExaminerCertificationAcceptanceTestwithanHCAA/D2/Binspector.
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StandardsofperformancearecentraltoaconsistentconductoftestsandchecksbyExaminersthroughoutEUmemberstates:
1. ExaminersshallconsistentlyapplyPART-FCLstandardsduringatest/check.However,asthecircumstancesofeachtest/checkconductedbyanExaminermayvary,itisalsoimportantthatanExaminer’stest/checkassessmenttakesintoaccountanyadversecondition(s)encounteredduringthetest/check.
2. Itisemphasisedthattest/checkapplicantsshouldconcernthemselvesonlywithflyingandoperatingtheaeroplane/helicoptertothebestoftheirability.Definitionof,andcompliancewith,theTestStandardsistheresponsibilityoftheExaminer,howevertheseareshowninModules3and4intheinterestofopennessandasareferencefortheExaminerandapplicant
3. TheExaminerisexpectedtodisplaysoundjudgmentparticularlywhenestablishinganyabnormalorsimulated
emergencyexercisesothatthesafetyoftheflightisneverplacedatrisk.4. Throughouttheflightcompliancewithbriefing/checklists,procedures,anti-icingandde-icingprecautions,
airmanship,ATCliaisonandcompliance,RTprocedures,flightmanagementandMCC(whereapplicable)willbeassessed.
5. Examinersareremindedthatapplicantsmayappealagainsttheconductofanytest/checkinaccordancewith
regulations.
Purposeofatest/check
AMC2FCL.1015paragraph(c)Determinethroughpracticaldemonstrationduringatestorcheckthatanapplicanthasacquiredormaintainedtherequiredlevelofknowledgeandskillorproficiency.(d)ImprovetrainingandflightinstructioninATOsbyfeedbackofinformationfromExaminersaboutitemsorsectionsoftestsorchecksthataremostfrequentlyfailed.(e)Assistinmaintainingand,wherepossible,improvingairsafetystandardsbyhavingExaminersdisplaygoodairmanshipandflightdisciplineduringtestsorchecks.(m)AnExaminerwillplanatest/checkinaccordancewithPART-FCLrequirements.Onlythemanoeuvresandproceduressetoutintheappropriatetest/checkformwillbeundertaken.ThesameExaminershouldnotre-examineafailedapplicantwithouttheagreementoftheapplicant.
Examinerpreparationfortest/check
AMC2FCL.1015paragraph(l)AnExaminershouldsuperviseallaspectsofthetestorcheckflightpreparation,including,wherenecessary,obtainingorassuringanATC‘slot’time.TheExaminershallbethepilot-in-command,exceptincircumstancesagreedbytheExaminer.
ExaminerApproach
AMC2FCL.1015paragraph(n)AnExaminershouldencourageafriendlyandrelaxedatmospheretodevelopbothbeforeandduringatestorcheckflight.Anegativeorhostileapproachshouldnotbeused.Duringthetestorcheckflight,theExaminershouldavoidnegativecommentsorcriticismsandallassessmentsshouldbereservedforthedebriefing.
3Test/CheckStandards
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Test/Checkscheduling
GM1FCL.1015paragraph(a)AnExaminershouldplanperdaynotmorethan:(1)threetestsorchecksrelatingtoPPL,CPL,IRorclassratings;(2)fourtestsorchecksrelatingtoLAPL,(3)twotestsorchecksrelatedtoCPL,IRorATPL;(4)twoassessmentsofcompetencerelatedtoinstructorcertificates;(5)fourtestsorchecksrelatingtoSPtyperatings.
(b)AnExaminershouldplanatleast(...)3hoursforaPPL,CPL,IRorclassratingtestorchecks,andatleast4hoursforFI,CPL,IR,MPL,ATPLorMPtyperatingtestsorchecks,includingpre-flightbriefingandpreparation,conductofthetest,checkorassessmentofcompetence,de-briefing,evaluationoftheapplicantanddocumentation.(c)Whenplanningthedurationofatest,checkorassessmentofcompetence,thefollowingvaluesmaybeusedasguidance:(1)45minutesforSPclassratingsVFRonly;(2)90minutesforLAPL(A)or(H),PPLandCPL,includingnavigationsection;(3)60minutesforIR,FIandSPtypeorclassratings;(4)120minutesforCPL,MPL,ATPLandMPtyperatings.
Preparingfortheapplicant
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphmAnExaminerwillplanatestorcheckinaccordancewithPart-FCLrequirements.Onlythemaneuversandproceduressetoutintheappropriatetestorcheckformwillbeundertaken.ThesameExaminershouldnotre-examineafailedapplicantwithouttheagreementoftheapplicant.
1. Adequateandappropriatebriefing/debriefingfacilitiesshouldbeusedforalltests.2. Instructionfortheassociatedtheoreticalknowledgeexaminationsshouldalwayshavebeen
completedbeforeeachskilltestistaken.3. Knowledgeelementsnotevidentinthedemonstratedskillsmaybetestedbyquestioning,at
anytime,duringtheflightevent.Questioninginflightshouldbeusedjudiciouslysothatsafetyisnotjeopardised.Questionsmaybedeferreduntilaftertheflightportionofthetestiscompleted.
4. Foraeroplane/helicopterrequiringonlyonepilot,theExaminermaynotassisttheapplicantinthemanagementoftheaeroplane/helicopter,radiocommunications,tuningandidentifyingnavigationalequipment,andusingnavigationcharts.
5. IfoccupyingapilotseattheExaminershouldnottakepartintheoperationoftheaeroplane/helicopterotherthanforsafety.
6. FlightSafetyshouldbetheprimeconsiderationatalltimes.TheExaminer,applicantandanyothercrewshouldbealertforothertraffic.
Expansionofthedetailsoftheitems1.to6.aboveiscoveredundertherelevantparagraphheadingsbelow.AMC2FCL.1015paragraphtAtestorcheckisintendedtosimulateapracticalflight.Thus,anExaminermaysetpracticalscenariosforanapplicantwhileensuringthattheapplicantisnotconfusedandairsafetyisnotcompromised.
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ExaminerApproachTheperformanceofanapplicantundertestconditionswilloftenbeadverselyaffectedbysomedegreeofnervoustension,buttheExaminercandomuchtoredressthebalanceinhisfavourbytheadoptionofafriendlyandsympatheticattitude.Anysuggestionofhasteduringbriefingshouldbeavoidedandtheapplicantshouldbeencouragedtoaskasmanyquestionsashewishesattheconclusionofeachsection.Clearandunhurriedinstructionsatthisstagewillnotonlyservetoputtheapplicantathisease,butwillensurewhenairbornethattheflightproceedssmoothlyandwithoutunnecessarydelay.
ConstructionoftheBriefingThepre-flightbriefingmaybegivenasoneormoreseparateelements,asrequired,togivetheapplicantthemaximumopportunitytounderstandandpreparewhatisrequiredofhim.
BriefingcontentTheapplicantshouldbegiventimeandfacilitiestoprepareforthetestflight.Thebriefingshouldcoverthefollowing:
1. theobjectiveoftheflight2. licensingchecks,asnecessary3. freedomfortheapplicanttoaskquestions4. operatingprocedurestobefollowed(e.g.operatorsmanual)5. weatherassessment6. operatingcapacityofapplicantandExaminer7. aimstobeidentifiedbyapplicant8. simulatedweatherassumptions(e.g.icing,cloudbase)9. contentsofexercisetobeperformed10. agreedspeedandhandlingparameters(e.g.V-speeds,bankangle)useofR/T11. respectiverolesofapplicantandExaminer(e.g.duringemergency)12. administrativeprocedures(e.g.submissionofflightplan)inflight
Examinertrainingmustfocusontherequirementstomaintainthenecessarylevelofcommunicationwiththeapplicant.ThefollowingcheckdetailsshouldbefollowedbytheExaminerapplicant:
1. involvementofExaminerinamulti-pilotoperatingenvironment2. theneedtogivethe‘applicant’preciseinstructions3. responsibilityforsafeconductoftheflight4. interventionbyExaminer,whennecessary5. useofscreens6. liaisonwithATCandtheneedforconcise,easilyunderstoodintentions7. promptingthe‘applicant’regardingrequiredsequenceofevents(e.g.followingago-around)8. keepingbrief,factualandunobtrusivenotes
Applicant’sPlanningandfacilitiesTheExaminershallconducteachtest/checkinsuchamannerastoconformtotheguidancegivenbytheHCAAsuchthateachapplicantisallowedadequatetimeforthetest,normallynotmorethanonehour.AdequatePlanningfacilitiesmustbeavailabletotheapplicant.TheExaminerwillcheckthattheapplicantisawareofwhereresourcesare.Aquietbriefingroomshouldbeusedsothattheplanningcanbecompletedwithoutinterruptionordistraction.Planningshallbecompletedwithoutassistancefromotherstudentsorinstructors.CurrentATCandMetinformationmustbeobtained.Anybookingrequirementsshouldbemade,bytheapplicant,inadequatetimefortheflight.
4PreFlight-Briefing
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AflightlogshouldbepreparedandtheExaminermayrequestacopy.Thelogmayincludesuchitemsas:1. Route(includingflighttotheplannedalternateaerodrome)2. Communicationandnavaidfrequencies(notethatwherethisinformationisclearlydisplayedon
planningdocuments,suchasthechartstobeused,itisnotnecessarytocopythatinformationtothelog)3. Plannedlevelsandaltitudes4. Timings,ETAs5. MSA,safetyheightorminimumlevels/altitudes6. Fuel(showingcontingencyfuelandspacetoplotfuelremainingatwaypoints)7. SpaceforloggingATISandclearancesinachronologicalorder.
TheroutemayrequireflightthroughairspaceotherthanClassGairspaceandconsiderationshouldbegiventoanyspecialprecautionsduringplanning.
PlanningandpreparationmustbecompletedbythecrewusingmaterialacceptabletotheHCAA.Computerisedflight/navigationplansoraeroplane/helicoptermassandbalancecalculationsmaybeusedduringtheallowedplanningperiod.Theapplicantremainssolelyresponsibleforallplanningcalculations.Applicantswillberequiredtocalculatetake-offandlandingperformancefortheconditionsprevailing,usuallyforthemostlimitingrunwayexpectedontheflight.
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DefinitionAirmanshipcoversabroadrangeofdesirablebehaviorsandabilitiesinanaviator.Itisnotsimplyameasureofskillortechnique,butalsoameasureofapilot’sawarenessoftheaircraft,theenvironmentinwhichitoperates,andofhisowncapabilities.Airmanshipcanbedefinedas:
1. Asoundacquaintancewiththeprinciplesofflight,2. Theabilitytooperateanairplanewithcompetenceandprecisionbothonthegroundandintheair,and3. Theexerciseofsoundjudgmentthatresultsinoptimaloperationalsafetyandefficiency.
Thethreefundamentalprinciplesofexpertairmanshipare:skill,proficiency,andthedisciplinetoapplytheminasafeandefficientmanner.Specialairmanshiptopicstocover:
1. Knowyourself2. Knowyouraircraft3. Knowyourenvironment4. Knowyourrisk
AirmanshipcompetenciesAirmanshipcompetenciesmaybegroupedintothreeclustersofobservablebehaviour:
1)COMMUNICATIONSPROCESSESANDDECISIONS
a)Briefingb)Inquiry/Advocacy/Assertivenessc)Self-Criticismd)Communicationwithavailablepersonnelresourcese)Useofchecklistsf)Decisionmaking
2)BUILDINGANDMAINTENANCEOFFLIGHTCOOPERATION
a)Leadership/Teamskillsb)InterpersonalRelationships
3)WORKLOADMANAGEMENTANDSITUATIONALAWARENESS
a)Preparation/Planningb)Vigilancec)WorkloadDistributiond)DistractionAvoidancee)Avoidanceofundesirablesituations(e.g.,waketurbulence,inadequateaeroplane/helicopterspacing)
5Airmanship
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HowtheExaminerAssessesAirmanshipThemajorityofaviationaccidentsandincidentsareduetopoorresourcemanagementfailuresbythepilot.Fewerareduetotechnicalfailures.Pass/FailjudgmentsbasedsolelyonAirmanshipissuesmustbecarefullychosensincetheymaybeentirelysubjective.ItisnotpracticaltogiveacomprehensivelistofAirmanshipconsiderations,however,the3‘clusterareas’describedaboveincludeitemswhichtheapplicantmayforgettocomplete(e.g.correctradiocalls)whileothersareanindicationofhiscapacitytodealwithpresentorevolvingflightconditions(e.g.poorspacingfromotheraeroplane/helicopterorairspaceawareness).Itis,therefore,theExaminer’sroletoobservehowtheapplicantmanagestheresourcesavailabletohimtoachieveasafeanduneventfulflight.TheExaminermustbesatisfiedthatthesuccessoftheflightwasaresultofgoodairmanshipandnotgoodluck.Iftheapplicantshowsearlyandconsistentawarenessofairmanshipconsiderations(e.g.repetitivecheckingoficingconditionsinalevelcruiseclearoficingconditions)theExaminermayallowtheapplicanttobriefonlychangesduringtheremainderoftheflight.ExaminersthemselvesarerequiredtoexerciseproperAirmanshipcompetenciesinconductingtests/checksaswellasexpectingthesamefromapplicants.
5.
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INTENTIONALLYLEFTBLANK
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6.1FactorsaffectingEvaluation
ComparingCandidateswitheachother
Whenworkingwithagroupofcandidates,theremaybeatendencytocompareonecandidatetotheother.It’sanaturalthingtodo.Whenconductingaflighttesthowever,comparethecandidate’sperformancetothestandardexpressedinthePerformanceCriterianottoapersonwhoismoreorlessskilled.Thereasonforthisis,ofcourse,togivethecandidateafairandvalidflighttest.
CharacteristicsofEvaluationAnevaluationmaybecomeuselessifcertainprinciplesarenotrespected.Thefollowingfourcharacteristics,whenusedcarefullyintheconductofaflighttest,willresultinanaccurateandeffectiveevaluation.
1ReliabilityReliabilityensuresconsistentresults.Asappliedtotheflighttest,thiswouldmeanthattwoidenticalperformancesshouldresultinthesameflighttestscore.Humanfactorscanhaveasignificanteffectonflighttestreliability.Someofthesefactorsare:
a)fatigue-insufficientsleeporrestpriortothetestb)emotions-workorhomepersonalproblemsc)health-cold,flu,etcd)timeofday-veryearlyinthemorning,orlasttripofthedaye)distractions-noise,interruptions,etc.
Examinersshouldbeconsciousofthesefactorsandattempttolimittheireffectsasmuchaspossiblefortheymayresultinalackofsmoothnessoraccuracyinthecandidate’sperformance.Examinersshouldalsobeawarethattheirabilitytoaccuratelyassessthecandidate’sperformancecouldbeadverselyaffectedbythesesamefactors.Testingforthepurposeoflicensingmustremainclearlyremovedfromtraininginordertomaintainthereliabilityofanevaluation.Forexample,asecondorthirdattempt,inairflighttestitems,maygivethecandidatetheimmediatepracticeneededtodemonstrateamaneuveradequately.Forthisreason,anitemwillnotberepeatedunlessoneofthefollowingconditionsapplies:
a)Discontinuance.Discontinuanceofamaneuverforvalidsafetyreasons;i.e.,ago-aroundorotherprocedurenecessarytomodifytheoriginallyplannedmaneuver.b)CollisionAvoidance.Examinerinterventionontheflightcontrolstoavoidanotheraircraftthatthecandidatecouldnothaveseenduetopositionorotherfactors.c)MisunderstoodRequest.AlegitimateinstancewhenacandidatedoesnotunderstandanExaminer’srequesttoperformaspecificmaneuver.Acandidate’sfailuretoknowtherequirementsofaspecifiedmaneuverisnotgroundsforrepeatingataskormaneuver.d)OtherFactors.AnyconditionwheretheExaminerwasdistractedtothepointthatthecandidate’sperformanceofthemaneuver(radiocalls,traffic,etc.)couldnotadequatelybeobserved.
2Validity
Testsarevalidiftheymeasurewhattheyaresupposedtomeasureandnothingelse.Assessmentofgroundandairitemsmustremainwithintheboundsoftheappropriateflightteststandards.Thescopeofthetestmustbesuchthatwhencandidatespass,theyhavemettheskillrequirementsfortheissuanceofthecertificate,licenseorratingsought.
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3Comprehensive
Atestiscomprehensiveifitcontainsasampleofallcoursematerialandmeasureseachareaofskillandknowledgerequiredtoensurethestandardismet.FlighttestswillbecomprehensiveiftheExaminerconformstotheitemslistedintheapplicablemoduleswithnoadditionsordeletions.
4ObjectivityObjectivityensurestheExaminer’spersonalopinionswillnotaffecttheoutcomeorassessmentofthetest.Marksawardedmustbemadeinaccordancewiththeapplicableperformancecriteria.Flighttestmarksareinfluencedtosomedegreebysubjectiveopinions.Assessmentswillbemorevalid,lesssubjective,iftheExaminerisanexperiencedpilot,hassoundandadequatebackgroundknowledgeoftheevaluationprocessandtheexpertisetoaccuratelyassessflighttestapplicantswithoutprejudice.
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6.2ThecomponentsoftheTreatandErrorManagement(TEM)Model
ThreatsThreatsaredefinedaseventsorerrorsthatoccurbeyondtheinfluenceoftheflightcrew,increaseoperationalcomplexity,andwhichmustbemanagedtomaintainthemarginsofsafety.Duringtypicalflightoperations,flightcrewshavetomanagevariouscontextualcomplexities.Suchcomplexitieswouldinclude,forexample,dealingwithadversemeteorologicalconditions,airportssurroundedbyhighmountains,congestedairspace,aircraftmalfunctions,errorscommittedbyotherpeopleoutsideofthecockpit,suchasairtrafficcontrollers,flightattendantsormaintenanceworkers,andsoforth.TheTEMModelconsidersthesecomplexitiesasthreatsbecausetheyallhavethepotentialtonegativelyaffectflightoperationsbyreducingmarginsofsafety.Somethreatscanbeanticipated,sincetheyareexpectedorknown.Forexample,flightcrewcananticipatetheconsequencesofadverseweatherorprepareforacongestedairportbymakingsuretheykeepawatchfuleyeforotheraircraftastheyexecutetheapproach.Somethreatscanoccurunexpectedly,suchasanin-flightaircraftmalfunctionthathappenssuddenlyandwithoutwarning.Inthiscaseflightcrewappliesskillsandknowledgeacquiredthroughtrainingandexperience.Lastly,somethreatsmaynotbedirectlyobvioustoflightcrewimmersedintheoperationalcontext,andmayneedtobeuncoveredbysafetyanalysis.Theseareconsideredlatentthreats.
