FLAMENCOFLAMENCO

Presentation by Andrew Koshkin.Presentation by Andrew Koshkin.

Flamenco HistoryFlamenco History

Flamenco is a Spanish word Flamenco is a Spanish word that is both for a musical that is both for a musical genre with difficult passages, genre with difficult passages, and a dance genre and a dance genre characterized by its audible characterized by its audible footwork. The word Flamenco footwork. The word Flamenco came to life in the 19th came to life in the 19th century.century.

Flamenco includes a complex Flamenco includes a complex musical and cultural tradition. musical and cultural tradition. Although everybody thinks it Although everybody thinks it is a part of the culture of is a part of the culture of Spain in general, flamenco Spain in general, flamenco actually comes from one actually comes from one region: Andalusia. Flamenco region: Andalusia. Flamenco is played with a flamenco is played with a flamenco guitar.guitar.

OverviewOverview

Flamenco appeared from the Flamenco appeared from the lower levels of Andalusian society lower levels of Andalusian society and so didn't have the prestige of and so didn't have the prestige of art forms among the middle and art forms among the middle and higher levels. higher levels.

"Flamencologists" have usually "Flamencologists" have usually been flamenco players of no been flamenco players of no specific academic training in the specific academic training in the fields of history or musicology. fields of history or musicology.

There are questions not only There are questions not only about the music and dances of about the music and dances of flamenco, but also about the very flamenco, but also about the very word flamenco. George Borrow word flamenco. George Borrow writes that the word flemenc [sic] writes that the word flemenc [sic] is synonymous with "Gypsy".is synonymous with "Gypsy".

BackgrounBackgroundd

For a complete picture of the possible influences For a complete picture of the possible influences that gave rise to flamenco, attention must be that gave rise to flamenco, attention must be paid to the cultural and musical background of paid to the cultural and musical background of the Iberian Peninsula since Ancient times. It is the Iberian Peninsula since Ancient times. It is not possible to find out what this music really not possible to find out what this music really sounded like, so the theory Long before the sounded like, so the theory Long before the Moorish attack in 711, Visigothic Spain had Moorish attack in 711, Visigothic Spain had developed its own musical forms for the church, developed its own musical forms for the church, the Visigothic or Mozarabic ritual, strongly the Visigothic or Mozarabic ritual, strongly influenced by Byzantium. a fifth string to it, and influenced by Byzantium. a fifth string to it, and set the foundations for the Andalusian nuba, the set the foundations for the Andalusian nuba, the style of music still performed in North African style of music still performed in North African countries. This also left a permanent influence countries. This also left a permanent influence upon western. The presence of the Moors was upon western. The presence of the Moors was also important in shaping the cultural variety of also important in shaping the cultural variety of Spain. Spain.

During the Reconquest, another important During the Reconquest, another important cultural influence was present in Al-Andalus: the cultural influence was present in Al-Andalus: the Jews. Enjoying a relative religious and ethnic Jews. Enjoying a relative religious and ethnic tolerance due to Islamic law in comparison to tolerance due to Islamic law in comparison to Christian countries, they formed an important Christian countries, they formed an important ethnic group, with their own traditions, rituals, ethnic group, with their own traditions, rituals, and music, and probably made the middle-and music, and probably made the middle-Eastern element in the culture and music forms Eastern element in the culture and music forms of Al-Andalus much stronger. of Al-Andalus much stronger.

The influence of the New The influence of the New WorldWorld

Recent research has shown that there might have been an Recent research has shown that there might have been an influence of Sub-Saharan African music on flamenco's influence of Sub-Saharan African music on flamenco's prehistory. This developed from the music and dance of African prehistory. This developed from the music and dance of African slaves held by the Spanish in the New World. There are 16th and slaves held by the Spanish in the New World. There are 16th and 17th century manuscripts of classical compositions that are 17th century manuscripts of classical compositions that are possibly based on African folk forms, such as negrillas, possibly based on African folk forms, such as negrillas, zarambeques, and chaconas. zarambeques, and chaconas.

