Flavobacterial Diseases of Fish - NCRAC
Transcript of Flavobacterial Diseases of Fish - NCRAC
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Thomas P. Loch, MS, PhD
Flavobacterial Diseases of
Fish
Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Dept. of Pathobiology & Diagnostic
Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, 48824; Dept.
of Fisheries & Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI,
48824
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0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
Trout Sold
Trout Lost
to Disease
Trout Lost
to Other
Causes
USDA - National Agricultural Statistics Service Report
Total value of trout sales raised in USA (2013) = $96.4
million (51.1 million trout sold)
Aquaculture & Fish Disease
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Flavobacterial Diseases in Fish
Leading pathogen-associated impediments
to fish culture in MI, USA, globally
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The “Big Three” Flavobacterium spp.
F. branchiophilum
F. columnare
F. psychrophilum
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Bacterial Coldwater Disease
• Primarily a disease of salmonids (usually < 15˚C)
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Horizontal Transmission of
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
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Shedding of F. psychrophilum
Madetoja et al. 2000
3 dead fish (11° C) for 24 hrs:
3 x 100,000,000 x 24=
7.2 billion bacteria!!!!
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Biofilm & Infrastructure
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Transmission of F. psychrophilum
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Surface Disinfection of Fertilized Salmonid Eggs (Iodophor)
Concentration/duration species dependent
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To Ensure Maximal Egg-Surface
Disinfection Efficacy
Removal of ovarian
fluid prior to
disinfectionRinse eggs w/
iodophor, decant,
add bath iodophor
Maintain pH of
iodophor sol’n (7.0 –
7.5)
Strive for iodophor to
egg ratio of 4:1
Circulation during
egg disinfection
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Ongoing research aimed
at halting or reducing
intra-ova flavobacterial
transmission
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Disease Prevention
• Biosecurity
– Egg disinfection
– Separate rearing unit tools
– Surface water treatment (i.e., UV disinfection)
• Rearing densities
• Rearing unit hygiene
• Optimal water flows
• Optimal nutrition
• Frequent removal of morts (even more during
outbreak)
• Culling of moribund fish when possible
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Early Diagnosis & Intervention
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Columnaris Disease
• Flavobacterium columnare
• A leading cause of losses
in US catfish aquaculture
• “Warm-water” disease (>18-
20°C), but emerging in
coldwater aquaculture (~
12-15°C, rainbow trout)
• Extremely wide host-range
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Columnaris Disease
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Columnaris: Disease Signs
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R.C. Cipriano
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Columnaris: Disease Signs
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R. C. Cipriano
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Columnaris: Disease Signs
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Live= Shed ~103 CFU ml−1 hr −1
Dead = Shed ~106 CFU ml−1 hr −1
Removal of Dead Fish
Extremely Important!
Transmission of F. columnare
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• Infectious in distilled
(lab conditions) for at
least 5 months
• Survives in lake water
for > 2 years
• Grows well on
particulate fish food
F. columnare & the Environment
Avoidance!
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• Management is paramount!– Biosecurity
– Reduce rearing densities
– Rearing unit hygiene
– Optimal water flows & water quality
– Optimal nutrition
– Frequent removal of morts
– Culling of moribund fish
• Licensed vaccines are available
• Genetically resistant fish stocks
• Vigilance for disease signs– Rapid Dx/intervention w/ aquatic Vet/Fish Health Prof.
Prevention of Columnaris Disease
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Bacterial Gill Disease (BGD)
• Flavobacterium branchiophilum
• A disease of cultured fish, risk
factors include:
– High rearing densities
– Low H2O exchange rates
– High feeding rates
– Source water contains fish
• All FW fish susceptible
– Most reports in cool/cold water fish
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BGD- Behavioral Changes
• Inappetence, then…
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Bacterial Gill Disease (BGD)
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R. C. Cipriano
BGD- Gill Biopsy
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BGD- Gill “Clubbing”
R. C. Cipriano
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• Maintain optimal culture conditions– Avoid high rearing densities
– Optimal water quality
– Avoid organic accumulations
• No vaccines
• Vigilance for abnormal behavior of fish
• When needed, early detection!
Prevention of BGD
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Acknowledgements
• MI Dept. of Natural
Resources
• GLFT
– Grant # 2010-1147
• USDA – NIFA
– Grant # 2016-67015-
24891
– Grant # # 2016-
70007-25756