Examplesoflatentthreatsincludeequipmentdesignissues,opticalillusionsortimepressures.Regardlessofwhetherthreatsareexpected,unexpected,orlatent;onemeasureoftheeffectivenessofaflightcrew’s(singlepilot)abilitytomanagethreatsiswhetherthreatsaredetectedwiththenecessaryanticipationtoenabletheflightcrewtorespondtothemthroughdeploymentofappropriatecounter-measures.Threatmanagementisabuildingblocktoerrormanagementandundesiredaircraftstatemanagement.Althoughthethreaterrorlinkageisnotnecessarilystraightforward,oritmaynotbealwayspossibletoestablishalinearrelationship,orone-to-onemappingbetweenthreats,errorsandundesiredstates,archivaldatademonstratesthatmismanagedthreatsarenormallylinkedtoflightcrew/piloterrors,whichinturnareoftenlinkedtoundesiredaircraftstates.Threatmanagementprovidesthemostproactiveoptiontomaintainmarginsofsafetyinflightoperations,byvoidingsafetycompromisingsituationsattheirroot.
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ErrorsErrorsaredefinedactionsorinactionsbytheflightcrewthatleadtodeviationsfromorganisationalorflightcrewintentionsorexpectations.Unmanagedand/ormismanagederrorsfrequentlyleadtoundesiredaircraftstates.Errorsintheoperationalcontextthustendtoreducethemarginsofsafetyandincreasetheprobabilityofadverseevents.Errorscanbespontaneous(i.e.,withoutdirectlinkagetospecific,obviousthreats),linkedtothreats,orpartofanerrorchain.Examplesoferrorswouldincludetheinabilitytomaintainastabilizedapproach,executingawrongautomationmode,miss-settinganaltimeterpressureormisinterpretinganATCclearance.Regardlessofthetypeoferror,anerror’seffectonsafetydependsonwhethertheflightcrewdetectsandrespondstotheerrorbeforeitleadstoanundesiredaircraftstateandtoapotentialunsafeoutcome.ThisiswhyoneoftheobjectivesofTEMistounderstanderrormanagement(i.e.,detectionandresponse),ratherthansolelyfocusingonerrorcausality(i.e.,causationandcommission).Fromthesafetyperspective,operationalerrorsthataretimelydetectedandpromptlyrespondedto(i.e.,properlymanaged),thatdonotleadtoundesiredaircraftstates,donotreducemarginsofsafetyinflightoperations,andthusbecomeoperationallyinconsequential.Inadditiontoitssafetyvalue,propererrormanagementrepresentsanexampleofsuccessfulhumanperformance,presentingboth-learningandtrainingvalue.Capturinghowerrorsaremanagedisthenasimportant,ifnotmore,thancapturingtheprevalenceofdifferenttypesoferror.Itisofinteresttocaptureifandwhenerrorsaredetectedandbywhom,theresponse(s)upondetectingerrors,andtheoutcomeoferrors.Someerrorsarequicklydetectedandresolved,thusbecomingoperationallyinconsequential,whileothersgoundetectedoraremismanaged.Amismanagederrorisdefinedasanerrorthatislinkedtoorinducesanadditionalerrororundesiredaircraftstate.ExaminersshouldfamiliarisethemselveswiththeconceptofTEMandexaminetheseprincipleswhenassessinggeneralAirmanship.
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6.3EvaluationErrorsInordertotesteffectively,theExaminerrequiresnotonlyasoundknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofevaluation,butalsoafirmunderstandingofthepossibleerrorsthatcanoccurthroughouttheevaluationprocess.Errorsinevaluationfallintoseveralcategories.
PersonalBiasErrorPersonalbiasisindicatedbythetendencyofanExaminertoratecandidatesoraparticulargroupofcandidatesthesame.Examinersmustconductallflighttestsinaccordancewiththestandardsexpressedintheapplicableflighttestguide.AnExaminermustnotallowpersonalprejudicestointerferewiththeobjectiveevaluationofacandidate'sperformance.
CentralTendencyErrorsCentraltendencyerrorsareindicatedbyatendencytorateallormostcandidatesasaverage.TheExaminerreally“feels”thattheperformanceofmostcandidatesisnotasgoodasitshouldbeandthereforeunderscoresacandidate’sgoodperformance.Ontheotherhand,theExaminerisreluctanttocopewiththepossibleemotionalresponseofacandidateorarecommendinginstructor.Thisresultsinpaddedorinflatedassessmentsofpoorperformance.ThiserrormayalsooccurbecauseanExaminerdoesnotwanttoputeffortintomakingadecision.Anaveragemarkiseasiertodefend.
GenerosityErrorsGenerosityerrorsareindicatedbyatendencytorateallindividualsatthehighendofthescaleandareprobablythemostcommontypeofpersonalbias.ThiscouldbecausedbyanExaminer’sdesiretobeknownasaniceperson.Inthiscase,allormostcandidatesaregradedatthelowendofthemarkingscale.Examinersmayfeelthatthepublishedstandardsaretoolowandscorethetestagainsttheirownsetofstandards.ThistypeofExaminerfeelsthatfewpeoplecanflyaswellastheycan.
HaloEffectThisoccurswhenanExaminer’simpressionofacandidateisallowedtoinfluencetheassessmentofperformance.Haloerrorcanresultinratinganapplicanttoohighortoolow.Oneformofhaloerroristheerrorofleniency.LeniencyhasitssourceinanExaminerslikes,dislikes,opinions,prejudices,moodsandpoliticalorcommunityinfluenceofpeople.Forexample,whentestingafriend,acquaintance,orhighprofileindividual,anExaminermaygiveundeservedlyhighmarksor,converselytheerrorofstereotype.
StereotypeAswiththeerrorofleniency,theerrorofstereotypehasitssourceinlikes,dislikes,opinions,prejudices,etc.Inthiscase,however,anExaminermayallowpersonalopinionorprejudicetoinfluencetheassessmentofthecandidateandawardundeservedlylowmarksorhighmarks.
LogicalErrorLogicalerroroccurswhenanExaminerassumesthatahighdegreeofabilityinoneareameansasimilardegreeofcompetenceinanother.Thisisespeciallytrueifthetwoitemsbeingassessedaresimilarorrelated.Agoodmarkononeortwoitemsdoesnotmeanthecandidateisalsoqualifiedonallitems.Thefulltestmustbecompletedandmarked.
ErrorofnarrowCriterionThismayoccurwhenanExaminerhasagroupofcandidatestotest.TheExaminermay,underthiscondition,rateeachapplicantagainsttheotherswithinthegroupinsteadofagainstthepublishedcriteria.Ifthegrouptobetestedisaboveaverage,acandidatewhoisofaverageabilitymaybeawardedanundeservedlylowmark.Ifthegroupofcandidatestobetestedisbelowaverage,thenacandidatewhoperformsthebestwithinthisgroupmaybeawardedahigherassessmentthanactuallydeserved.
ErrorofdelayedGradingThistypeoferroroccurswhenthereisadelayintheassessmentofanitem,resultinginatendencytoawardaveragemarksduetothelackofinformationand/orpoorrecall.Theuseofthetoporbottomendofthemarkingscalewould
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beavoided.Bynotmakinganassessmentimmediatelyaftertheevent,Examinersmayawardassessmentsbaseduponanoverallimpressionoftheflighttest.Thisresultsinanerroneousassessmentandaflighttestreportthatisoflittlevaluetothetrainingsystem.
StandardsErrorAlltheerrorswehavediscussedresultinastandardserror.However,ifanExaminerisnotthoroughlyfamiliarwithestablishedstandards,asoutlinedintheapplicableguidancematerial,itisvirtuallyimpossibletoconductanevaluationtothatstandard.Whiletheseerrorsmayappearobviousonpaper,theymaynotbeunderflight-testconditions,especiallyasthejudgmentoftheExaminermaybeobscuredbyacombinationoftwoormore.Examinersmust,therefore,beawareoftheseerrorstoconsciouslypreventthemfrominfluencingthevalidityoftheteststheyconduct.
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6.4OralQuestionsTheExaminerusesoralquestionstomeasureandevaluatetheextentofaeronauticalknowledgeandtodeterminethatthecandidatemeetsthestandardofknowledgerequiredforthelicenseorratingbeingsought.Thisisanimportantpartoftheflighttestanditistheportionofflight-testingthatresultsinthegreatestvarianceinstandardisation.Forthisreasonitisessentialthatquestionsbepreparedbeforehandtoensurethattheyarewordedcorrectlyandthattheyarerelevantandvalid.ItisrecommendedthattheExaminerhaveabankofquestionspreparedforalltherequireditemsorareasoftheoralportionofthetest.Itisnotintendedthatallofthequestionspreparedbeaskedbuttheadditionalquestionswillbeavailable,ifrequired.Moreover,abankofquestionswillallowtheExaminertovarytheoralportionofthetestsomewhat,fromcandidatetocandidate.Thepreparedquestionsshouldbeofapracticaloperationalnature,basedupontheaircraftandthetripassignedfortheflighttest.Theoreticaltypequestionsarenotrecommendedontheflighttestasthisareaiscoveredbythewrittenexaminations.Inpreparingquestions,itisrecommendedthatyoufirstwritedownthecorrectanswerandthenwriteaquestionthatwillelicitonlythatanswer.Questionsshouldbecarefullywordedandnotambiguous.Goodquestionsareeasilyunderstoodandcomposedofcommonwords.Theyshouldmeasureknowledge,nottheuseoflanguage.BigwordsandhighsoundingphraseologymayallowtheExaminertodisplaycommandoflanguageandvocabularybutonlydetractattentionfromthetest.Ifcandidatescannotunderstandthemeaningofthewords,theywillnotbeabletoanswerthequestion.Therefore,Examinersmustkeepthevocabularywithinthegraspofcandidates.Tomakesurethatthecandidateunderstandsthequestion,familiartermsandwordsshouldbeused.Thesituationandconditionsmustbeclear,togivethecandidatethechancetoanswercorrectly.Aquestionshouldcenterononeideaonly.TheExaminercanguidethecandidatethroughacomplexprocedurebyasking“what”,“why”,“where”,“when”and“how”questionsafterthebasicquestionhasbeenasked.Exampleofabasicquestion:WhatismeantbythetermVFRinaviation?Answer:VisualFlightRules.Nextquestionmightbe:IstheweatherVFRfortoday’sflight?
HandlingCandidateAnswersTheExaminer’sroleisdifferentfromtheinstructor’s.Examinersarestrictlytheretoobserveandevaluate.Instructorsareinvolvedinthetrainingexperiencewiththestudent.Theyexplain,demonstrate,allowstudentstopractice,supervisepracticeand,finally,evaluatetoconfirmlearning.Examinersshouldavoidconfirmingananswer.Moreover,responding,“No,that’snotright”toananswer,mayundermineacandidate’sself-confidenceandaffectperformancefortheremainderoftheflighttest.Examinersshouldavoidleadingcandidatestothecorrectanswer.However,anExaminermayaskforclarification.Forexample:Theanswer“Thenosewouldpitchdown!”tothequestion“Whatwouldhappeniftheaircraftwasloadedwithanaftcentreofgravity?”couldbefollowedwithademandtoexplainwhatismeantbydemonstratingtheanswerwithamodelaircraft.
Note:ThisrequiresaYes/Noanswer,butyoucouldfollowupwith-Howdoyouknow?Etc.Keepquestionsaspracticalaspossible.Aflighttestisanoperationalexercisewherethecandidatedemonstratesknowledgeandskillbygoingthroughanactualflight.Questionsshouldgetthecandidatethinking.AskingaquestionthatrequiresaYES/NOanswerdoesn’treallytelltheExaminermuchaboutthecandidate’slevelofunderstanding.Itismoreeffectivetoguidethecandidate’sthoughtstowardtheareatobequestionedandthenaskthequestion.Inthiswaythecandidatecanvisualizethesituationandthenthinkabouttheanswertothespecificquestion.KnowingthatsomethinghappensisnotasimportantasunderstandingWHYithappens.Trickyorirrelevantquestionsshouldbeavoided.Questionsshouldbechallengingforthecandidatebutallthenecessarybackgroundtocometotheanswermustbeprovided.
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6.5DefinitionofstrongandweakelementsofperformanceMarkthatbestdescribestheweakestelement(s)applicabletothecandidate’sperformanceoftheparticulartestsequence/itemdemonstrated.
Performanceiswellexecutedconsideringexistingconditions: 1. Aircrafthandlingissmoothandpositivewithahighlevelofprecision.2. Technicalskillsindicateathoroughknowledgeofprocedures,aircraftsystems,limitationsandperformance
characteristics.3. Situationalawarenessisindicatedbycontinuousanticipationandvigilance.4. Flightmanagementskillsareexemplaryandthreatsareconsistentlyanticipated,recognizedandwellmanaged.5. Safetymarginsaremaintainedthroughconsistentandeffectivemanagementofaircraftsystemsandmandated
operationalprotocols.
Performanceisobservedtoincludeminorerrors: 1. Aircrafthandlingwithappropriatecontrolinputbutincludesminordeviations.2. Technicalskillsindicateanadequateknowledgeofprocedures,aircraftsystems,limitationsandperformance
characteristicstosuccessfullycompletethetask.3. Situationalawarenessisadequatelymaintainedascandidaterespondsinatimelymannertocuesandchangesin
theflightenvironmenttomaintainsafetywhileachievingtheaimofthesequence/item.4. Flightmanagementskillsareeffective.Threatsareanticipatedanderrorsarerecognizedandrecovered.Safety
marginsaremaintainedthrougheffectiveuseofaircraftsystemsandmandatedoperationalprotocols.
Performanceisobservedtoincludemajorerrors: 1. Aircrafthandlingisperformedwithmajordeviationsand/oranoccasionallackofstability,over/undercontrolor
abruptcontrolinput.2. Technicalskillsrevealdeficiencieseitherindepthofknowledgeorcomprehensionofprocedures,aircraftsystems,
limitationsandperformancecharacteristicsthatdonotpreventthesuccessfulcompletionofthetask.3. Situationalawarenessappearscompromisedascuesaremissedorattendedtolateorthecandidatetakesmore
timethanidealtoincorporatecuesorchangesintotheoperationalplan.4. Flightmanagementskillsarenotconsistent.Instrumentdisplays,aircraftwarningsorautomationservetoavertan
undesiredaircraftstatebypromptingorremedyingthreatsanderrorsthatarenoticedlate.Safetymarginsarenotcompromised,butpoorlymanaged.
PerformanceisobservedtoincludecriticalerrorsortheAimofthetestsequence/itemisnotachieved: 1. Aircrafthandlingisperformedwithcriticaldeviationsand/oralackofstability,roughuseofcontrolsorcontrolof
theaircraftislostorindoubt.2. Technicalskillsrevealunacceptablelevelsofdepthofknowledgeorcomprehensionofprocedures,aircraftsystems,
limitationsandperformancecharacteristicsthatpreventasuccessfulcompletionofthetask.3. Lapsesinsituationalawarenessoccurduetoalackofappropriatescanningtomaintainanaccuratementalmodel
ofthesituationorthereisaninabilitytointegratetheinformationavailabletodevelopandmaintainanaccuratementalmodel.
4. Flightmanagementskillsareineffective,indecisiveornoncompliantwithmandatedpublishedproceduresandcorrectivecountermeasuresarenoteffectiveorapplied.
5. Safetymarginsarecompromisedorclearlyreduced.
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ErrorsError:meansanactionorinactionbytheflightcrewthatleadstoavariancefromoperationalorflightcrewintentionsorexpectations.
MinorErrorAnactionorinactionthatisinconsequentialtothecompletionofatask,procedureormaneuver,evenifcertainelementsoftheperformancevaryfromtherecommendedbestpractices.
Anactionorinactionthatcanleadtoanundesiredaircraftstateorareducedsafetymargin,ifimproperlymanaged;oranerrorthatdoesnotleadtoasafetyrisk,butdetractsmeasurablyfromthesuccessfulachievementofthedefinedaimofasequence/item.
Anactionorinactionthatismismanagedandconsequentlyleadstoanundesiredaircraftstateorcompromisessafetysuchas:-Non-compliancetomandatedstandardoperatingprocedures;or-Repeatedimpropererrormanagementoruncorrectedandunrecognizedthreats,whichriskputtingtheaircraftinanundesiredstate;or-Repeatedmajorerrorsorthenon-performanceofcertaincriteriaprescribedintheapplicableguidancematerialfoundinthismanual.
DeviationsDeviation:meansavarianceinprecisionwithrespecttoaspecifiedlimitpublishedforamaneuverwithinatestitemorsequence,whichisaresultofpiloterrororfaultyhandlingoftheaircraft.
MinorDeviationAdeviationthatdoesnotexceedaspecifiedlimit.
MajorDeviationAdeviationthatexceedsaspecifiedlimitorrepeatedminordeviationswithoutachievingstability.
CriticalDeviationAmajordeviationthatisrepeated,excessiveornotcorrected,suchas:1. Repeatednon-adherencetospecifiedlimits;or2. Notidentifyingandcorrectingmajordeviations;or3. Morethandoublingthespecifiedvalueofalimit.
MajorError
CriticalError
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6.6ConductofTest/Check
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphv AnExaminershouldmaintainaflightlogandassessmentrecordduringthetest/checkforreferenceduringthepost/flightde-brief.Thisrecordshouldbecompiledwithoutalertingorattractingtheattentionoftheapplicant.Communicationsinflightshouldonlybenecessarytoprompttheapplicantregardingrequiredsequenceofeventsusingconciseandeasilyunderstoodintentions(e.g.followingago-around)
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphw AnExaminershouldbeflexibletothepossibilityofchangesarisingtopre-flightbriefsduetoATCinstructions,orothercircumstancesaffectingthetest/check.
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphx Wherechangesarisetoaplannedtest/checkanExaminershouldbesatisfiedthattheapplicantunderstandsandacceptsthechanges.Otherwise,thetest/checkflightshouldbeterminated.