It might be that during that stay in the New World, the fandango It might be that during that stay in the New World, the fandango picked up dance steps which were too vulgar for European picked up dance steps which were too vulgar for European tastes. So, the dance for fandango, for chacon, and for tastes. So, the dance for fandango, for chacon, and for zarabanda, were all forbidden in Europe at one time or another. zarabanda, were all forbidden in Europe at one time or another. Gypsy dancers are often mentioned in Spanish literary and Gypsy dancers are often mentioned in Spanish literary and musical works from the 1500s on. However, the zarabandas and musical works from the 1500s on. However, the zarabandas and jácaras are the oldest written musical forms in Spain to use the jácaras are the oldest written musical forms in Spain to use the 12-beat metre as a combination of terciary and binary rhythms. 12-beat metre as a combination of terciary and binary rhythms. The basic rhythm of the zarabanda and the jácara is The basic rhythm of the zarabanda and the jácara is 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. The soleá and the Seguiriya, are 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. The soleá and the Seguiriya, are variations on this: they just start the metre in a different beat.variations on this: they just start the metre in a different beat.

The 18th century: the fandango and the Escuela BoleraThe 18th century: the fandango and the Escuela Bolera During this period the "flamenco fiesta" developed. The cultural During this period the "flamenco fiesta" developed. The cultural

part of the flamenco fiesta is the basic thing about flamenco.part of the flamenco fiesta is the basic thing about flamenco. A turning point in flamenco came with a change of instruments. A turning point in flamenco came with a change of instruments.

In the late 18th Century the favoured guitar became the 6 string In the late 18th Century the favoured guitar became the 6 string single-coursed guitar which replaced the double-coursed 5 single-coursed guitar which replaced the double-coursed 5 string guitar in popularity. It is the 6 string guitar to which string guitar in popularity. It is the 6 string guitar to which flamenco music is tied. Flamenco became married to the 6 flamenco music is tied. Flamenco became married to the 6 string guitar.string guitar.

The rise of flamencoThe rise of flamenco

During the late-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth During the late-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries, flamenco took on a number of unique centuries, flamenco took on a number of unique characteristics which separated it from local folk music characteristics which separated it from local folk music and prepared the way to a higher professionalization and prepared the way to a higher professionalization and technical excellence of flamenco performers, to and technical excellence of flamenco performers, to the variety of flamenco styles and to the the variety of flamenco styles and to the popularization of the genre outside Andalusia.popularization of the genre outside Andalusia.

Nowadays, we know that there are hundreds and Nowadays, we know that there are hundreds and hundreds of data which allow us to know in detail what hundreds of data which allow us to know in detail what flamenco was from 1760 until 1860, and there we flamenco was from 1760 until 1860, and there we have the document sources: the theatre movement of have the document sources: the theatre movement of sainetes (one-act plays) and tonadillas, the popular sainetes (one-act plays) and tonadillas, the popular songbooks and song sheets, the stories and songbooks and song sheets, the stories and descriptions from travellers describing traditions, the descriptions from travellers describing traditions, the technical studies of dances and toques, the musical technical studies of dances and toques, the musical scores, the newspapers, the graphic documents in scores, the newspapers, the graphic documents in paintings and engravings; and all of this in continuous paintings and engravings; and all of this in continuous evolution together with the rhythm and the lyrics. evolution together with the rhythm and the lyrics. (Quoted by Ríos Ruiz 1997)(Quoted by Ríos Ruiz 1997)

Álvarez Caballero (1998) says that if there are no Álvarez Caballero (1998) says that if there are no news about flamenco previous to its late 1780 news about flamenco previous to its late 1780 mentions, it is because flamenco simply did not exist. mentions, it is because flamenco simply did not exist.

The Golden AgeThe Golden Age

During the so-called Golden Age of During the so-called Golden Age of Flamenco, between 1869–1910, flamenco Flamenco, between 1869–1910, flamenco music developed quickly in music cafés music developed quickly in music cafés called cafés cantantes, a new type of place called cafés cantantes, a new type of place with ticketed public performances. Flamenco with ticketed public performances. Flamenco dancers also became the major public dancers also became the major public attraction in those cafés. Along with the attraction in those cafés. Along with the development of flamenco dance, guitar development of flamenco dance, guitar players supporting the dancers got more players supporting the dancers got more and more reputation, and so flamenco guitar and more reputation, and so flamenco guitar as an art form by itself was born.as an art form by itself was born.

