Fleas, vector of Yersinia pestis - FUN - MOOC important biodiversity (2) Tunga penetrans Pulex...
Transcript of Fleas, vector of Yersinia pestis - FUN - MOOC important biodiversity (2) Tunga penetrans Pulex...
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Fleas, vector of Yersinia pestis, pathogen of Plague
Sébastien Boyer
Head of Medical Entomology Unit
Institut Pasteur de Madagascar
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An historical Relationship
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An important biodiversity (1)
• 15-16 Familly
• 239 Genus
• > 2500 described species
• Worldwide distribution, including Antarctica
• Vectors of pathogens of Plague, Murine Rickettsia, Typhus,…
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An important biodiversity (2)
Tunga penetrans
Pulex irritans
Ctenocephalides felis
Xenopsylla brasiliensisXenopsylla cheopis
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Basics of Flea Biology
• Holometabolous (4 phases)
• 3 larval instars
• Legless larvae
• Parasite Adult : Obligatory hematophagous
• Insect without wings, without tail
• Prehensile claws + hind legs adapted for jumping
• 94 % mammals’ parasite (5% birds)
• Size: 1-6 mm (jump : 320 mm)
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Flea and Diseases
Ctenocephalides sp.
Synopsyllus fonquerniei
Xenopsylla cheopis
Chigoe fleas
Rat fleas
Dog fleas & cat fleas
Human fleas
Pulex irritans
Tunga penetrans
Bubonic plague(Yersinia pestis)
Tungose(Tunga
penetrans)
Xenopsylla brasiliensis
Murine typhus (Ricketsia typhi)
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Biological cycle of fleas
Pupation
3 moulting
Adult (imago)
Hatching
Eggs
Emergence
Blood feedind on hosts
Egg-laying
Pupae 4 instar larvae
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A Middle Age perception
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Plague Cycle
« Domestic » rodents
Wild rodents
?
Selvatic cycle Can evolveBubonic plague
:
normaloccasionalrare or hypothetical
Propagation ways
Urban cycle
Pulmonary plagueOutbreak
SecondaryPulmonaryPlague
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Yersinia pestis Transmission
Blocked fleas
• Y. pestis multiplication blocking of proventricules
• Infected fleas increase blood meal frequency
• Dead of fleas 5 days after blocking (limited transmission)
Non-blocked fleas
• Early Phase Transmission – EPT
• EPT 1-4 days post-infection
Extrinsic incubation (biofilm)
J7 (J5) J 31
EPTH3 J 4
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Host-vector association
• Wide host spectra, non specific
• One flea species on several hosts
• One host with several flea species
• Environmental effect
• Climatic variations effects
• Fleas’ transfert between host in one biotope
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