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphy ShouldanapplicantchoosenottocontinueatestorcheckforreasonsconsideredinadequatebyanExaminer,theapplicantwillbeassessedashavingfailedthoseitemsorsectionsnotattempted.IfthetestorcheckisterminatedforreasonsconsideredadequatebytheExaminer,onlytheseitemsorsectionsnotcompletedwillbetestedduringasubsequenttestorcheck.
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphz AnExaminershouldterminateatest/checkonlyforthepurposeofassessingtheapplicant,orforsafetyreasons.ExceptwhentheExaminerhastogiveguidanceorareminder,theapplicantshouldbeallowedtoconducttheflightwithoutinterruption.Itshouldberemembered,however,thattheExaminerisresponsibleforthesafeconductoftheflightandthepreventionofanyinfringements.
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphg Eachitemwithinatestorchecksectionshouldbecompletedandassessedseparately.Thetestorcheckschedule,asbriefed,shouldnotnormallybealteredbyanExaminer.Afaileditemisnotalwaysafailedsection,forexampletyperatingskilltestwhereafailureofaniteminasectiondoesnotfailtheentiresection,onlythefaileditemistakenagain.
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphh Marginalorquestionableperformanceofatest/checkitemshouldnotinfluenceanExaminer’sassessmentofanysubsequentitems.
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphf AnExaminerwillensurethatanapplicantcompletesatestorcheckinaccordancewithPart-FCLrequirementsandisassessedagainsttherequiredtestorcheckstandards.
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphj Whenatest/checkiscompletedordiscontinued,anExaminershouldde-brieftheapplicantandgivereasonsforitems/sectionsfailed.Intheeventofafailedordiscontinuedskilltestorproficiencycheck,theExaminershouldprovideappropriateadvicetoassisttheapplicantinre-tests/re-checks.
AMC2FCL.1015paragraphk Anycommenton,ordisagreementwith,anExaminer’stest/checkevaluation/assessmentmadeduringadebriefwillberecordedbytheExamineronthetest/checkreport,andwillbesignedbytheExaminerandcountersignedbytheapplicant.
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AMC2FCL.1015paragrapho Althoughtest/checksmayspecifyflighttesttolerances,anapplicantshouldnotbeexpectedtoachievetheseattheexpenseofsmoothnessorstableflight.AnExaminershouldmakedueallowanceforunavoidabledeviationsduetoturbulence,ATCinstructions,etc.
AMC1FCL.1020paragraphf TheExaminerapplicantshouldrefertotheflighttesttolerancesgivenintherelevantskilltest.
Attentionshouldbepaidtothefollowingpoints:(1)questionsfromthe‘candidate’;(2)giveresultsofthetestandanysectionsfailed;(3)givereasonsforfailure.
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6.7Pass/FailCriteriaTheExamineristocheckPART-FCLreferencesforpassfailcriteriarelevanttothetesttobeconducted.
Ingeneraltheguidanceis:
ForSingle-PilotAeroplanes: Theapplicantshallpassallsectionsoftheskilltest/proficiencycheck.Ifanyiteminasectionisfailed,thatsectionisfailed.Failureinmorethanonesectionwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.Anyapplicantfailingonlyonesectionshalltakethefailedsectionagain.Failureinanysectionofthere-test/re-checkincludingthosesectionsthathavebeenpassedatapreviousattemptwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.
ForMulti-PilotandSingle-Pilothigh-performancecomplexaeroplanes: Theapplicantshallpassallsectionsoftheskilltest/proficiencycheck.Failureofmorethanfiveitemswillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.Anyapplicantfailing5orlessitemsshalltakethefaileditemsagain.Failureinanyitemonthere-test/checkincludingthoseitemsthathavebeenpassedatapreviousattemptwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentirecheck/testagain.
PASS/FAILCRITERIAMPA/SPHPCAAttemptOne AttemptTwo Result
1ItemsFailed
RetakeFailedItem
2ItemsFailed
RetakeFailedItem
3ItemsFailed
RetakeFailedItem
4ItemsFailed
RetakeFailedItem
5ItemsFailed
RetakeFailedItem
IfanyoneItemisfailedonAttemptTwothecompleteTest/Checkisfailed.IftheAttemptTwoFlightProfileincludesanItemoriginallypassedinAttemptOneandthisitemisfailedinAttemptTwothecompleteTest/Checkisfailed.
6ormoreItemsFailed
NoAttemptTwo ThecompleteTest/CheckisFailed
All‘AttemptOne’ItemsmustbecompletedbeforeAttemptTwo.
AfterafailureinAttemptOneandbeforeAttemptTwo,retrainingisoptional
AfterafailureinAttemptTwo,retrainingismandatory
Atthediscretionoftheexaminer,any‘AttemptOne’itemmayberepeatedonceatanytimeduringthetest/check.ArepeatisnotAttemptTwoandtheapplicantdoesnothavetherighttodemandarepeat.
TheapplicanthasarighttoundertakeAttemptTwo,if5orlessitemsarefailed-Subjectto
TheexaminermayawardacompletefailatanytimeduringtheTest/Check,irrespectiveofthenumberofitemsfaileduptothatpoint.
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TheResult Thereareseveralmethodsforevaluatinganapplicant’sperformance.HCAAacceptsanymethodthattheywishtouse.Twomethodswillbeconsideredhere:AGradingBObjectiveAssessment
AGrading Gradingisanoptiononsomeformsusedfortests/checks.However,itsuseisoptional.The"AcceptablePerformance"sectionofeachexerciseoutlinesthegradingcriteria.Thesecriteriaassumenounusualcircumstances.Considerationshallbegiventounavoidabledeviationsfromthepublishedcriteriaduetoweather,trafficorothersituationsbeyondthereasonablecontroloftheapplicant.Toavoidtheneedtocompensateforsuchsituations,thetestsshouldbeconductedundernormalconditionswheneverpossible.
Writtenremarksarerequiredwhenawardingaflighttestexerciseamarkof2orless.Theremarksshouldbeclearandconciseandinthecaseofanexerciseassessedas:Grades1or2reflectthemajorvariation(s)fromtheAcceptablePerformancefortheexerciseasoutlinedintheappropriateflightteststandards;or0reflecttheappropriateitemoritemsthatresultinanassessmentoffailaslistedintheGradingScalesectionoftheflighttestStandard(s).Duringaflighttest,itissometimesdifficulttowriteclearandconciseremarks.ItisrecommendedthatExaminersusenotesmadeduringtheflighttesttocompleteafinalcopyoftheFlightTestReport.ThisprovidestheExaminerwiththeopportunityofreferencingtheappropriateflightteststandardswhilewritingfinalcomments.ThediagramshownbelowwillassisttheExaminerinfollowingalogicalsequenceofstepstoarriveatamarkwhenevaluatingtheapplicant’sperformanceofaparticularflighttestitem.Bystartingatthetopofthediagramandmentallyreviewingandansweringeachquestioninsequence,itispossibletoarriveatamarktobeawarded.TheaccuracyoftheassessmentwilldependentirelyontheExaminer’sknowledgeoftheAcceptablePerformancerequirementsforeachflighttestexerciseandtheGradingScale.
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BObjectiveAssessment
SatisfactoryPerformanceTheabilityofanapplicanttosafelyperformtherequiredassignmentsisbasedon:
1. PerformingtheassignmentsspecifiedintheExaminer’sManualforthelicenseorratingsoughtwithintheapprovedstandards
2. Demonstratingcontroloftheaeroplane/helicopterandflightwiththesuccessfuloutcomeofeachassignmentperformedneverseriouslyindoubt
3. Demonstratingsoundjudgementandcrewresourcemanagementandsingle-pilotcompetenceiftheaeroplane/helicopteristypecertificatedforsingle-pilotoperations
UnsatisfactoryPerformanceConsistentlyexceedingtherelevanttolerancesstatedinModule5,orfailuretotakeprompt,correctiveactionwhentolerancesareexceededisindicativeofunsatisfactoryperformance.Thetolerancesrepresenttheperformanceexpectedingoodflyingconditions.Anyactionorlackthereof,bytheapplicant,whorequirescorrectiveinterventionbytheExaminertomaintainsafeflight,shallbedisqualifying.Ifarepeatitemisnotclearlysatisfactory,theExaminershallconsideritunsatisfactory.
ResultAnExaminerwilluseoneofthefollowingtermsofassessment:
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ResultAnExaminerwilluseoneofthefollowingtermsofassessment:
Quickreference:
Aeroplane
Reference TheExamineristocheckPART-FCLreferencesforpassfailcriteriarelevanttothetesttobeconducted.Ingeneraltheguidanceis:
Pass Theapplicantshallpassallsectionsoftheskilltestorproficiencycheck
PartialPass
ForSPA:Ifanyiteminasectionisfailed,thatsectionisfailed.Anyapplicantfailingonlyonesectionshalltakethefailedsectionagain.Theapplicantretakingonlythatfailedsection,plusthedeparturesectionoftencompletesthepartialpass.Shouldeitherofthosetwobefailedatasecondattemptthentheresultofthattestifafail.ForMULTIPILOTANDSINGLE-PILOTHIGH-PERFORMANCECOMPLEXAEROPLANES:Anyapplicantfailing5orlessitemsshalltakethefaileditemsagain.
Fail
ForSPA:Ifanyiteminasectionisfailed,thatsectionisfailed.Failureinmorethanonesectionwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.Failureinanysectionofthere-test/re-checkincludingthosesectionsthathavebeenpassedatapreviousattemptwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.ForMULTIPILOTANDSINGLE-PILOTHIGH-PERFORMANCECOMPLEXAEROPLANES:Theapplicantshallpassallsectionsoftheskilltest/proficiencycheck.Failureofmorethanfiveitemswillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.Failureinanyitemonthere-test/checkincludingthoseitemsthathavebeenpassedatapreviousattemptwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentirecheck/testagain.AMC2FCL.1015PARAGRAPHo(2)A“fail”providedthatanyofthefollowingapply:
i. theflighttesttoleranceshavebeenexceededaftertheExaminerhasmadedueallowanceforturbulenceorATCinstructions;
ii. theaimofthetest/checkisnotcompleted;iii. theaimofexerciseiscompletedbutattheexpenseofunsafeflight,violationofaruleor
regulation,poorairmanshiporroughhandling;iv. anacceptablelevelofknowledgeisnotdemonstrated;v. anacceptablelevelofflightmanagementisnotdemonstrated;orvi. theinterventionoftheExaminerorsafetypilotisrequiredintheinterestofsafety.
Incompletetests
Shouldanapplicantchoosenottocontinueatest/checkforreasonsconsideredinadequatebyanExaminer,theapplicantshallretaketheentireskilltest.Ifthetest/checkisterminatedforreasonsconsideredadequatebytheExaminer,onlythoseitems/sectionsnotcompletedwillbetestedinafurtherflight.
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Quickreference:
Helicopter
Reference TheExamineristocheckPART-FCLreferencesforpassfailcriteriarelevanttothetesttobeconducted.Ingeneraltheguidanceis:
Pass Providedtheapplicantdemonstratestherequiredlevelofknowledge,skill/proficiencyand,whereapplicable,remainswithintheflighttesttolerancesforthelicenseorrating
PartialPass
Thepartialpassisnotalwaysanoptionontest/check.However,whenapplicableitisusedtoindicatethatonlyonesectionofthetestprofilewasfailed.Theapplicantretakingonlythatfailedsection,plusthedeparturesectionoftencompletesthepartialpass.Shouldeitherofthosetwobefailedatasecondattemptthentheresultofthattestifafail.
Fail
AMC2FCL.1015PARAGRAPHo(2)A“fail”providedthatanyofthefollowingapply:
i. theflighttesttoleranceshavebeenexceededaftertheExaminerhasmadedueallowanceforturbulenceorATCinstructions;
ii. theaimofthetest/checkisnotcompleted;iii. theaimofexerciseiscompletedbutattheexpenseofunsafeflight,violationofaruleor
regulation,poorairmanshiporroughhandling;iv. anacceptablelevelofknowledgeisnotdemonstrated;v. anacceptablelevelofflightmanagementisnotdemonstrated;orvi. theinterventionoftheExaminerorsafetypilotisrequiredintheinterestofsafety.
Incompletetests
Shouldanapplicantchoosenottocontinueatest/checkforreasonsconsideredinadequatebyanExaminer,theapplicantshallretaketheentireskilltest.Ifthetest/checkisterminatedforreasonsconsideredadequatebytheExaminer,onlythoseitems/sectionsnotcompletedwillbetestedinafurtherflight.
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Postflightprocedureswillrequireaccurateassessmentoftheflightandcommunicationtotheapplicantofhisresult.TheExaminermust:
1. takethetimenecessarytoconsiderafair,unbiasedandcorrectassessmentofthetest/check2. deliveracleardecisionontheresultofthetest/checkwithprecisedetailsofthereasonforeachfaileditem
indicatinganyfailresultinafriendlybutfirmmanner.3. whereanexistingratinghasbeenfailedinstructtheapplicantontheimplicationsofhisresult4. directtheapplicantintheadministrationrequiredfollowinghisresultHavingcompletedtheflightandthe
administrationtheExaminermaythenofferguidanceonanyaspectoftheflight.Thefollowingpointsmaybediscussed:
1. advisetheapplicanthowtoavoidorcorrectmistakes2. mentionanyotherpointsofcriticismnoted3. givesanyadviceconsideredhelpful
Ifatanytimeduringorafterthetestacomplaintofaseriousnatureismadebyanapplicantontheconductofhistest/check,theExaminershouldnotbecomeinvolvedindiscussionwiththeapplicant.ComplaintsorappealsshallbedealtwithaccordingtoHCAAregulations.
6.8Postflight-debrief
ComplaintsandAppeals
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TheTablesinthismodulegiveapracticalguidetothecriteriatobeconsideredbytheExaminerwhenassessingeachitemofPART-FCLaeroplane/helicoptertestsandchecks.ThetableshouldbeusedinconjunctionwiththeappropriatePART-FCLtestschedule.
IntroductoryNotes Usingareferencesystemof7PhasesofFlighttheModule3tabledescribestherequiredcompetencystandardsforeveryitemoftestsorchecklistedinPART-FCL.
ThePhaseofFlightHeadingsare: 1. PreFlightProcedures2. TakeoffandDepartureProcedure3. GeneralHandling4. Enrouteprocedures5. AbnormalandEmergencyprocedures6. Instrumentprocedures7. ArrivalandLandingprocedures8. NightOperations(Appliestoallphasesofflight)
Thetableisseparatedinto4columnsasfollows:
PHASEOFFLIGHTOBJECTIVE TECHNICAL PROCEDURAL NONTECHNICALTitleofassesseditemtakenfromPART-FCLscheduleThiscelldescribeswhatistobedeterminedbytheExaminer.
Thiscelldescribescompetencecriteriathatinvolvetheapplicantdemonstratingknowledgeandskillsinoperatingsystemsorcontrollingtheaeroplane
Thiscelldescribescompetencecriteriaincomplyingwithprocedures,operatingmanuals,ATCclearances,publishedproceduresandchecklists.
ThiscelldescribescompetencecriteriaencapsulatedbyAirmanship,CRM,decisionmaking,awareness,threatanderrormanagementetc.
GeneralInmostphasesofflighttherearecompetenciesthatapplytoagroupofmanoeuvrese.g.turns,oreventhewholephase.Inordertoavoidrepetition,thecommoncompetenciesaregroupedunderthe“General”itemheading.Examinersmustrefertoboththe“General”headingcriteriaandthecriteriaunderthespecificitembeingassessede.g.“TurnsGeneral”plus“SteepTurns”asthespecificitem.Multiplecellbordersatthebeginningandendofthegroupidentifythegroup.
Note:Itispossiblesometimestoplaceacompetenceineitherof2columnsbecausephysicalskills,knowledgeetccannotalwaysbeclearlyseparated;forassessmentthisisnotcritical.TheintentionistoassisttheExaminerinidentifyingwhatcompetenciesarerequiredforsatisfactoryperformanceofatestitemandtoassistinidentifyingwhyanapplicantmayhavefailedtoachieveapassinanitem.
Airmanship SeveralofthetestschedulesrequiretheassessmentofAirmanship.IngeneralandespeciallyforSPAteststhiswordcoversNon-technicalareasofcompetency.Airmanshipisthecomplexofallresourcesenablingthepilotsafelytohandlehisaircraftwithdueregardtorulesandregulationsandgoodaviationpractice,whateverthecircumstances,bothonthegroundandintheair.Itisnotpracticaltogiveacomprehensivelistofairmanshipconsiderations,however,theNontechnicalcolumnattemptstodescribeasmanyoftheseitemsaspossible.ErrorsinthisareashouldnotconstitutereasonforfailureunlesssatisfactoryachievementoftheObjectiveorthesafetyoftheflightiscompromised.ItistheExaminer’sroletoobservehowtheapplicantmanagestheresourcesavailabletohimtoachieveasafeanduneventfulflight.Iftheapplicantshowsearlyandconsistentawarenessofparticularairmanshipconsiderations(e.g.repetitivecheckingoficingconditionsinalevelcruiseclearoficingconditions)theExaminermayallowtheapplicanttobriefonlychangesduringtheremainderoftheflight.ExaminersarerequiredtoexerciseproperAirmanship/nontechnicalcompetenciesinconductingtests/checksaswellasexpectingthesamefromapplicants.
Module3–TestStandardsAeroplanes
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INTENTIONALLYLEFTBLANK
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Module3TestStandards–Aeroplanes
SeeattachedTablesattheendoftheFEM
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INTENTIONALLYLEFTBLANK
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ThetablesinthismodulegiveapracticalguidetothecriteriatobeconsideredbytheExaminerwhenassessingeachitemofPART-FCLhelicoptertestsandchecks.ThefollowingguidanceinformationisofferedtoassisttheExaminertoconductathoroughflighttest.Theserecommendationswillaidinmakingaccurateassessmentsofthecandidate'sskillandknowledge.Airmanshipisnotalwayslistedintheperformancecriteriaforeachitem,butitisanintegralpartoftheperformanceofeachitem,whenrelevant,andshouldbeevaluated.