In the 19th century, both flamenco and its In the 19th century, both flamenco and its association with Gypsies started to become association with Gypsies started to become popular throughout Europe, even into popular throughout Europe, even into Russia. Composers wrote music and operas Russia. Composers wrote music and operas on what they thought were Gypsy-flamenco on what they thought were Gypsy-flamenco themes. themes.

In 1922, one of Spain's greatest writers, In 1922, one of Spain's greatest writers, Federico García Lorca, and famous Federico García Lorca, and famous composer Manuel de Falla, organised the composer Manuel de Falla, organised the Concurso de Cante Jondo, a folk music Concurso de Cante Jondo, a folk music festival for cante jondo ("deep song". They festival for cante jondo ("deep song". They did this to stimulate interest in some styles did this to stimulate interest in some styles of flamenco, which were uncommercial and, of flamenco, which were uncommercial and, so, no good for the cafés cantante. so, no good for the cafés cantante.

The "Theatrical" periodThe "Theatrical" period The stage after the Concurso de Cante Jondo The stage after the Concurso de Cante Jondo

in 1922 is known as Etapa teatral (Theatrical in 1922 is known as Etapa teatral (Theatrical period) or Ópera flamenca (Flamenco Opera) period) or Ópera flamenca (Flamenco Opera) period. The name Ópera flamenca was period. The name Ópera flamenca was started by impresario Vedrines who called started by impresario Vedrines who called these shows opera, as opera performances these shows opera, as opera performances enjoyed lower taxes. New types of flamenco enjoyed lower taxes. New types of flamenco shows were born, where flamenco was mixed shows were born, where flamenco was mixed with other music genres and theatre scenes with other music genres and theatre scenes by Gitanos and Andalusians.by Gitanos and Andalusians.

The leading artist at the time was Pepe The leading artist at the time was Pepe Marchena, who sang in a sweet falsetto Marchena, who sang in a sweet falsetto voice, using spectacular vocal runs like bel voice, using spectacular vocal runs like bel canto coloratura. A whole generation of canto coloratura. A whole generation of singers was influenced by him and some of singers was influenced by him and some of them, like Pepe Pinto, or Juan Valderrama them, like Pepe Pinto, or Juan Valderrama also reached great popularity. also reached great popularity.

This period has been considered by the most This period has been considered by the most traditionalist critics as a time of complete traditionalist critics as a time of complete commercialisatio. commercialisatio.

Musical characteristicsMusical characteristics HarmonyHarmony

Flamenco takes a lot of its music from classic popular Arabic music, mainly Flamenco takes a lot of its music from classic popular Arabic music, mainly Adani music, native of Aden in modern day Yemen.Adani music, native of Aden in modern day Yemen.

While, in Western music, only the major and minor modes are named by While, in Western music, only the major and minor modes are named by composers, flamenco has also got the Phrygian mode, or "Dorian mode" by composers, flamenco has also got the Phrygian mode, or "Dorian mode" by flamencologists, referring to the Greek Dorian mode, and sometimes also flamencologists, referring to the Greek Dorian mode, and sometimes also "flamenco mode". "flamenco mode".

The Phrygian mode is in fact the most common in the traditional palos of The Phrygian mode is in fact the most common in the traditional palos of flamenco music, and it is used for soleá, most bulerías, siguiriyas, tangos flamenco music, and it is used for soleá, most bulerías, siguiriyas, tangos and tientos, among other palos (Rossy 1998:82). Descending E Phrygian and tientos, among other palos (Rossy 1998:82). Descending E Phrygian scale in flamenco music, with common alterations scale in flamenco music, with common alterations

G sharp is compulsory for the tonic chord. Based on the Phrygian scale, a G sharp is compulsory for the tonic chord. Based on the Phrygian scale, a typical cadence is formed, usually called "Andalusian cadence". The chords typical cadence is formed, usually called "Andalusian cadence". The chords for this cadence in E Phrygian are Am–G–F–E. When playing using the for this cadence in E Phrygian are Am–G–F–E. When playing using the Phrygian mode, guitarists traditionally use only two basic positions for the Phrygian mode, guitarists traditionally use only two basic positions for the tonic chord (music): E and A. However, they often transport these basic tonic chord (music): E and A. However, they often transport these basic tones by using a capo. Modern guitarists, starting with Ramón Montoya, tones by using a capo. Modern guitarists, starting with Ramón Montoya, have also introduced other positions. have also introduced other positions.