Ensurethatquestionsaskedarerelativetothehelicopterbeingusedfortheflighttest.Emphasisethemaintenancerelease conditions, deferred defects and the number of hours or calendar time remaining before the nextmaintenanceactionisdue.Suggestascenariooutlininganunserviceabilitydiscoveredduringflightandaskquestionstodeterminethecandidate’sknowledgeofprocedurestofollowasaconsequenceofthatdiscoveryanditsimpactontheproposedflight.Thecandidatemayuse theFlightManual todetermine informationother thanthe limitations listed in the flighttestguideasmemoryitems.Forsomeofthememoryitems,dependingontheaircrafttypeandwhereplacardsareaccessible inflight,thecandidatemayrefertotheequivalentplacards illustrated intheHelicopterFlightManualtoquotelimitations.Recordtheanswersgiventoquestionsregarding limitationsandoperationaldatasothat,duringtheflighttest,theactuallimitationsandoperationaldatausedmaybecompared.KeepquestionsrelatedtotheFlightManualpracticaland operational in nature, particularly if the conditions of temperature, wind strength, high density altitude, etc.existingatthetimeofflighttestcanbeutilizedor,ifnot,byincorporatingtheminascenario.The candidate should be asked to correct the loading where the C of G is beyond limits, and questioned todetermine understanding of extreme C of G locations and the resulting effect on helicopter handling andperformance. It is recommended touse a scenario-basedexample suchas:Where apassengerorpassengerswithequipmentweretobeembarkedordisembarkedatacertainlocationwherethehelicoptercouldnotbeshutdownbecauseofoperationalreasons.HowwouldthepilotensurethattheaircraftiswithintheCofGlimits?ShouldtherebeanydoubtintheExaminer'smindwithregardtothecompletedweightandbalanceformpresentedbyacandidate,theExaminershoulddeterminethelevelofknowledgebythoroughquestioninginthisarea.Thecandidateshouldbequestionedwithregardtotheappropriateactiontobetakenifanunsatisfactoryitemisdetected during the pre-flight inspection. For example, you may ask a question about the action to be takenregardingafilterblockage,asapplicabletothetype.Afailurebythecandidatetovisually,orbyothermeans,confirmthatthereissufficientfuelandoilfortheintendedflight,isdisqualifyingandwillconstituteafailureoftheflighttest.Itisintendedthatthevisualfuelcheckbeanactualcheckofthetank(ortanks)asopposedtojustacheckofthefuelgauges. Ifthehelicopterdesigndictatesthatvisualchecksarenotpracticableorpossible,theExaminermayacceptfuel chits, fuel logs, etc., that in the Examiner’s judgment meet the confirmation requirements. The candidate isexpected to conduct an oral passenger safety briefing at this time. Should the candidate omit the briefing, theExaminer will ask the candidate to provide one. This situation will be assessed as a major error and the finalassessmentawardedwilldependuponthequalityandeffectivenessofthebriefing.
Ahelicopterpilotmayhave todescribea serviceabilityproblem tomaintenancepersonnel, especiallywhen in aremote location; therefore, candidates areexpected to know thenameofmajor components, as applicable to thetype,theirlocationandtheirbasicfunction.Forexample,whenhavingaproblemstartingaturbineengine,thepilotisexpectedtobeabletotellmaintenancepersonnelifthebleedvalveisopenorclosed.
Airmanship
Module4–TestStandardsHelicopter
1PreparationforFlight
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When asking the candidate to describe the basis function of a component or system, the expected depth of theknowledge could differ depending on whether the flight test is private or commercial. In all cases, ask practicalquestionsthatwouldprobeadeeperunderstandingofacomponentorsystemfromacommercialcandidatethanaprivateoneandmarktheperformanceaccordingtothetypeofflighttestperformed.
Thecandidateshouldusethechecklistprovidedwiththehelicopter.IftheExaminerdoesnotagreewiththecontentofthechecklist, thecandidateshouldnotbepenalized.Thiswouldbean itemfortheExaminertodiscusswiththetraining unit or establishment, and if necessary the Regional Flight Training Section. The checks carried out by acandidateshouldcoveratleasttheitemsmentionedintheHelicopterFlightManual.Thecandidateshouldbequestionedatthistimetodeterminewhatactionwouldbetakenifaproblememerges(e.g.excessivemagneto-drop,ahotstart,engineoverspeedorinstrumentsnotindicatingwhenanti-iceorcarburetorheatcontrolsareselectedand/orresetetc.).Note:Acheckof flightcontrols for freedomandthecorrectmovementof thecorrespondingrotorbladesaremandatoryandwillbeconductedbeforeflight.Insomecasesduringthewintermonthsthecheckcanbeperformedduringthepre-flight inspection while the aircraft is still inside the hanger to avoid damage to the rotor head. Should thecandidateneglectthischeck,theExaminerwillaskthecandidatetoperformitandamajorerrorwillbenoted.
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Thecandidateshoulddemonstrateanadequatepracticalknowledgeof theoperationofsystems installedon thehelicopterbeingusedfortheflighttestandwillbeexpectedtouseallancillarycontrolsinthecorrectmannerduringthe flight. If the operation of a system or the use of an ancillary control was not required during the flight, theExaminermayrequireademonstration,simulatedoractual,toevaluatethecandidate’spracticalknowledgeofthatcontrolorsystem.
TakeoffandLandingstoandfromHover Thisitemmustbeassessedonacontinuingbasisthroughouttheflighttestandamarkawardedonlyafterthefinallanding.Thecandidateisexpectedtodemonstrateaccuracymaintainingpositionandheadingwhilerespectingalloperatinglimitationsduringthetakeoffsandlandingstoandfromthehover.TheExaminershouldrequestintoandoutofwinddemonstrationsbyusingscenarios,wheneverpossible.Duringthetakeoff,verifythatthecandidatechecksthattheskidsarefree,thecontrolresponse,thepositionofthecyclicfortheCofGandthepowerrequiredtohover.Inastablehover,verifythatthecandidatecheckstemperatures,pressuresandwarninglights.Failuretocarryoutatake-offcheckwillresultinafailureofthisitem.Whenlanding,aseatingcheckwillbeperformedasappropriatetothetypeoflandingsurface.Forexample,whenlandingonapavedsurfacetheseatingcheckonlyneedsminimalprecautioncomparedtoalandingonanunpreparedsurface.
Hover,HoverTaxiandHoveringTurns This exercise is tested in conjunction with the exercise listed before, which includes hover taxiing sideways andrearwards.Theseitemsmaybeaccessedduringthedemonstrationofotheritemsorbyitself.
The Examiner must confirm the candidate's lookout particularly when hover taxiing or turning in a hover in aconfined area, a busy ramp or an area of sloping ground. In addition to into-wind demonstrations, the candidateshouldbeaskedtohoverandhovertaxicrosswindanddownwind,whenconditionspermit.
EngineFailureattheHoverorHoverTaxi,TODP,LDP ItisimportantthattheExaminerusesasuitablelandingarea,suchasarunwayorasmoothgrassysurface.Ifyouarenotfamiliarwiththesite,itisstronglyrecommendedtotestthesurfacepriortotheenginefailure,bylandingonit.ForMEH,theappropriateCATAprocedureswithOEIshallbeapplied.
Transitions Incaseofanactualemergency,adepartureoranarrivalshouldbeconductedintowind,wheneverpossible.Asitisnotalwayspossibletodepartorarriveintowindbecauseofobstaclesorrunwaydirection,thecandidateisexpectedtocompromiseinordertomaximizethepossibilityofasuccessfullandingintheeventofanactualemergency.
MalfunctionsandEmergencyProcedures TheExaminerwilldetermineifhelicopterperformance,weatherconditionsandotherfactorspermitthesafeconductofsimulatedmalfunctionsoremergencyproceduresinflightoronthegroundwiththeenginerunning.Atleasttwoofthemalfunctionsoremergenciesshouldbesimulatedinflight.Theothermalfunctionoremergencymaybetestedonthegroundwiththeengineshutdown.
Examiners shoulduse a random sampling system, so that candidateswill not know in advancewhat to expect. Arandom sampling system should also include diversity in the types of malfunctions or emergencies given to thecandidateduring the flight test.Forexample, ifacandidate isgivenasa firstmalfunctionasimulated transmissionchip indicator, a second malfunction should not be a malfunction that requires similar outcome like a loss oftransmission oil pressure. Anymalfunctions or emergencies that are listed in the Pilot Operating Handbook (POH)and/or anymalfunctions or emergencies relevant to the type that are part of the Flight TrainingManualmay besimulatedandassessedduringanyportionoftheflighttest,includingtailrotorcontrolfailure.
TheExaminermustensure,whensimulatingemergencyorabnormalflightsituationsthatsuitablelandingareasareavailable,ifrequiredtocarryoutapromptprecautionarylanding.Ifasiteisfoundtobeunacceptableforthepurposeofthetestuponcloserinspection,theExaminermaydecidetonotproceedtoanactuallandingbyrequestingthatthecandidaterecovertoahoverorovershoottoaclimb.
AncillaryControlsandAircraftSystems
2ConductofTest/Check
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TrafficCircuit
Thisitemmustbeassessedonacontinuingbasisthroughouttheflighttestandamarkawardedonlyafterthefinallanding.Thiswillensurethatthecandidateisassessedonthedepartureandentryproceduresaswellasacompletecircuitafteratakeoffleadingtoalanding.Examinersareexpectedtofamiliarizethemselveswiththetypeofcircuit,speeds,heights,andpowersettingsusedbytheflight-trainingunitduringthetraining.Whenever possible, use both controlled and uncontrolled aerodromes during the test. The candidate should beassessedon controlledaerodromeproceduresor given simulatedATC clearances and instructionswhen the test isconductedentirelyatanuncontrolledaerodrome.Conversely,thecandidate'sknowledgeofuncontrolledaerodromesandhelicopterprocedureatthoseaerodromesshouldbeassessedwhenthetestisentirelyconductedatcontrolledaerodromes.
SidewaysandRearwardFlight ThisitemistestedinconjunctionwiththeExercise“Hover”.
DecelerationandSteepTurn TheExaminerwillpresentascenariorequiringdecelerationandasteepturntoareciprocalheadinginordertoavoidanobstacle.TheExaminerwillspecifyanentryheadingandanaltitudeforthemaneuvers.
Itisrecommendedthatthismaneuverbeconductedat500feetAGL,andinanycasenotlowerthan300feetAGL.Cautionshouldbeexercised,especiallyinstrongwindconditions,tonotlosetranslationalliftduringanyturnfromintothewindtodownwindatareducedairspeed.Becauseascenarioislimitedbytherestrictionofheightaboveground,theExaminermustexercisegoodjudgmentandcareintheselectionofrealisticscenarios.Youmustensurethatthecandidatefullyunderstandsthescenariothatmayinvolveavoidanceoftowersorweatherphenomenainordertoavoidconfusionwhenassessingtheitem.
Thecandidateisexpectedtoexecute,fromcruisespeedandaspecifiedaltitude,adecelerationtoaspeedbetween50and60knots(orMPH)whilemaintaininganaltitudewithin±200feet,followedimmediatelybyasteepturnwithatleast30,butnotexceeding45°,ofbankthrougha180°changeofheadingtothereciprocaloftheentryheading(±20°).Thecandidateisexpectedtoremainwithin200feetoftheentryaltitudeandanindicatedairspeedrangingbetween40to70knots(orMPH)duringtheturn.Anairspeedwithin±10knots(orMPH)ofthespeedrangemaybeacceptableasamajorerrorifcorrectedinatimelymannerbythecandidate.Aspeeddeviationmorethan10knots(orMPH)aboveorbelowthespeedrangewillbedeemedtobeacriticaldeviation.Theturnwillbeterminatedwithareturntocruisespeedatanaltitudewithin±200feetoftheentryaltitude.AgoodtimetotestthisitemisafterItemAlternateDestinations.
Autorotations Theenginefailurewillbesimulatedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer'sflightmanual,thetechniquewillbeagreeduponduringthepre-flightbriefing.Priortothisexerciseandbeforethethrottleisbroughttotheidleposition,forsimulatinganenginefailure,itisstronglyrecommended,thattheExaminerhaveassessedtheengineidlingcapability,ifitwasnotdoneduringthestart-upprocedure.Theenginefailureataltitudeisusuallyassessedafterthenavigationitem,butcanbetestedatanytimeduringtheflighttest.Examinersshouldvarywheretheyassessthisitemsoasnottobecomepredictablewhentesting.TheExaminermustensurethatasuitablelandingareaexistswithinthecandidate'sfieldofvisionandwithinautorotationalrangeofthehelicopter,incaseofarealenginefailureduringthesimulation.Twotypesofautorotationswillbetestedonestraightinandonewitha180degreeturnandbothwillbeinitiatedfromcruiseatasafeheightbutinnoinstancelessthan500feetAGL.ThetwotypesofautorotationswillbeinitiatedbytheExaminerinamannerthatevaluatesrangevariationduringautorotation.Theapproachesmustinallcasesbeterminatedtoahoverorhover-taxi.Nofull-downautorotationsexceptfromHoverIGEshallbedoneduetomanyexamplesofaccidentsduringexaminations.Beforethecandidateisallowedtodemonstrateautorotationswithpowerrecoverytothehover/hover-taxi,theExaminermustselectasafelandingarea.
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TheExaminerwillhavetodetermineandshowthecandidatetheboundaryoftheselectedtouchdownzone.Thoseboundarieswillbeapproximateinsomecases,buttheymustbewelloutlinedforthecandidatetosee.
Note:TheATOoraircraftowner’spolicyregardingtheminimumwindrequirementforautorotationshastoberespectedwhenthewindislessthan10knots.Whereacandidateexceedsatolerancespecifiedintheperformancecriteriabecauseofpiloterrororpoortechnique,butrecoversinatimelymannerthatisappropriatetothesituation,theperformancepertainingtothatcriterionmaybeacceptable,ifsafetywasnotcompromised.Theperformancewillbedeemedtobea“S”,evenifacorrectionismade,ifatoleranceisexceededbymorethandoublethespecifiedtolerancebecauseofpiloterrororpoortechnique(notduetowind/weather,turbulenceortrafficconditions).Thecandidatewillberequiredtocarryouttwoautorotations,oneofwhichwillincludea180-degreeturn,towardsarectangularpre-selectedtouchdownzone.Atouchdownmorethan100feetoftheboundarieswillbedeemedtobeacriticaldeviation.Theremaybefactorsbeyondthecontrolofthecandidatethatresultedinasimulatedlandingoutsideofthepre-selectedtouchdownzone,evenifthecandidateusedcorrectapproachandlandingtechnique.Inthosecases,theExaminerhasthediscretiontoconsidertheconditionsthatmayhavecausedthedeviationandmarktheitemappropriately.Thenecessityofenteringintoanautorotationisnotonlyrequiredbyapartialorcompletelossofpowerbutalsobyvariousfailuresofthedrivesystems,includingthetailrotorsystem.Groundandweatherconditionsbringanumberofvariablestoanautorotation.Consequently,itisveryimportantthatacandidatebewellpreparedinadaptingtothosevariables.Examinerstoooftenassessautorotationsbasedonlyonthefinaloutcomestatingthat“Itwassurvivable;thereforefullmarksshouldbegiven”.Theoutcomeofsuchanautorotationmaybeacceptable,butitisimpossibletoevaluateifthecandidatecouldadapttovariablesconditionsandmaketherequiredcorrectionsnecessaryfortheoutcometoalwaysbeacceptableorsurvivable.
PilotNavigation Unless the candidate encounters delays obtainingweather or other necessary information,preparation, excludingweightandbalancecomputations,shouldbecompletedwithin45minutes. Ifthecross-countryflightisassignedinadvance, the candidate may make preliminary preparations such as initial route selection, map preparation,determinationofheadings,andselectionofpossiblealternatesandinitialflightlogentriespriortotheflighttest.Inthiscase,thecandidateshould,afterobtainingweatherinformation,completeallfinalpreparation,includingweightandbalancecomputations,within45minutes.The candidatewill be assessedonhis ability to fly thehelicopter to set headingover a pre-selectedpoint or tointercepttheenrouteintendedtrack.Ifduetooperationalrequirements,suchasvectorsfromATC,thecandidateisunabletostartfromoverthepre-selectedsetheadingpoint,assessmentshouldbebasedontheabilitytoadapttothenewcircumstancesandthemannerthatthedepartureprocedureisaltered.Thecandidateshouldbeallowedenoughtimeaftersettingheadingtodetermineatrackerror,whensuitablecheckpointsaresparse.Thealternatedestinationitemisnotatestofpurenavigationalskillsbutisanassessmentoftheabilitytoproceedtoanalternatedestinationusingmentaldeadreckoningandgeographicalfeaturessuchasroads,railways,rivers,etc.,iftheyareavailable.Apartorallthenavigationshouldbecarriedoutat500feetAGLoraminimumsafealtitudewhicheverishigher.Asafeheightaboveground,evenifalteredduringtheflight,mustbemaintained.ThecandidateisexpectedtolettheExaminerknowof intentionalaltitudeand/orheadingchanges.Thecandidatemust respect theminimumaltitudesoveranddistancesfrombuilt-upareas,personsorstructures.Thisitemmaybeassessedwhilereturningtotheaircraftbase.AsthemostcommonnavigationaidforVFRpilotsistheGPS, it isrecommendedthattheinstalledGPSunitbeutilizedforthis item.IfnoGPS is installed,thecandidatemayuseeitheraVORreceiveroranADF.
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This item will be assessed during the navigation to an alternate destination or at any time that the candidate isrequiredtoflyatlowerlevels.Thecandidateisexpectedtodemonstrategoodjudgmentwhenencounteringlivestock,built-upareas,structures,lakesorrisinggroundwhileflyingatlowaltitudes.ThecandidatemuststayoutoftheHeightVelocityDiagramcautionareasexceptwhennecessaryfortheoperation.Thisitemprovidesagoodopportunitytoevaluatethecandidate'spracticalknowledge,withbrieforalquestions,inregardtopreventativetechniquestobeusedintheeventofanencounterwithpoorweatherorwhiteoutconditions.Ifnecessary,theExaminermayassesspartofthisitemthroughquestioningontheground.
SlopingGroundOperations TheExaminerwillconsiderallfactorswhenselectingalandingsite,especiallythesurfaceconditionsandtheeffectofthewind.Thisitemcanbetestedinconjunctionwiththeconfinedareasitem,oranyotheritemthatrequireslandingonadoubtfulsurface.Particularattentionmustbepaidtothetailrotortoensurethatitiskeptclearoftheslopeandanyobstacles.
AdvancedTakeoffsandLandings TheExaminermayassessthisitemduringtheconfinedareasitem,exceptforthegroundeffecttakeoff,andtheno-hoverlanding,whichshouldbetestedduringthecircuitwork.Youshouldnotrequestaspecifictakeofforlandingbutratheruseascenariothatallowsthecandidatetodeterminethemostappropriateproceduretouse.Youmustensurethattheconditionsdescribedinthescenarioarecleartothecandidate.Forexample,youshoulddescribesurfaceconditionsthatwillleadthecandidatetochooseano-hovertakeoff,ifthatiswhatyouwantthecandidatetodemonstrate.
ConfinedAreas It ishighly recommended tousea scenario for testing this itemparticularlywith candidates for theCommercialPilotLicense.Inmostnormaloperations,acustomerwillasktobebroughttoaparticularworksiteandthehelicopterpilotwilldeterminetheclosestandmostsuitableareatolandthehelicopter.Thescenarioshouldbebasedonthoseparticulars,asthisrequiresthecandidatetochoosetheconfinedarea. Insomecases, thecandidatewillchooseanareathatisverylargebutisalogicalchoice.TheExaminerwilltheninformthecandidatetoignorethatchoicefortheneedsof the testand tochooseanother smaller confined landingarea. Ifmorepracticable, theother landingareamaybechosenbytheExaminer.If the Examiner selects the confined area, the Examinermust choose a site that demands careful appraisal by thecandidateandnotonethatiseitherverysmallorverylarge.Theobjectiveistodeterminethecandidate’sabilitytocarryoutsafeandefficientconfinedareaoperations;itisnottoassesshowsmallanareaacandidatecanoperatein.The size of the site should be large enough for the type of helicopter, considering all factors. Nevertheless, theExaminer may choose an alternate field if the candidate has doubts about the suitability of the site. It is notuncommonforanExaminertodescribeaspecificconfinedareathatisunderstoodbythecandidatetobeadifferentone. Examiners have to be very clear to ensure that their candidates are looking at the same site that they aredescribing. To avoid confusion, you could ask the candidate to describe the intended confined area back to you.Wheneverpossible,theapproachshouldterminateinahoverovertheproposedlandingspot.Examinersshouldsetrealisticscenariostoassesssideways,backwards,slopelandingsandadvancedtakeoffsandlandings.Thecandidatemustassess thepowerrequired for thetypeofdepartureplanned.For this item,ascenario-baseddeparture that simulates restricted performance capabilities may be used when utilizing a higher performancehelicopterfortheflighttest.TheExaminershouldletthecandidateknowearlyenoughinthedepartureofasituationrequiringthecandidatetorejectthedeparturetoenableasafereturntoahoveroralanding.
Note:Provided theaimof the item isaccomplished ina safeandorganisedmanner,Examiners shouldnotbeadverselyinfluencediftheprocedureuseddeviatesslightlyfromtheirpreferredtechnique.
MinimumSafeAltitudeOperations
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InstrumentFlying Afterdonningaview-limitingdevice,thecandidateshouldbeallowedenoughtimetosettledowninstraightandlevelflight,beforespecificmaneuversarerequested.Therequiredfullpanelmaneuversshouldbeconductedbeforerequestinglimitedpanelwork.Whenassessingrecoveryfromtheunusualattitude,theExaminershouldplacethehelicopterinthedesiredunusualattitudeandthengivecontroltothecandidatestatingloudlyandclearly"Youhavecontrol".Onenose-uporonenose-downattitudewithorwithoutbankwillbedemonstrated,usingfullpanelforprivatepilotcandidatesandusinglimitedpanelforcommercialpilotcandidates.Unusualattituderecoveriesshouldbecompletedatasafeheightornolessthan1000feetaboveground.TheflighttestguideandtheflighttestreportplaceInstrumentFlying,asnearlythelastflighttestiteminbothdocuments.ThisisnotintendedtogiveExaminerstheimpressionthatinstrumentflyingmustcomeattheconclusionofthetest.Examinersshouldconsiderconductingthisitemapproximatelymid-waythroughthetestwhenplanningtheirflighttestprofile.
RadioCommunication Assessmentofcorrectradioproceduresshouldbeconductedthroughouttheflighttest.Thisitemcanbesimulatedquiteeasily if theATO isnotnearanATC facility,and theExaminercanassessmuchof this itemon theground, ifrequired.Theuseofapracticalscenario isanexcellentmethodto let thecandidatemakethedecisionastowhichradiocommunicationservicestoemploy.
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INTENTIONALLYLEFTBLANK
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ThenominatedtolerancesareextractedfromPART-FCL.Tolerancefiguresaretobeusedasthebasisforassessmentontheperfectdayinaneasilyhandledaeroplane/helicopter.Sincethiscombinationisrare,theExaminershallmakeallowanceforturbulentconditionsandthehandlingqualitiesandperformanceofthetypeofaeroplane/helicopterused.Applicantsmaybeadvisedthat,duringtheflight,theyshouldconcernthemselvesonlywithflyingandoperatingtheaeroplane/helicoptertothebestoftheirabilityandnotattempttoremainwithinthetolerancestothedetrimentofsmoothhandling.
Testtolerances-RefertoPART-FCLforchangestothisquickreferencetable
PROFILE LAPL&PPLSkillTests
CPLSkillTestIR,ATPLandalltypeor
classskilltestandproficiencychecks
AltitudeorHeight(infeet)
NormalFlight +/-150 +/-100 +/-100
Withsimulatedenginefailure/majoremergency +/-200PPLMEonly +/-150 +/-100
Startinggo-aroundatdecisionalt/ht +50/-0Minimumdescentaltitude/height +50/-0
TrackingOnradioaids +/-10 +/-5 +/-5°
Onradioaidswithsim.eng.fail. +/-15PPLMEonly
Precisionapproach halfscaledeflectionazimuthandglidepath
HeadingAllenginesoperating +/-10 +/-10 +/-5
Withsimulatedenginefailure +/-15PPL(ME)only +/-15 +/-10
Speeds(inknots)Take-offandapproach +15/-5 +/-5 +5/-0Climb,cruiseanddescent +/-15 +/-10
Withsimulatedenginefailure +15/-5 +10/-5 +10/-5
Quickreference:
Module5–TestTolerance(AeroplaneandHelicopter)
1Aeroplane
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Testtolerances-RefertoPART-FCLforchangestothisquickreferencetable
PROFILE LAPL&PPLSkillTests
CPLSkillTest
IRSkillTestandallotherRatingissue,
RevalidationsandRenewals
AltitudeorHeight
NormalFlight ±150ft ±100ft ±100ftWithsimulatedmajoremergency ±200ft ±150ft ±100ftHoveringIGE ±2ft ±2ft ±2ftLimitedorpartialpanel ±200ft ±200ftStartinggo-aroundatdecisionalt/ht +50ft/-0ftMinimumdescentaltitude/height +50ft/-0ft`Notbelow'minima(fromFAFaltitudedowntoMDA/H)
-0ft
Circlingminima +100ft/-0ft
TrackingAtalltimeswhenusingasingleneedledisplay ±10°* ±10° +5°
Atalltimeswhenusingadeviationbardisplay Fullscaledeflection*
Fullscaledeflection
Halfscaledeflectionazimuthandglidepath(precisionapproach)
DMEarcing +1nm
HeadingNormalflight ±10°* ±10° +5°Withsimulatedmajoremergency ±15°* ±15° ±10°LimitedorPartialpanel ±15° ±15°
Speeds(inknots)
Take-offandapproach +15/-10kt Take-offandapproachmulti-engine ±5kt ±5ktAllotherflightregimes ±15kt ±10kt ±10ktLimitedorPartialPanel ±10ktWithsimulatedenginefailure +10/-5kt
GroundDrift(infeet)
TOhoverIGE ±3ft±3ft ±3ft
Landing Nosidewaysorbackwardsmovement
±2ft0ftrearwardorlateralflight
Quickreference:
2Helicopter
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AguidetothestructureofthePPLskilltestforthetrainingoftheFEfortheLAPLandPPL.ThefollowingcommentsandinformationareofferedtoassisttheExaminertoconductathoroughflighttest.Thesesuggestionswillaidinmakingaccurateassessmentsoftheapplicant’sskillandknowledge.AllitemsoftheskilltestshouldbeperformedutilisingtheFlightTestStandardsofModule3/4andTolerancesofModule5.
EveryitemofeverysectionistobeassessedbytheFE.Someitemsmustbeassessedthroughadedicatedexercise,forinstance,item2.g.requiresanairwork.Otheritemsareassessedwithoutsettingaparticulardrillbecause:
1. theycanbeassessedthroughthenormalsituationsoftheflight.Forinstance,items2.c.(climbingturnsandlevelingoff)haveachancetobeobservablewithintheveryfirstminutesoftheflight.
2. theyareassessedthroughthewholeflight,oraportionofit.Forinstance,items2.aor3.h(ATCliaison)oritem3.bmaintainingaltitude,headingandspeed.
Module6–LALPandPrivatePilotLicense(AeroplaneandHelicopter)-LAPL/PPL(A/H)
1Foreword
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Part-FCLreference
AMC1FCL.1220;FCL.125//AMC1FCL.125//AMC2FCL.125//AMC1FCL125;FCL.235//AMC2FCL.125;FCL.235
Whocantest:
FE,providedthattheyareindividuallyauthorisedforthisrole.Examinersshallnottestapplicantstowhomtheyhavegivenflightinstructionforthatlicense.WhenanattemptistakenastwoflightsbothpartsaretobeconductedbythesameExaminer.
Formused: NationalForms
2.1CheckofTheoreticalKnowledgeEnsurethatquestionsaskedarerelativetotheaeroplane/helicopterbeingusedfortheflighttest.
Aeroplane/HelicopterPerformance 1. TheapplicantmayusethePilotOperatingManualtodetermineinformationotherthanessentialperformancespeeds
listedintheflightteststandardsasmemoryitems.2. Recordtheanswersgiventoquestionsregardingthebestangleofclimbspeed,bestrateofclimbspeed,stallspeedin
the landing configuration and manoeuvring speed so that during the flight test the actual speeds flown in theappropriateexercisesmaybe compared.Questions relating to thePilotOperatingManual shouldbe “operational”questions, particularly if the conditionsof temperaturewind strengthetc. existing at the timeof flight test canbeutilised.
MassandBalance-Loading 1. Make this a practical exercise and relate themass and balance problem to the proposed cross-country flight. The
applicant should also be asked to correct an out of CG situation, and questioned to determine understanding ofextremeCGlocationsandtheresultingeffectonaeroplane/helicopterhandlingandperformance.
2. Shouldtherebeanydoubtwithregardtothecompletedmassandbalanceformpresentedbyanapplicant,thelevel
ofknowledgeshouldbedeterminedbythoroughquestioninginthisarea.
Quickreference:
2Aeroplane
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2.2ConductofTest/Check
Pre-FlightInspection Aftertheapplicanthascompletedthepre-flightinspectionafewquestionsrelatingtotheflighttestaeroplane/helicoptershouldbeasked.Forexample,theeffectofthecarburettorintakefiltersbeingblockedoritslocationand,subsequently,determiningwhethertheapplicantknowsthefunctionofallintakes,screensandfilters.
EngineStartingandRun-up.UseofBriefing/checklists 1. Checktoseeiftheapplicantusesthebriefing/checklistprovidedintheaeroplaneorhelicopter.IftheExaminerdoes
notagreewiththecontentofthebriefing/checklist,theapplicantshouldnotbepenalised.ThiswouldbeanitemfortheExaminertodiscusswiththetrainingunitorestablishment,andifnecessarytheHCAA.
2. ThecheckcarriedoutbyanapplicantshouldcoveratleasttheitemsmentionedintheappropriatePilotOperating
Handbook.Theapplicantshouldbequestionedatthistimetodeterminewhatactionwouldbetakenifthechecksrevealedaproblem,(e.g.excessivemagneto-drop,instrumentsnotindicatingwhenmixtureorcarburettorheatcontrols,etc.areselectedand/orreset).
3. Theapplicantisexpectedtoconducttheoralpassengersafetybriefingatthistime.
AncillaryControls Theapplicantshouldbeknowledgeableconcerningtheuseofthecarburettorheat,mixturecontrolandanyotherancillarycontrolsfittedtotheaeroplane/helicopterusedfortheflighttest.Leaningproceduresshouldbeexaminedduringtheflight,ortestedorally.Useofthemixturecontroltosmoothoutroughrunningfollowingtheapplicationandremovalofcarburettorheatinflightshouldbeassessedifsuchconditionsexist,orbeexaminedbyquestioning.
Taxiing Ifthetestisconductedunderzeroorlightwindconditions,itisappropriatethat,whiletaxiing,theapplicantbeaskedtodemonstratehowthecontrolsshouldbeheldundervaryingwindconditions,forexamplecrosswind,orawindblowingfromafrontorrearquarter.
SteepTurn Forthesteepturnrememberthattheapplicantisbeingassessedon4parameters:altitude,airspeed,andangleofbankandrecoveryheading.Therefore,yourrequestmustbespecificinallfourareastoavoidconfusion.Thereferencepointforresumingstraightflightshouldbenarrowbutprominent,andclearlyvisible.TheExaminermusttaketimetoensurethattheapplicanthasinmindthesamereferencepointinordertoavoidinaccurateassessment.
SlowFlight Theaimofthisexerciseistodeterminethattheapplicantcanestablishslowflight,controltheaeroplane/helicopterandreturntonormalairspeeds.Theapplicantmustbeabletosettheaeroplaneinslowflightandchangeheadingwithappropriateangleofbankandthenresumenormalflight,atalltimeskeepingcontrol(bank,speed,altitude,slip).Failuretopreventastallmustbeassessedasafail.
Stall TheExaminermustbeawareofthemanufacturer’srecommendationinthisregardforthetypeofaeroplanetobeusedontheflighttest.TheFCLrequirementisforastallwithaminimumlossofaltitude.
Take-off 1. ItissuggestedthattheExaminerdoesnotrequestaspecifictake-off;ratheritisrecommendedascenariobeusedso
thattheapplicantisrequiredtodecidewhatproceduretouse.2. AircraftconfigurationandairspeedsutilisedshouldbethosespecifiedinthePilotOperatingHandbook.
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Circuit Ifpossible,itisrecommendedthatbothcontrolledanduncontrolledaerodromesbeusedduringthetestiftheyareconvenientlyavailableinordertocheckthattheappropriateproceduresarecorrectlyutilised.
ApproachandLanding Inassessingtheabilitytolandwithinapre-determinedtouchdownzoneitisnotintendedthatExaminersturnthisitemintoaspotlandingexercise,rathertheapplicant’sabilitytolandwithinaspecifiedportionoftherunwayistobeassessed.Theovershootwillbeassessedinconjunctionwiththisexercise.
SimulatedPrecautionaryLanding Whenrequestingthisexercisebespecificwhenoutliningthereasonsrequiringalanding;ifitisduetosimulatedweatherconditions,thenclearlyspecifythesimulatedceiling,visibility,etc.,anddonotalterthemduringtheprocedure.Remember,theaimoftheexerciseistocarryouttheproceduresforsafelandinginasuitableareaandprovidedtheprocedureusedisorganisedandlogicalandtheaircraftconfigurationisasstipulatedinthePilotOperatingHandbook,Examinersshouldnotbeadverselyinfluencediftheprocedurevariesslightlyfromtheirownprocedure.Ifasuitableaerodromeisavailable,itisdesirabletoasktheapplicanttocarrytheapproachthroughtoalanding.ThiswillenabletheExaminertoassessabilitytocarryoutashortorsoftfieldlandingwiththisexercise.
SimulatedForcedLanding Theenginefailurewillbesimulatedinaccordancewiththemethodrecommendedbythemanufacturer.Enginefailureshouldbesimulatedfromsufficientheight(seealsolimitationsforcheckflightsinmodule2)topermittheapplicanttimetoclearlydemonstratehisknowledgeofproceduresandskill.ThepracticeshouldbegivenwithoutadvancewarningfromtheExaminer,however,theExaminershouldensurethatsomechoiceoflandingareaexistswithinthefieldofvisionoftheapplicantandwithinglidingrangeoftheaircraft.Providedtheaimoftheexerciseisaccomplishedinanorganisedmanner,theExaminershouldnotbeadverselyinfluencediftheprocedureusedvariesslightlyfromtheExaminer’sownprocedure.TheExaminerwilltakecareoftheengineduringthedescentsoastoensuresafetyinthegoaround.Thepracticeofleavingsomepoweronandachievinganormaldescentangleandairspeedbyusingflapisacceptable.Examinersshoulddeterminetheapplicant’sintentionwithregardtotheproceduretobeusedduringthisexerciseduringthepre-flightbriefing.
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2.3EnrouteNavigation
Pre-FlightPlanningProcedures Thissectionclarifiesthedescriptionofwhatisexpectedoftheapplicant,andtheAcceptablePerformancehasbeenamendedanditemisedratherthanjustashortglobalstatementofthecriteria.Theapplicantshall:
1. Selectasafeandefficientroutecomplyingwithair-regulation.2. ObtainandinterpretweatherandNOTAMinformation3. Determinetheappropriatedepartureprocedure4. Determinetheacceptabilityofthedepartureanddestinationrunwaysunderexistingorforecast
conditionsWhenassigningtheroute,Examinersshouldtrytoselectadestinationthatwillprovidetheapplicantwithsuitableterrainandsufficienten-routecheckpoints.Theapplicant’scompletedcalculationsshouldbeverifiedforaccuracy.
DepartureProcedure Applicantsarenotrestrictedtojustonemethodofdeparture.Theyhavetheoptionofdeterminingtheappropriatedepartureproceduretouseforthegivenlocation.Theassessmentshouldbebasedonabilitytoadapttothenewcircumstancesandthemannerinwhichdepartureprocedureisaltered.
EnrouteProcedure Withrespecttotime,ifnosuitablecheckpointsareavailable,extratimeshouldbeallowedtoenabletheapplicanttodetermineifatrackerrorexists.Properselectionoftheassignedrouteshouldpreventthissituation.