There are also palos in major mode, for example, most cantiñas and alegrías, There are also palos in major mode, for example, most cantiñas and alegrías, guajiras, and some bulerías and tonás, and the cabales (a major mode type guajiras, and some bulerías and tonás, and the cabales (a major mode type of siguiriyas). The minor mode is less frequent and it is used only in the of siguiriyas). The minor mode is less frequent and it is used only in the Farruca, the milongas (among cantes de ida y vuelta), and some styles of Farruca, the milongas (among cantes de ida y vuelta), and some styles of tangos, bulerías, etc. In general, traditional palos in major and minor mode tangos, bulerías, etc. In general, traditional palos in major and minor mode are limited harmonically to the typical two-chord (tonic–dominant) or three-are limited harmonically to the typical two-chord (tonic–dominant) or three-chord structure (tonic–subdominant–dominant)chord structure (tonic–subdominant–dominant)

Traditionally, flamenco guitarists did not receive any formal training, so they Traditionally, flamenco guitarists did not receive any formal training, so they just relied on their ear to find the chords on the guitar ignoring the rules of just relied on their ear to find the chords on the guitar ignoring the rules of Western classical music. This led them to interesting harmonic findings, with Western classical music. This led them to interesting harmonic findings, with unusual dissonances.unusual dissonances.

CompásCompás

Compás is the Spanish word for metre and time signature in classical music Compás is the Spanish word for metre and time signature in classical music theory. In flamenco, besides having these meanings, it also refers to the theory. In flamenco, besides having these meanings, it also refers to the rhythmic cycle, or layout, of a palo or flamenco style. When performing flamenco rhythmic cycle, or layout, of a palo or flamenco style. When performing flamenco it is important to feel the rhythm — the compás — rather than mechanically it is important to feel the rhythm — the compás — rather than mechanically count the beats. In this way, flamenco is similar to jazz or blues where count the beats. In this way, flamenco is similar to jazz or blues where performers seem to simply 'feel' the rhythm.performers seem to simply 'feel' the rhythm.

Flamenco uses three basic counts or measures: Binary, Ternary and the (unique Flamenco uses three basic counts or measures: Binary, Ternary and the (unique to flamenco) twelve-beat cycle which is difficult to confine within the classical to flamenco) twelve-beat cycle which is difficult to confine within the classical measure. measure.

Rhythms in 2/4 or 4/4. These metres are used in forms like tangos, tientos, gypsy Rhythms in 2/4 or 4/4. These metres are used in forms like tangos, tientos, gypsy rumba, zambra and tanguillos[10]. rumba, zambra and tanguillos[10].

Rhythms in 3/4. These are typical of fandangos and sevillanas both of these Rhythms in 3/4. These are typical of fandangos and sevillanas both of these forms come from Spanish folk.forms come from Spanish folk.

12-beat rhythms usually rendered in amalgams of 6/8 + 3/4 and sometimes 12-beat rhythms usually rendered in amalgams of 6/8 + 3/4 and sometimes measures of 12/8 in attempts to confine it within the classical constraints. The measures of 12/8 in attempts to confine it within the classical constraints. The 12 beat cycle is fundamental in the soleá and bulerías palos, for example. 12 beat cycle is fundamental in the soleá and bulerías palos, for example.

They are also common in Latin American countries.12-beat amalgams are in fact They are also common in Latin American countries.12-beat amalgams are in fact the most common in flamenco. There are three types of these, which vary in the most common in flamenco. There are three types of these, which vary in their layouts, or use of accentuations:their layouts, or use of accentuations:

The soleá The soleá The seguiriya The seguiriya The bulería The bulería peteneras and guajiras: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Both palos start with the peteneras and guajiras: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Both palos start with the

strong accent on 12. Hence the meter is 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11... strong accent on 12. Hence the meter is 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11... The seguiriya, liviana, serrana, toná liviana, cabales: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The seguiriya, liviana, serrana, toná liviana, cabales: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

The seguiriya is measured in the same way as the soleá but starting on the 8th The seguiriya is measured in the same way as the soleá but starting on the 8th beat .beat .