DiversiontoanAlternate WhenExaminerschoosetocarryoutthediversionafteraseriesofotherflighttestmanoeuvres,theExaminermustallowtime,andifrequired,beofsomeassistancewhiletheapplicantarrangesthechartanddeterminestheirexactlocation.FollowingthisproceduretheExaminerwillrequestthediversion.Itwillnotalwaysbefeasibletotestthediversionatlowlevel,butwhenExaminersdothetestinthismannertheymustconsiderthefollowing:
1. Regulations,builtupareas,etc.2. Safetyconsiderations,suitabilityofthearea,altitude,obstructions3. “Annoyance”topeopleorlivestock,and4. Examinersshallnotusethisexercisetosettheapplicantupfora
contraventionoftheregulations.Whentestedatlowlevel(reasonableheight)theselecteddestinationshouldnotrequiretheapplicanttoover-flypopulatedareasen-route.Rememberthisisnotatestofpurenavigationalskillsbutanassessmentofabilitytoproceedtoanalternateusingmentaldeadreckoningandnaturalgeographicfeaturessuchasroads,railwaytracksetc.,iftheyareavailable.Rulers,protractors,andcomputersshallnotbeusedforthisprocedure.Withrespecttotheestimatedtimeofarrival,andtheactualtimeofarrivalatthealternate,nohardnumbershavebeenestablishedasacriterion.Examinersmayacceptanestimatedtimeofarrivalforthisexercisewhichisreasonable,andwhichwouldensurethatthediversioncouldbeconductedasplanned.
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InstrumentFlyingandUseofRadioNavigationAids Theapplicantwillperformabasicinstrumentcheck(180°turninsimulatedIMC).
EmergencyProcedures 1. IftheflighttestaeroplaneisonewithwhichtheExaminerisnotthoroughlyfamiliarthePilotOperatingHandbook
shouldbestudiedbeforeaskingtheapplicanttodemonstratetheabilitytodealwithvarioussimulatedemergencies.2. Itisnotintendedthatallpossibleemergencyproceduresbeassessedwitheachandeveryapplicant.TheExaminer
shouldrequesttwoemergencyproceduresinthetestingofthisexercise,onewhileairborneandtheotherwiththeaeroplaneontheground.Examinershouldusearandomsamplingsystem,varyingtheemergencyproceduresrequestedtopreventtheExaminersflighttestfrombecomingknowntotheapplicants,andtoensureallsystemsandemergencyprocedureshavebeencoveredintraining.
3. OnemethodfoundveryeffectivebymanyExaminers,andone,whichyoumaywishtousewhenassessingtheemergencyontheground,istoassessthisexerciseeitherpriortoenginestart-uporuponreturningtotheapron,whentheengineisshutdown.Withcontrolsinthenormalshutdownposition,theExaminerplacesthethrottle,mixture,relatedswitches,andthevariousancillarycontrolsetc.,inthepositiontheywouldnormallybeforanenginerunningatcruisepower.TheExaminerwillthendescribetotheapplicantanemergencysituationsuchasanenginefire.TheExaminermaythenmakeanassessmentbasedonhowtheapplicantactuallypositionstheappropriatecontrols,switchesorvalvesassociatedwiththedrillratherthanassessingonlyaverbalstatementofhowthingsshouldbedone.Utilisingthismethodshouldprecludeanapplicantfromreceivingafavourableassessmentbasedontheabilitytoreciteanemergencydrillwhentheyinfacthavenounderstandingorappreciationoftheactionthedrillrequires.
4. Examinershouldnotcompoundtherequestedemergencies,norrequestsomanythatitbecomesanexerciseinenduranceuptoapointthatproceduresareneglectedorperformedincorrectly.
RadioCommunications 1. ThedemonstrationofcorrectradioproceduresthroughoutthewholeflightrequirestheExaminertomakethe
assessmentofthisexerciseonlywhentheflighthasbeencompleted.2. Assessmentistobebasedupontheapplicant’sabilitytouseproperradioprocedures,respondtoandactuponATC
clearancesandinstructionsandobtainweatherinformationandupdateotherflightrelateddata.Wherenecessary,thisexercisecanbesimulatedbytheExamineriftheflighttestisnotconductednearanATCfacility.IfrequiredtheExaminercanassessmuchofthisexerciseontheground.Theuseofapracticalscenarioisanexcellentmethodtolettheapplicantmakethedecisionastowhichradiocommunicationservicestoemploy.
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Quickreference:
LAPL/PPL(H)SKILLTESTEASAReference:
PartFCLSubpartA&AMC2.FCL.125(LAPL)SubpartB&AMC.FCL.110H(PPL)AMC2FCL.235(ContentofSkillTest)
Whocantest:
FE(LAPL)-LAPLonly,FE(PPL),FE(CPL).TheStaffFEistonominateanExaminerforthethirdandsubsequentSeries.
• Whenanattemptistakenastwoflightsboththeen-routeprocedureandgeneralhandlingaretobeconductedbythesameExaminer.
Formused: NationalForm
Testformat:
SkillTestasdescribedinAMC2.FCL235.ThetestmaybeconductedintwopartsonthesamedaybythesameExaminer.Ifthetestisunabletobecompleted,thetestformshallbemarked'incomplete'.IftheincompletetestiscompletedonasubsequentdatethenanewExaminersreportformshallbeused.
Notes:
Training• ApplicantsmusthavecompletedtherelevantsyllabusoftrainingasprescribedbyPartFCLand
presentevidenceofcompletionofallthetrainingandarecommendationfromtheATOforthetest.
• IfthePPLtestistobeconductedonaMulti-EngineaircraftthenapplicantsmustcomplywiththeClass/typeratingrequirementsforMEaircraftatPartFCLSubpartH.
Validity: Skilltestmustbestartedwithin6monthsofcompletingflightinstructionandsubsequenttestsmustbecompletedwithin6monthsofthefirstattempt.
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AguidefortheExaminerontheskilltestfortheCPL(A)andCPL(H).
AllitemsoftheskilltestshouldbeperformedutilisingtheFlightTestStandardsofModule3/4andTolerancesofModule5.
Quickreference:
Part-FCLreference
Appendix4toPART-FCL
Whocantest:
FEprovidedthattheyareindividuallyauthorisedforthisrole
Examinersshallnottestapplicantstowhomtheyhavegivenflightinstructionforthatlicense.
WhenanattemptistakenastwoflightsbothpartsaretobeconductedbythesameExaminer.
Formused: NationalForms
GeneralNote
InsituationswhentheExaminerdoesnotoccupyapilotseatheisresponsibleforbriefingthesafetypilot(PilotinCommand)onhisdutiesthroughoutthetest.
Applicantswillbeassessedonallaspectsoftheaeroplaneoperation.Soundbasicandhandlingskillsareessentialaswellasairmanship,navigation,instrumentflying,correctR/Tphraseology,cockpitandoverallflightmanagement.TheExaminermayelecttoevaluatecertainaspectsbyoralquestioning.
TheCPLSkillTestisdividedintosixmainsections.Section1 Pre-flightoperationsanddepartureSection2 GeneralAirworkSection3 En-routeproceduresSection4 ApproachandlandingproceduresSection5 AbnormalandemergencyproceduresSection6 Simulatedasymmetricflightandrelevantclass/typeitems
Allsectionsofthetestaretobecompletedinthecourseofoneflight.ThesequenceofsectionsmayvarydependingoncircumstancesandtheExaminer’sbriefingwillincludetheexpectedprofile.Examinersareresponsibleforensuringanefficienttestbutapplicantsmustremainadaptable,particularlyifweatherconditions,ATC'slot'timesetc.,subsequentlydictateadifferentscenarioduringtheflight.
GM1FCL.1015requiresthatthedurationoftheflightistobeatleast90minutes.Section3normallytakesabout1hourand15minutes,andSections2and4combinedabout1hour.Section5maybecombined,atthediscretionoftheExaminer,withSections1through4,andSection6,whereapplicable,maybecombinedwithSection1through5.
Thewholetestcould,therefore,takeupto2hoursand30minutes.
TheCPLSkillTestisverydemanding.Itisappreciatedthateventhemost'professional'or'talented'pilotscanmakemistakes.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatafailureshouldresult.
Thefollowingnotesreflectthestyleandsequenceofthebriefingthattheapplicantmayexpecttohear.However,theExaminermaymakevariationsinthedeliveryofthebriefingandmayhavetomodifythesequenceinwhichitemsarebriefedandflown.Frompre-flighttopost-flighttheapplicantwillbeassessedonhisgeneralflightmanagementandflyingskills.
1.1General
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1.2ConductofTest/Check
Theapplicantwillbeexpectedtocarryoutasafeandpracticalinspectionoftheaeroplanepriortoflight,andmustbeawareoftheservicingoperationsthatheisentitledtocarryoutontheaeroplane.Theapplicantwillbeexpectedtoproceedwiththechecksatapracticalpaceandwithreferencetothechecklist.WherevisualchecksaremadetheseshouldbedescribedtotheExamineronlyifrequested.Pre-flightchecksoftheradioandnavigationequipmentshouldincludealltheequipment,whichtheapplicantproposestouseduringtheflight.TheExaminermustbebriefed,asapassenger,onthepositionandmethodoftheuseofemergencyexits,safetybelts,safetyharnesses,oxygenequipment,lifejackets,andallotherdevicesintendedforusebypassengersinthecaseofemergency.TheapplicantmustinstructtheExaminerontheactionsheshouldtakeintheeventofanemergency.PassengerbriefingcardsareacceptablebuttheExaminermayaskquestions.
TheapplicantmustbepreparedtodealwithactualorsimulatedAbnormalorEmergencyOperationsatanystage.TheExaminermaysimulate,forexample,anenginefireduringstartup.
Theapplicantisexpectedtotakeaccountofallfactorsthatmayaffectasafetake-offanddeparture.
ThedepartureperformedshallcomplywithanyinstructionsgivenbyATC.
ThroughoutthissectiontheExaminerwillberesponsiblefornavigationandATCliaison,buttheapplicantwillalsoberesponsibleforlookoutandcollisionavoidance(exceptwhenIMCissimulated).Thefollowingitemswillbeassessedinthevisualandinstrumentsub-sectionsofSection2.
VisualAirwork
Controloftheaeroplanebyexternalvisualreferenceincluding:1. Straightandlevelflightatvariousairspeedsandconfigurations.Climbinganddescendingat
variousspeedsandrateswhichmayincludebestangle(Vx)andbestrate(Vy).2. Flightatcriticallylowairspeedsandslowflightmanoeuvres.3. Turns,includingturnsinlandingconfiguration;levelsteepturnsatnotlessthan45°bank;
steepturnsincleanconfiguration.4. Flightatcriticallyhighairspeeds(approachingVNE)andrecognitionof,andrecoveryfrom,
spiraldives.Thesemanoeuvresareoftencombined;theExaminermayputtheaeroplaneintoasteepdiveoraspiraldivewithspeedincreasingrapidlyandhandcontroltotheapplicanttoinitiateappropriaterecoveryactioneithertostraightandlevelflightorintoaclimb.
5. Recognitionandrecoveryfromstalls:Theapplicantshouldrecoveratthefirstsymptomoftheapproachingstall.Allrecoveriesshallbemadewiththeminimumlossofheightandreturningtoacleanclimb,wingslevel.
InstrumentAirwork Controloftheaeroplanebysolereferencetoinstrumentsincluding:
FullPanelLevelflightinthecruiseconfiguration.Levelturnsatrateoneorbankanglesupto30°.Climbinganddescendingturnsatgivenratesandspeeds.
LimitedPanel1. Flightreferencebyturnandslip/turncoordinatorindicator,standbycompassandperformanceinstrumentsonly2. Straightandlevelflightatgivenspeeds.3. Levelturnsontogivenheadingsatrateoneusingtimedorcompassturns.4. ClimbandDescendatcruisespeedinstraightflight.5. Recoveryfromunusualattitudes.(Recoveryshouldbemadetotrimmedstraightandlevelflightwithminimum
lossofheight).
Section1
Section2
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Section3isusuallyflownafterDeparturetoensureanefficientflowtotheflight.DuringthissectionoftheflighttheaeroplaneisassumedtobeonapassengercarryingoperationunderVisualFlightRules.Whentheaeroplanehasachievedcruisingaltitudeandisonheadingfortheturningpoint,theapplicantshouldconfirmtotheExaminertheheading,altitude,andETA,thereafteradvisinganychanges,(forexample,"2minuteslateatmyhalfwaypoint-therevisedETAisnow..."etc).CorrectionstoheadingorETAshallbecalculatedratherthanbasedontrackcrawling,impulseorinspiration.Theapplicantisexpectedtonavigatebyvisualpositioninginapracticalway,nottofeaturecrawl.Numerousheadingoraltitudechangesthataretheresultofpoorflyingmayconstituteafailinthissection.TheapplicantisexpectedtomakechangestohisheadingandETAinordertocorrectdeviationsfromhisplan.Radionavigationaidsmaynotbeusedduringonelegoftheen-routesection.Inordertoassessapplicantsabilitytonavigatebyvisualreference;Atsomestagetheapplicantwillbeinstructedtocarryoutadiversionfromhisplannedtracktoanalternativelocation.Thisisnotanemergencyprocedure.Aprominentlocationwillbepin-pointedontheapplicant’schart.Theapplicantmaybeaskedtocommencethediversionatorbeforeaplannedturningpoint.Theapplicantshouldnominatehisheading,altitudeandETAforthediversion.AtsomestagetheExaminerwillsimulatepoorweatherbysimulatingIMC.Theapplicantshouldtakeappropriateactiontoestablishsafeflight.DuringthetimeundersimulatedIMCtheapplicantshouldcontinuetonavigateandestablishtheaeroplane'sgeographicalpositionbyusingradionavigationtechniques.TheinformationmayonlybeobtainedbyVOR,DME,orADF,GPSshouldnotbeusedasaprimarynavigationaid.WhentheExaminerdecidestoreturntoVMCtheapplicantwillbeexpectedtofixhispositionvisuallyandcontinuetonavigatetothediversionpointusingvisualandradioaidsfixingasrequired.GPS(rawdatalatitudeandlongitudeonly)andRNAVmaybeusedasaidstovisualnavigation.Demonstrationofradioaidtrackingwillberequiredatsomestage;theExaminerwilldecidewhentoaskforthisexercisetoensureefficientuseoftimeandairspacethisexercisesmaybecombinedwithanothersection.HewillnominatetheNDBorVORtobeusedandthetracktobeintercepted.Throughoutthissectiontheapplicantwillbeexpectedtodemonstrateasatisfactorystandardofflight.
ThissectionmaybeflownatthebaseaerodromeoratanalternateaerodromenominatedbytheExaminerbeforeflight.Applicantswillbeexpectedtocarryoutasafeandexpeditiousjointothecircuit.Thisinvolvesentrytothemostconvenientpointinthecircuitwiththeaeroplaneintheappropriateconfigurationandatthecorrectspeed.Applicantswillbeexpectedtocarryoutanumberofapproachesandlandings(usually‘touchandgo’landings)involvingthefollowing:NormallandingCrosswindlanding(whenpractical)
1. Goaroundfromalowheight/altitude2. ShortfieldorPerformancelanding.Thismaybecombinedwithasimulatedbadvisibility/lowlevelcircuit.In
ordertoassessthisexercisetheExaminermaylimittheamountofrunwayavailable.3. Approachandlandingwithidlepower(SEonly).TheExaminermaylimittheamountofrunwayavailable.4. Approachandlandingwithouttheuseofflaps5. Postflightaction.Theapplicantwillberesponsiblefortaxyingandparking,afterlandingandshutdown
checksandthecompletionofaeroplanedocumentation.ThroughoutthissectiontheapplicantisalsoresponsibleforATCliaison,altimetryandlookout.
Section3
Section4
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TheitemsofthissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through4.TheExaminerwillsimulateanabnormaloremergencysituation;theapplicantisexpectedtocarryouttheappropriateemergencyactionsbytouchdrillsonly.Emergencyradiocallsshouldbemadealoudbutnottransmitted.ApplicantsshouldnotassumethatanysimulatedemergencyiscompleteuntiltoldbytheExaminer.
ApplicantsattemptingtheSkillTestinamulti-engineaeroplane(notcentre-linethrust)willbeexpectedtoflytheexercisesinSection6.Atasafeheightaftertake-offtheExaminerwillsimulateanenginefailurebyclosingoneofthethrottles.Theapplicantwillbeexpectedtoretaincontroloftheaeroplane,identifythe‘failed’engineandcarryoutthe appropriate engine shut down and propeller feathering proceduresusing touch drills. On completion of thesedrills, because the applicant’s actions would have resulted in the engine security and propeller pitch being set asrequired, the Examiner or the safety pilot will be responsible for setting zero thrust and themanagement of the(simulated)failedengine.Thissectionmay,atthediscretionoftheExaminer,becombinedwithSections1through5oftheflight.
FlightSimulatororFlight&NavigationProceduretrainerThefollowingitemsmaybeperformedinanFNPTIIorFFS:
1. Airwork(Section2)-itemscande(iv)2. AbnormalandEmergencyProcedures(Section5)-allitems3. SimulatedAsymmetricFlying(Section6)-allitems
ThesimulatororFNPTIImustbeapprovedforthepurposeandofthesameaeroplanetype/classasusedfortheremainderoftheskilltest.
Section5
Section6
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CPL(H)SKILLTESTEASAreference:
PartFCLSubpartDandAppendix4
Whocantest:
FE(CPL)TheStaffFEistonominateanExaminerforthethirdandsubsequentSeries.Whenanattemptistakenastwoflightsboththeen-routeprocedureandgeneralhandlingaretobeconductedbythesameExaminer.
Testformat:
• SkillTestasdescribedinApp.4toPART-FCL.ThetestmaybeconductedintwopartsonthesamedaybythesameExaminer.Ifthetestisunabletobecompleted,thetestformshallbemarked'incomplete'.IftheincompletetestiscompletedonasubsequentdatethenanewExaminersreportformshallbeused.
• IftheapplicantdoesnotalreadyholdtheratingthentheTKoralquestionsforSEHtyperatingsarerequiredtobeassessedandrecorded(seeRatingSkillTestTable/Briefing).
Notes:
Training• ApplicantsmusthavecompletedtherelevantsyllabusoftrainingasprescribedbyPartFCL
andpresentevidenceofcompletionofallthetrainingandarecommendationfromtheATOforthetest.
• IfthetestistobeconductedonaMulti-EngineaircraftthenapplicantsmustcomplywiththeClass/typeratingrequirementsforMEaircraftatPartFCLSubpartH.
Validity: Allrelevantsectionsofthetestmustbecompletedwithin6months.
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AguidetothestructureoftheIRskilltestfortheIREandproficiencychecksfortheIREandCRE.AllitemsoftheskilltestshouldbeperformedutilisingtheFlightTestStandardsofModule3/4andTolerancesofModule5.