The compás is fundamental to flamenco. It is the basic definition of the music The compás is fundamental to flamenco. It is the basic definition of the music and without it, there is no flamenco. and without it, there is no flamenco.

BaileBaile

El baile flamenco is a highly-El baile flamenco is a highly-expressive solo dance, known for expressive solo dance, known for its emotional sweeping of the its emotional sweeping of the arms and rhythmic stomping of arms and rhythmic stomping of the feet. While flamenco dancers the feet. While flamenco dancers (bailaores and bailaoras) invest a (bailaores and bailaoras) invest a considerable amount of study and considerable amount of study and practice into their art form, the practice into their art form, the dances are not choreographed, dances are not choreographed, but are improvised along the palo but are improvised along the palo or rhythm. The flamenco dance is or rhythm. The flamenco dance is basically pure gypsy, excluding basically pure gypsy, excluding the hand movements.the hand movements.

Flamenco guitarFlamenco guitar

The flamenco guitar (and the very The flamenco guitar (and the very similar classical guitar) comes similar classical guitar) comes from the lute. The first guitars are from the lute. The first guitars are thought to have appeared in Spain thought to have appeared in Spain in the 15th century. The in the 15th century. The traditional flamenco guitar is traditional flamenco guitar is made of Spanish cypress and made of Spanish cypress and spruce, and is lighter in weight spruce, and is lighter in weight and a bit smaller than a classical and a bit smaller than a classical guitar, to give the output a guitar, to give the output a 'sharper' sound. The flamenco 'sharper' sound. The flamenco guitar, in contrast to the classical, guitar, in contrast to the classical, is also equipped with a barrier, is also equipped with a barrier, called a golpeador.called a golpeador.

TechniquesTechniques

Flamenco is played somewhat differently Flamenco is played somewhat differently from the classical guitar, using different from the classical guitar, using different strumming patterns and techniques. strumming patterns and techniques. Flamenco is commonly played using a Flamenco is commonly played using a cejilla (capo) which somewhat causes the cejilla (capo) which somewhat causes the guitar to sound more brilliant and guitar to sound more brilliant and percussive. However, the main purpose in percussive. However, the main purpose in using a cejilla is to change the key of the using a cejilla is to change the key of the guitar in order to suit the singer's vocal guitar in order to suit the singer's vocal range.range.

In addition to the techniques common to In addition to the techniques common to classical guitar, flamenco guitar technique classical guitar, flamenco guitar technique is uniquely characterised by the following:is uniquely characterised by the following:

Golpe. Golpe. PicadoPicado RasgueadoRasgueado AlzapuaAlzapua Tremolo Tremolo

Paco de LucíaPaco de Lucía Paco de Lucía, or Francisco Sánchez Paco de Lucía, or Francisco Sánchez

Gómez (in Algeciras, Cádiz on Gómez (in Algeciras, Cádiz on December 21, 1947), is a Spanish December 21, 1947), is a Spanish composer and guitarist. He is composer and guitarist. He is recognized as a virtuoso Flamenco recognized as a virtuoso Flamenco guitarist all over the world, sometimes guitarist all over the world, sometimes called one of the greatest guitarists of called one of the greatest guitarists of all time, in any genre. He is a leading all time, in any genre. He is a leading representative of the Modern representative of the Modern Flamenco style, and is one of the very Flamenco style, and is one of the very few flamenco guitarists who have also few flamenco guitarists who have also successfully crossed over into other successfully crossed over into other genres of music. He enjoys, and has genres of music. He enjoys, and has been a successful musician in, many been a successful musician in, many styles such as classical, jazz and world styles such as classical, jazz and world music. He is the winner of the 2004 music. He is the winner of the 2004 Prince of Asturias Awards in Arts, and Prince of Asturias Awards in Arts, and is the uncle of Spanish pop singer is the uncle of Spanish pop singer Malú.Malú.

Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!