Quickreference:
Table4A IRSKILLTESTPart-FCLreference
Appendix7toPart-FCL
Whocantest: IRE(anIREorsuitablyauthorisedCREmayconducttheIRrevalidationorrenewalproficiencycheck)
Formused: NationalForms
1.1GeneralTheskilltestandproficiencycheckwillbeperformedaccordingAppendix6toPart-FCL
Theskilltestformisdividedintosixsections:
Section1 Pre-flightoperationsanddepartureSection2 GeneralhandlingSection3 En-routeproceduresSection4 PrecisionapproachproceduresSection5 Non-precisionapproachproceduresSection6 Simulatedasymmetricflight(ifapplicable)
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1.2ConductofTest/CheckGM1FCL.1015
Thedurationoftheflightshallbeatleastonehour. Thedurationofthetotaltest/checkmightbeatleast3hours.Allsectionsofthetest/checkaretobecompletedinthecourseoftheflight.Thesequenceofthesectionsmayvary,dependingofthecircumstancesandthebriefingoftheExaminer.
TheAeroplaneTheaeroplanefortheIR-Skilltests/Proficiencychecksshallbesuitablyequippedtosimulateinstrumentmeteorologicalconditionsandsuitablyequippedforinstrumentflighttraining.
ThecompositionoftheflightcrewandroleoftheExaminer/SafetyPilotAnapplicantshallflytheaeroplane/helicopterfromapositionwherethepilot-in-commandfunctionscanbeperformedandcarryoutthetestasiftherewasnoothercrewmember.TheFEshalltakenopartintheoperationoftheaeroplane/helicopter,exceptwheninterventionisnecessaryintheinterestofsafetyortoavoidunacceptabledelayofothertraffic.WhenevertheExamineroranotherpilotfunctionsasaco-pilotduringthetest,theprivilegesoftheinstrumentratingwillberestrictedtomulti-pilotoperations.Thisrestrictionmayberemovedbytheapplicantcarryingoutanotherinitialinstrumentratingskilltestactingasiftherewasnoothercrewmemberonasingle-pilotaeroplane/helicopter.ThefinalresponsibilityfortheflightrestswiththePIC.Theminimumflightcrewnecessaryfortheconductofskilltestsconductedassinglepilotoperationsmustcompriseoftheapplicant,theExaminerand,ifapplicable,asafetypilot.TheapplicantshallflytheaeroplaneandwillbeactingasthePilotinCommand.Ifasafetypilotisrequiredhe/shewillbeaninstructorwhoisqualifiedtoactasPilotinCommandontheaeroplanetypeorclassbeingusedforthetestandwillberesponsibleasthePilotinCommandforthesafetyandgeneraloperationoftheaeroplane.However,thefinalresponsibilityfortheflightrestswiththePIC.
TheBriefingsThePre-flightbriefingshouldbeaccordingtoModule2ofthisFEM.IftheExaminerwillnotoccupyapilotseatduringthetest/checkhemustensurethatthesafetypilotisbriefedontherequiredmethodsof:
1. simulationofinstrumentconditions2. simulationofanenginefailure3. removalofradioaidinformationwhenrequired4. actionstotakeincaseofanactualemergency5. useoftheradioifrequiredtoperformthetest6. anyotheritemtobedeterminedbytheExaminer
Thede-briefingandtheassessmentofthetestwillbeaccordingtoModule2ofthisFEM.
TheSkillTestTheflighttestitemsoftheSkillTest/ProficiencycheckhastobeperformedaccordingtotheFlightTestStandardsinModule3.
TestTolerancesTheTestTolerancesofModule5areusedthroughoutthewholeflighttest.However,asthecircumstancesofeachtest/checkconductedbyanExaminermayvary,itisalsoimportantthatanExaminer’stest/checkassessmenttakesintoaccountanyadversecondition(s)encounteredduringthetest/check.
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IR(H)SKILLTESTEASAreference: PartFCLSubpartGandAppendix7
Whocantest:
StaffIREorIREnominatedbyHCAALicensingSection.TheStaffFEistonominateanExaminerforthethirdandsubsequentSeries.
Testformat:CompletethescheduleshownontheforminAppendix7toPART-FCL
Notes:
TrainingApplicantsmusthavecompletedtherelevantsyllabusoftrainingasprescribedbyPartFCLandpresentevidenceofcompletionofallthetrainingandarecommendationfromtheATOforthetest.
IR(H)REVALIDATION/RENEWALEASAreference: PartFCLSubpartHandAppendix9
Revalidation:
12monthsvalidityTherevalidationmaybeflownwithin3monthsoftheduedate,thenewvaliditybeing12monthsfromtheendofthemonthofthatduedate.WhentherevalidationisflownaspartofaproficiencycheckthentheIRwillbevalidforthesameperiodasthetyperating.
Whocantest:
TRE,IRETheStaffFEistonominateanExaminerforthethirdandsubsequentSeries.
Formused: NationalForm
Formguidance:
• Countersignapplicant'slogbookasPICundersupervisionafterasuccessfultest.Iftestfailedapplicantrecordsasadual.
• Checkapplicantsapplicationformandentertestdetails.Testformat:
Quickreference:
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AguidetothestructureoftheskilltestforratingissueandtherevalidationproficiencycheckfortheFE,TRE,CREandSFE.AllitemsoftheproficiencychecktestshouldbeperformedutilisingtheFlightTestStandardsofModule3/4andTolerancesofModule5.
Part-FCLreference Appendix9toPart-FCL
Whocantest: TRE,CRE,SFE,FEforSPclass/typerating,exceptforSPhighperformancecomplexaeroplanes
Formused: NationalForm
ConductofTest/CheckSPA
Appendix9toPart-FCLCONTENTOFTHETRAINING,SKILLTEST/PROFICIENCYCHECK
4. UnlessotherwisedeterminedintheoperationalsuitabilitydataestablishedinaccordancewithPart-21,thesyllabusofflightinstructionshallcomplywiththisAppendix.Thesyllabusmaybereducedtogivecreditforpreviousexperienceonsimilaraircrafttypes,asdeterminedintheoperationalsuitabilitydataestablishedinaccordancewithPart-21.
5. ExceptinthecaseofskilltestsfortheissueofanATPL,whensodefinedintheoperationalsuitabilitydataestablishedinaccordancewithPart-21forthespecifictype,creditmaybegivenforskilltestitemscommontoothertypesorvariantswherethepilotisqualified.
Expandedguidance Profilesaretobeplannedtomakeefficientuseoftimeandairspace.Thetestandcheckprofilesarenotdissimilartothoseusedforinitialskilltests(PPL,CPLandIR).However,theExaminershouldavoidwastingflighttimebeyondthatrequiredfortheapplicanttodisplaytherequiredskillsandshouldgenerallyexpecttobeabletoapplyapracticalapproachtothetest.Therequirementofskillstestsisfortheapplicanttodemonstratehisknowledgeandhandlingofproceduresinanewenvironment.Proficiencychecksshoulddisplaythepracticalexperienceoftheapplicantwithhisperformanceoftherequireditemsassessedagainstsafestandardsofaeroplanehandlingandflightmanagement.Teststandardsforeachitemoftest/checkareshownatModule3.TheaccuracytolerancesareshownatModule5.
GM1FCL.1015AnExaminershouldplanatest/checkflightsothattheflighttimeinanaeroplaneorgroundtimeinanapprovedSTDisnotlessthan60minutes.
SyntheticTrainingDevices(STDs) ItemswhichmaybetrainedandtestedinanSTDareidentifiedinPART-FCLrequirements.STDsusedaretohavebeenapprovedforthepurposebytheAuthority.ThedevicecanbeidentifiedbytheExaminerthroughitscertificate,auniqueauthorisationnumberandvalidity.
MPA MPAandSPHighPerformanceComplexAeroplanesskilltestandproficiencychecktheprofilesmaybeconductedusingtheguidanceinModule10.
Quickreference:
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SPH/MPHTYPESKILLTESTEASAReference: PartFCLSubpartHandAppendix9
WhoCanTest:
FECPL(H),FEPPL(H),TRE(H)asauthorised.FollowingfailureofthesecondseriesnotifytheStaffFE.TheStaffFEistonominateanExaminerforthethirdandsubsequentSeries.
FormUsed:NationalFormTestFormat:
• NotetheExaminerisrequiredtoexercisejudgmentinconductingthetest/checkgivenparticularcircumstancesoraircrafttypes.Thenon-mandatoryitemsontheformgivetheExaminerroomtoadjusttheflighttesttosuitoperationalconditionsorhelicoptertype.Thoseitemsthatarenotlabeled'M'(formandatory)donotmeanthattheitemmustalwaysbeignored.Itisnotsatisfactorysimplytoflythebasicminimumprofile,withoutassessingthepilot'sabilitytooperatethoseaircraftsystemsthatarenecessaryforthesafeoperationoftheaircrafttype,inbothnormalandabnormalconditions.
• IfthetestistobecompletedonaSHE,theExaminerisrequiredtoconductanoralTKtestforwhichtheapplicantrequires75%topass.
Notes: Training• ApplicantsmusthavecompletedtherelevantsyllabusoftrainingasprescribedbyPart
FCLandpresentevidenceofcompletionofallthetrainingandarecommendationfromtheATOforthetest.
• IfthetestistobeconductedforafirstMEHtype,thenapplicantsmustmeettherequirementsofEASAFCL720.H.
RevalidatebyExperience:ApilotwhosuccessfullycompletesanLSTforanadditionaltypecanachieverevalidationforothertypesinaccordancewithbelow:SEPTypesaslistedinAMC1FCL.740.H(a)(3)mayberevalidatedbyconductingthecheck/testononeoftheapplicabletypes,providedtheapplicanthascompletedatleast2hoursasPICinthevalidityperiodoneachoftheothertypestoberevalidated.SETTypesofamaximumAUMof3175kgmayberevalidatedbyconductingthecheck/testononeoftheapplicabletypesheld,providedtheapplicanthas:
(i)Completedatleast300hoursasPICofhelicopters;and(ii)Completed15hoursoneachofthetypesheld;(iii)Completedatleast2hoursasPICflighttimeoneachoftheothertype(s)duringthevalidityperiod.
Notes:
(i)TheExaminershallensurethatthereisarotationoftypestestedon.(ii)thelicenseendorsementforthetyperatingsrevalidatedbyexperienceshallshowEXPinthedateoftestandthesamevalidityexpirydateasthatonwhichtheLPCwascompleted.
Quickreference:
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SPH/MPHTYPE/IRPROFICIENCYCHECKREVALIDATION/RENEWALEASAReference: Part-FCLSubpartHandAppendix9
WhoCanTest:
FECPL(H),FEPPL(H),TRE(H)asauthorized.TheStaffFEistonominateanExaminerforthethirdandsubsequentSeries.
FormUsed:NationalFormTestFormat:
Note:TheExaminerisrequiredtoexercisejudgmentinconductingthetest/checkgivenparticularcircumstancesoraircrafttypes.Thenon-mandatoryitemsontheformgivetheExaminerroomtoadjusttheflighttesttosuitoperationalconditionsorhelicoptertype.Thoseitemsthatarenotlabeled'M'(formandatory)donotmeanthattheitemmustalwaysbeignored.ltisnotsatisfactorysimplytoflythebasicminimumprofile,withoutassessingthepilot'sabilitytooperatethoseaircraftsystemsthatarenecessaryforthesafeoperationoftheaircrafttype,inbothnormalandabnormalconditions.
Notes: RevalidationAproficiencycheckscanbeflownupto3monthsbeforetheexpirydatewithnolosstotheoriginalexpirydate,providedthecandidatehascompleted2hoursasapilot(whichmayincludethedurationoftheLPC)havebeencompletedonthetypeinthe12monthsprecedingtheexpiry.ThelicensecanbesignedbytheFEtotheendofthecalendarmonthforthenewexpirydate.RenewalForarenewaltheapplicanthastopresenttotheExaminerwithacertificatefromanATOtoverifywhetherrefreshertrainingwasrequiredandthetrainingcompleted(notetheATOassessmentcertificateisrequiredevenifrefreshertrainingwasnotrequired).AMC1FCL.740(b)(1)statesrefreshertrainingrequirementsas<3monthsnotrainingrequired.>3months<1yearmin2trainingsessions>1year<3yearsmin3trainingsessions>3yearscompleteanaddtypecourseTheExaminermayonlysigntheapplicantslicenseiftherenewalis<3yearsaftertheexpirydateandiftheratingappearsofthefrontpageofthelicense(typeslistedinitemXII,ratings,certificatesandprivileges)andintheCofRsection.ToRevalidatebyExperience:SeeSPH/MPHTYPESKILLTESTIRApplicantswithavalidIR(H)onthetypeshouldrevalidatetheirIR(H)privilegesaspartofthecheck,however,iftheIR(H)hastobeassessedseparatelyduetoweather,itmaybeflownonaseparateflightwithintherevalidationperiodandbothflightsshouldbesignedoffatthesametime.
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MPH/IR(H)–InitialissueskilltestconductedonMP(H)Part-FCLreference Appendix9toPart-FCL
Whocantest: TRE(H).Formused: NationalFormsTestformat: ThetestisconductedinasimilarmannertotheIR(H)skilltestconductedasSPH.
Thefollowingconsiderationsarerequired(alsoseeunderNotes);• Thepre-flightbriefingistobeattendedbyallflightcrewmembers• Thebriefingmustspecifythatthesafetypilotwillnotexercisejudgementdecisionsorpre-emptP1requirements.TheP1istocallforallchecksandequipmentset-up.
Thefollowingitemsaretobedecidedpre-flight:
• Themethodforsimulatingenginefailure.• Themethodofscreeningandlimitedpanelpractice.• Itemswhichforsafetyreasonscannotbeconductedinflightwhichmaybechecked
bytheExaminerbyoralquestioning• AnyminimathattheP1issubjecttobytheaeroplaneoperator.
Notes: UnlesstheExaminerisratedonthetypeheshallnottaketheco-pilotseatunlessspecificallyauthorisedbytheAuthority.ThesafetypilotistobequalifiedasaTRI(H)orequivalentandistoactasbothlookoutandsafetypilot.
Revalidation: IR(H)isvalidonlyforhelicoptertypeonwhichtheskilltestiscompleted.MPHtyperatingandMPHIR(H)isnotvalidforSPHroleontypeandvice-versa.Iftheratinglapsesbymorethan5yearsitshallberenewedbyMPHIR(H)renewalbyanExamineroftheauthorityandbyskilltest.Iftheratinglapsesbymorethan7yearstheentireIR(H)SkillTestandtheIRTheoreticalknowledgeexamsshallbecompletedagain.
SPHTYPERATINGLICENSESKILLTESTPart-FCLreference PART-FCLSubpartFAppendix3toPART-FCL.240
Formused: NationalFormsWhocantest: AuthorityE(H)-SEH/MEH,FE(H)-PPLSEH,TRE(H)-SEH/MEH
Notes:
TrainingIfthetestistobeconductedonaMulti-Enginehelicopterthenapplicantsmusthave70hrsPIChelicoptersandhavecompletedthePART-FCLspecifiedtyperatingrequirements.TheapplicantsmustalsohavepassedawrittentestsetbytheATOandapprovedbytheAuthority,onthehelicoptertype(75%passmark).TestingApplicantsnotwishingtorevalidateanIR(H)shallomitthisSection.
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SPHTYPERATINGPROFICIENCYCHECKPart-FCLreference Appendix3toPART-FCL.240
Period: 12monthsforalltypes(asdefinedinPART-FCL.220)ProficiencyCheckscanbeflownupto3monthsbeforetheexpirydatewithnolosstotheoriginalexpirydateprovidedatleast2flighthourshavebeencompletedonthetypeinthe12monthprecedingexpiry.Iftheexpirydateispassedbylessthan5yearstheapplicantmayRenewtheratingasabove.Iftheexpirydatehasexceeded5yearstheHCAAmaydirectrefreshertrainingpriortoaRenewaltestflight
Whocantest: AuthorityE(H)-SEH/MEH,FE(H)-PPLSEH,TRE(H)-SEH/MEHFormused: NationalFormTestformat: TorevalidatebyexperienceforSEHPistongroupasshowninAppendix1toPART-
FCL.245(b)(3):SEHPistontypesaslistedinAppendix1toPART-FCL.245(b)(3)mayberevalidatedbyexperienceof2hoursoneachtypeinthe12monthsprecedingexpiryprovidedaproficiencycheckiscompletedwithanExaminerononeoftheSEHPistontypesonthelist.Thelicenseendorsementforthetyperatingsrevalidatedbyexperienceshallshowthesamevalidityexpirydateasthatonwhichtheproficiencycheckwascompleted.
Notes: ApplicantswithavalidIR(H)onthetypeshallrevalidatetheirIR(H)aspartofthecheck.HoweveriftheIR(H)hastobeassessedseparatelyduetoweatheritmaybeflownonaseparateflightwithintherevalidation/renewalperiodandbothflightsshouldbesignedoffatthesametime.
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AguidetothestructureoftheATPLandMPLskilltestfortheTREandSFE.AllitemsoftheskilltestshouldbeperformedutilisingtheFlightTestStandardsofModule3/4andTolerancesofModule5.
ConductofTest/CheckExpandedguidance Appendix9toPART-FCLSkilltestandproficiencycheckforaeroplanetyperatingsandATPL/MPL
FCL.415.AMPL–Practicalskill(b) Oncompletionofthetrainingcourse,theapplicantshallpassaskilltestinaccordancewithAppendix9to
thisPart,todemonstratetheabilitytoperformtherelevantproceduresandmaneuverswiththecompetencyappropriatetotheprivilegesgranted.TheskilltestshallbetakeninthetypeofaeroplaneusedontheadvancedphaseoftheMPLintegratedtrainingcourseorinanFFSrepresentingthesametype.
TestFormat 1. Theapplicantshallhavecompletedtherequiredinstructioninaccordancewiththesyllabus.
2. Itemstobecoveredinskilltestsaregivenintheapplicableappendix.WiththeapprovaloftheAuthority,several
differentskilltestscenariosmaybedevelopedsimulatedlineoperations.TheExaminerwillselectoneofthesescenarios.Flightsimulators,ifavailableandothertrainingdevicesasapprovedshallbeused.
3. Inthecaseofmulti-pilotaeroplanes,theapplicantshallpassallsectionsoftheskilltestorproficiencycheck.Failure
ofmorethanfiveitemswillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretestorcheckagain.Anyapplicantfailingfiveorlessitemsshalltakethefaileditemsagain.Failureinanyitemonthere-testorre-checkincludingthoseitemsthathavebeenpassedatapreviousattemptwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentirecheckortestagain.Section6isnotpartoftheATPLorMPLskilltest.Iftheapplicantonlyfailsordoesnottakesection6,thetyperatingwillbeissuedwithoutCATIIorCATIIIprivileges.ToextendthetyperatingprivilegestoCATIIorCATIII,theapplicantshallpassthesection6ontheappropriatetypeofaircraft.a)IncasetheapplicantfailsordoesnottakeSection6,onlythetyperatingwillbeissuedwithoutCatIIorIIIprivileges.b)Section6isnotpartoftheATPLskilltest.
4. Furthertrainingmayberequiredafterafailedtest.FailuretoachieveavalidpassinallitemsintwoattemptsshallrequirefurthertrainingasdeterminedbytheExaminer.Thereisnolimittothenumberofskillteststhatmaybeattempted.
Quickreference:
Part-FCLreference FCL.415.A;Appendix9toPART-FCLWhocantest: TRE,SFEFormused: NationalForm
Aeroplane
Module10–AirlineTransportPilotLicense–ATPL(A)andMulti-CrewPilotLicense–MPL(A)
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ConductoftheTest/Check-General5.ShouldanapplicantchoosenottocontinuewithatestforreasonsconsideredinadequatebytheExaminer,theapplicantwillberegardedashavingfailedthoseitemsnotattempted.IfthetestisterminatedforreasonsconsideredadequatebytheExaminer,onlythoseitemsnotcompletedshallbetestedinafurtherflight.6. AtthediscretionoftheExamineranymanoeuvreorprocedureofthetestmayberepeatedoncebytheapplicant.The
Examinermaystopthetestatanystageifitisconsideredthattheapplicant’scompetencyrequiresacompletere-test.
7. Checksandproceduresshallbecarriedout/completedinaccordancewiththeauthorisedchecklistfortheaeroplaneusedinthetestand,ifapplicable,withtheMCCconcept.Performancedatafortake-off,approachandlandingshallbecalculatedbytheapplicantincompliancewiththeoperationshandbook,orflighthandbook,fortheaeroplaneused.Decisionheights/altitude,minimumdescentheights/altitudesandmissedapproachpointshallbedeterminedbytheapplicantfortheATPL(A)andMPL.
8. Thetestforamulti-pilotaeroplaneshallbeperformedinamulti-crewenvironment.
9. Anotherapplicant,oranotherpilot,mayfunctionassecondpilot.Ifanaeroplane,ratherthanasimulator,isusedfor
thetest/check,thesecondpilotshallbeaTRI.
10. AnapplicantfortheinitialissueofanATPL(A)orMPLshallberequiredtooperateas'pilotflying'(PF)duringallsectionsofthetest.Theapplicantshallalsodemonstratetheabilitytoactas'pilotnotflying'(PNF).TheapplicantmaychooseeitherthelefthandortherighthandseatfortheATPL(A)test.
11. ThetestshouldbeaccomplishedunderIFRandasfaraspossibleinasimulatedcommercialairtransport
environment.Anessentialelementistheabilitytoplanandconducttheflightfromroutinebriefingmaterial.
FlightTestTolerance Theapplicantshalldemonstratetheabilityto:a)operatetheaeroplanewithinitslimitations;b)completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy;c)exercisegoodjudgementandairmanship;d)applyaeronauticalknowledge;e)maintaincontroloftheaeroplaneatalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessfuloutcomeofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverindoubt;f)understandandapplycrewco-ordinationandincapacitationprocedures,ifapplicable;
and,g)communicateeffectivelywiththeothercrewmembers,ifapplicable.
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AguidetothestructureoftheATPLandMPLskilltestfortheTREandSFE.AllitemsoftheskilltestshouldbeperformedutilisingtheFlightTestStandardsofModule3/4andTolerancesofModule5.
Allinstructorsshallbetrainedtoachievethefollowingcompetences:—Prepareresources,—Createaclimateconducivetolearning,—Presentknowledge,—IntegrateThreatandErrorManagement(TEM)andcrewresourcemanagement,—Managetimetoachievetrainingobjectives,—Facilitatelearning,— Assesstraineeperformance,—Monitorandreviewprogress,—Evaluatetrainingsessions,—Reportoutcome.FCL.925AdditionalrequirementsforinstructorsfortheMPL (a)InstructorsconductingtrainingfortheMPLshall:
(1)havesuccessfullycompletedanMPLinstructortrainingcourseatanATO;and(2)additionally,forthebasic,intermediateandadvancedphasesoftheMPLintegratedtrainingcourse:
(i)beexperiencedinmulti-pilotoperations;and(ii)havecompletedinitialcrewresourcemanagementtrainingwithacommercialairtransportoperatorapprovedinaccordancewiththeapplicableairoperationsrequirements.
(b)MPLinstructorstrainingcourse(1)TheMPLinstructortrainingcourseshallcompriseatleast14hoursoftraining.Uponcompletionofthetrainingcourse,theapplicantshallundertakeanassessmentofinstructorcompetenciesandofknowledgeofthecompetency-basedapproachtotraining.(2)TheassessmentshallconsistofapracticaldemonstrationofflightinstructionintheappropriatephaseoftheMPLtrainingcourse.ThisassessmentshallbeconductedbyanExaminerqualifiedinaccordancewithSubpartK.
FCL.935Assessmentofcompetence (a) Exceptforthemulti-crewcooperationinstructor(MCCI),thesynthetictraininginstructor(STI),themountain
ratinginstructor(MI)andtheflighttestinstructor(FTI),anapplicantforaninstructorcertificateshallpassanassessmentofcompetenceintheappropriateaircraftcategorytodemonstratetoanExaminerqualifiedinaccordancewithSubpartKtheabilitytoinstructastudentpilottothelevelrequiredfortheissueoftherelevantlicense,ratingorcertificate.
(b)Thisassessmentshallinclude:
(1)thedemonstrationofthecompetenciesdescribedinFCL.920,duringpre-flight,post-flightandtheoreticalknowledgeinstruction;(2)oraltheoreticalexaminationsontheground,pre-flightandpost-flightbriefingsandin-flightdemonstrationsintheappropriateaircraftclass,typeorFSTD;(3)exercisesadequatetoevaluatetheinstructor’scompetencies.
(c)TheassessmentshallbeperformedonthesameclassortypeofaircraftorFSTDusedfortheflightinstruction.
(d)Whenanassessmentofcompetenceisrequiredforrevalidationofaninstructorcertificate,anapplicantwhofailstoachieveapassintheassessmentbeforetheexpirydateofaninstructorcertificateshallnotexercisetheprivilegesofthatcertificateuntiltheassessmenthassuccessfullybeencompleted.
FCL.920Instructorcompetenciesandassessment
1General
Module11–AssessmentofCompetenceofInstructors(AeroplaneandHelicopter)
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GM1FCL.900InstructorCertificate GENERAL(a)Nineinstructorcategoriesarerecognised:
(1)FIcertificate:• aeroplane(FI(A)),• helicopter(FI(H)),• airship(FI(As)),• sailplane(FI(S))and• balloon(FI(B));
(2)TRIcertificate:• aeroplane(TRI(A)),• helicopter(TRI(H)),• powered-liftaircraft(TRI(PL));
(3)CRIcertificate:• aeroplane(CRI(A));
(4)IRIcertificate:• aeroplane(IRI(A)),• helicopter(IRI(H))and• airship(IRI(As));
(5)SFIcertificate:• aeroplane(SFI(A)),• helicopter(SFI(H))and• powered-liftaircraft(SFI(PL));
(6)MCCIcertificate:• aeroplanes(MCCI(A)),• helicopters(MCCI(H)),• powered-liftaircraft(MCCI(PL))and• airships(MCCI(As));
(7)STIcertificate:• aeroplane(STI(A))and• helicopter(STI(H));
(8)MIcertificate:(MI);(9)FTIcertificate:(FTI).
(b)Forcategories(1)to(4)andfor(8)and(9)theapplicantneedstoholdapilotlicense.Forcategories(5)to(7)nolicenseisneeded,onlyaninstructorcertificate.(c)Apersonmayholdmorethanoneinstructorcertificate.
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(a) Trainingshouldbeboththeoreticalandpractical.Practicalelementsshouldincludethedevelopmentofspecificinstructorskills,particularlyintheareaofteachingandassessingthreatanderrormanagementandCRM.
(b) Thetrainingandassessmentofinstructorsshouldbemadeagainstthefollowingperformancestandards:
Competence Performance KnowledgePrepareresourses • ensuresadequatefacilities;
• preparesbriefingmaterial;• managesavailabletools.
• understandobjectives;• availabletools;• competency-basedtrainingmethods.
Createaclimateconductivetolearning
• establishescredentials,rolemodelsappropriatebehaviour;
• clarifiesroles;• statesobjectives;• ascertainsandsupportstraineesneeds.
• barrierstolearning;• learningstyles.
Presentknowledge • communicateclearly;• createsandsustainsrealism;• looksfortrainingopportunities.
• teachingmethods.
IntegrateTEMorCRM • makesTEMorCRMlinkswithtechnicaltraining.
• HF,TEMorCRM.
Managetimetoachievetrainingobjectives
• allocatetimeappropriatetoachievingcompetencyobjectives.
• syllabustimeallocation.
Facilitatelearning • encouragetraineeparticipation;• showsmotivating,patient,confidentand
assertivemanner;• conductone-to-onecoaching;• encouragesmutualsupport.
• facilitation;• howtogiveconstructivefeedback;• howtoencouragetraineestoask
questionsandseekadvice.
Assessestraineeperformance
• assessesandencouragestraineeself-assessmentofperformanceagainstcompetencystandards;
• makesassessmentdecisionandprovideclearfeedback;
• observesCRMbehaviour.
• observationtechniques;• methodsofrecordingobservations.
Monitorandreviewprogress
• comparesindividualoutcomestodefinedobjectives;
• identifiesindividualdifferencesinlearningrates;
• appliesappropriatecorrectiveaction.
• learningstyles;• strategiesfortrainingadaptionto
meetindividualneeds.
Evaluatetrainingsessions
• elicitsfeedbackfromtrainees;• tracktrainingsessionprocessesagainst
competencecriteria;• keepsappropriaterecords.
• competencyunitandassociatedelements;
• performancecriteria.
Reportoutcome • reportsaccuratelyusingonlyobservedactionsandevents.
• phasetrainingobjectives;• individualversussystemicweaknesses.
AMC1FCL.920Instructorcompetenciesandassessment
2Assessmentofcompetence
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GENERAL(a)Theformatandapplicationformfortheassessmentofcompetencearedeterminedbythecompetentauthority.(b)Whenanaircraftisusedfortheassessment,itshouldmeettherequirementsfortrainingaircraft.(c)Ifanaircraftisusedforthetestorcheck,theExamineractsasthePIC,exceptincircumstancesagreeduponbytheExaminerwhenanotherinstructorisdesignatedasPICfortheflight.(d)Duringtheskilltesttheapplicantoccupiestheseatnormallyoccupiedbytheinstructor(instructorsseatifinanFSTD,orpilotseatifinanaircraft),exceptinthecaseofballoons.TheExaminer,anotherinstructoror,forMPAinanFFS,arealcrewunderinstruction,functionsasthe‘student’.Theapplicantisrequiredtoexplaintherelevantexercisesandtodemonstratetheirconducttothe‘student’,whereappropriate.Thereafter,the‘student’executesthesamemaneuvers(ifthe‘student’istheExamineroranotherinstructor,thiscanincludetypicalmistakesofinexperiencedstudents).Theapplicantisexpectedtocorrectmistakesorallyor,ifnecessary,byinterveningphysically.(e)Theassessmentofcompetenceshouldalsoincludeadditionaldemonstrationexercises,asdecidedbytheExaminerandagreeduponwiththeapplicantbeforetheassessment.Theseadditionalexercisesshouldberelatedtothetrainingrequirementsfortheapplicableinstructorcertificate.(f)Allrelevantexercisesshouldbecompletedwithinaperiodof6months.However,allexercisesshould,wherepossible,becompletedonthesameday.Inprinciple,failureinanyexerciserequiresaretestcoveringallexercises,withtheexceptionofthosethatmayberetakenseparately.TheExaminermayterminatetheassessmentatanystageiftheyconsiderthataretestisrequired.
AMC1FCL.935Assessmentofcompetence
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TheAssessmentofcompetencehastobeperformedaccordingtoFCL.935.Thetestcomprisesoraltheoreticalexaminationsontheground,pre-flightandpostflightbriefingsandin-flightdemonstrations.Theaccommodationforthetheoreticalpartofthetestshallbeasuitablelocationforgivingatestlecturetostudents.Thefollowingbooksanddocumentsshouldbeavailableforthebriefingsandtheflight:
1. AIP2. AIC’s3. Navigationmaterial,charts,computer4. Flighthandbooks5. Instructorguides6. Trainingsyllabus7. Pilotlicenses
Appropriateliterature/trainingaidsrepresentativeofthetestaeroplaneshouldbeusedforthelectureandbriefings.
TheoreticalKnowledge Theaimoftheoralexaminationistodeterminetheapplicant’sknowledgeofthefollowingsubjects:
1. AirLaw2. Aeroplane/HelicopterGeneralKnowledge3. FlightPerformanceandPlanning4. HumanPerformanceandLimitations5. Meteorology6. Navigation7. OperationalProcedures8. PrinciplesofFlight9. Administration
Theoralexaminationwillnormallytake1hourbutisdependentonbothtype,oftestandtheapplicant’sperformance.
1. Questionsshouldbeofapracticalnaturerelatedtothesubjects.2. Questionsmaybeansweredusingwhatevertrainingaidsorequipmentisavailable.3. Questionsmaybeansweredbyreferringtothebooks,documentsanddiagrams.
IfthetestisusedfortheissueorrevalidationofanIRI,thequestionsshouldalsofocusoninstrumentflyingtechniques,IRregulationsandprocedures.IfthetestisusedfortheissueorrevalidationofaFI(ME)orCRI(ME)specificquestionsrelatingtoasymmetricflightaretobeasked.
3ConductoftheAssessment
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TheLecture Theapplicantisrequiredtogivealectureundertestconditionstohisstudent‘audience’,oneofwhowillbetheExaminer.
1. ThesubjectofthelecturewillbedeterminedbytheExaminerandpreferablychosenfromtheexercisesfromAMC1FCL.930.FI,AMC1FCL.930.TRI,AMC1FCL.930.CRIandAMC1FCL.930.IRI,AMC1FCL.930.MCCI.
2. TimeofpreparationforthetestlectureisagreeduponbeforehandwiththeExaminer.3. Thelectureshouldnotexceed45minutes.4. TheExaminer,inthecaseheisactingasastudent,shouldclearlyexplainwhichlevelhemustbeconsidered
asastudent.5. Applicantsmustexpecttousewhatevertrainingaidsandequipmentareavailable.
However-trainingaidsandequipmentshouldreflectcurrenttechnicalstandards.6. Anaeroplane/helicoptermodel,representingthetestaeroplane/helicopter,isessential.
Thefourbasiccomponentsofthelecturewillbe:
1. TheAim2. PrinciplesofFlight(briefestreferenceonly)3. TheAirExercises(whatandhowandbywhom)4. Airmanship(weather,flightsafetyetc.)
Thelectureshouldcontain:
1. agoodtimeframe2. astructural“build-up”3. nountruestatements4. atheoreticalexplanationofthepracticallesson5. explanationofairmanship6. mentionofcommonfailuresofstudentsduringexercises7. explanationofthecorrectionsonthefailures8. allpracticalflightdetails9. checkquestionsfortheaudience10. timefortheaudiencetoaskquestions
DuringthelecturetheapplicantwillbeassessedbytheExamineronthefollowingitems:
1. Visualpresentation2. Technicalaccuracy3. Clarityofexplanation4. Clarityofspeech5. Instructionaltechniques6. Useofmodelsandaids7. Studentparticipation
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ThePre-flightBriefing Thepre-flightbriefingshouldbeashortpracticalbriefingofabout15to20minutes.TheExaminershouldexplainthatthroughouttheflighthe,oranotherinstructor,willactasthestudent.Thelevelofexperienceofthisstudenthastobeclearlyidentified.Theassessmentofthepre-flightbriefingwillbeinaccordancewiththeassessmentitemsofparagraph11.3,above.
TheFlight Whentheassessmentisconductedinasimulatortheassessmentshouldincludeaminimumof3hoursofflightinstruction.Whentheassessmentisconductedinanaeroplanetheassessmentshouldincludeaminimumof1hourofflightinstruction.Thechosenexercisebriefedduringthepre-flightbriefingshouldbethemainexerciseoftheflight.BeforetheflighttheExaminershouldclearlyidentify:
1. whichexercisestheapplicantistoflywithoutinstructional‘patter’,2. whichexercisesaretobetaughttothestudent,and3. whichexercisesmaybedemonstratedtothestudentbutwithaccompanying‘patter’.
Duringtheskilltesttheapplicantshalloccupytheseatnormallyoccupiedbytheinstructor.TheExaminer,actingasastudent,mustactaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbytheapplicant.TheExaminershouldnotdeliberatelysettraps,butactasanormalstudentandintroducecommonstudenterrorsfortheapplicanttoidentifyandcorrect.ItisalsoimportantthattheExaminerisconsistentinhisresponse,sothatmistakesmasteredbytheapplicant,nolongeroccur.Theapplicantshould:
1. demonstrateinstructionalknowledgeofcommonerrorsofstudentsinperformingexercises.2. demonstrateandsimultaneouslyexplaintheflightexercises.3. analyseandcorrectsimulatedcommonerrors.
Theapplicantwillbeexpectedtodemonstratepersonalstandardsofflyingabilityandairmanshiptothelevelofaprofessionalpilot.Assessmentoftheflightwillcontain:
1. ArrangementofDemo2. SynchronisationofSpeechwithDemo3. CorrectionofFaults4. AeroplaneHandling5. InstructionalTechnique6. GeneralAirmanship/Safety7. Positioning,UseofAirspace
ThePost-flightBriefing Assessmentofthepostflightbriefingwillbeaccordingtheitemsofparagraph11.3,above.
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4Records
None
5Annexes,Forms
For forms to be used, special instructions regarding Examiners, possible information regarding Examiners, visit theHellenicCivilAviationAuthorityofficialwebhomepage:www.ypa.gr
6RelevantdocumentsNone
7Glossary/AbbreviationsNone
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