Fl Voting Report

8/13/2019 Fl Voting Report

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Floridas WorstElection OffendersA County-by-County Analysis of the Florida Election

Administration in the 2012 Election

By Anna Chu, Joshua Field, and Charles Posner December 2013


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1 Introduction and summary

7 Voter turnout

9 Voter registration

13 Voter list maintenance

15 Waiting time

19 Provisional ballots

23 Absentee ballots rejected

26 Conclusion

27 About the authors and acknowledgements

29 Methodology

33 Endnotes

Contents


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1 Center for American Progress Action Fund | Floridas Worst Election Offenders

Introduction and summary

Voing is our naions mos vial and widely used civic acion. I is a criical way

or ciizens o communicae wih leaders and indicae heir will or he direc-

ion o he counry. Bu while voing is o he umos imporance o he healh o

our democracy, sae voing laws and couny-based elecion adminisraion vary

grealy across he naion and can creae barriers o voing and dramaically impac

a ciizens voing experience.

Te voer regisraion process, or example, is no he same in every sae. Whileederal law ses sandards or voer regisraion,1some saes go above and beyond

he ederal sauory requiremens and make i easier or residens o regiser by

offering procedures such as online regisraion and same-day regisraion. Oher

saes, however, implemen regisraion resricions ha acually make i harder or

ciizens o ake his firs sep in he voing process.

Te voing experience and voing process also vary by couny. Because he

adminisraion o elecions is largely delegaed o officials in he more han 3,000

counies or wards in he Unied Saes, a ciizens voing experience can vary even

wihin a sae. From he ease o voer regisraion, o he mainenance o voer liss,

o he number o voing machines, many couny-based acors affec voers overall

experience and heir access o he ballo box.

Ciizens ofen ocus on voings end resul: casing a ballo in avor o a candidae

or an issue. Wha hey ofen ail o ideniy, however, are he many poins wihin

he voing process where sae and local elecion laws and elecion adminisra-

ors have a large impac on a voers overall experience. Tis repor isolaes several

differen acors ha illusrae he variaion in voer experience rom couny o

couny. By evaluaing he differences in voing saisics a a couny level, we canbeter undersand he voing adminisraion pracices ha work and encourage

sae and local officials o consider how hey can improve he voing experience

or heir ciizens.


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Voting in Florida

Florida was one o he saes ha received scruiny or he voing barriers ha is

elecorae aced hroughou he 2012 general elecion.2Leading up o he elecion

year, Florida received a grea deal o atenion or passing resricive voing laws

ha made i more difficul or ciizens o regiser o voe and cas heir ballos.In 2011, Gov. Rick Scot (R-FL) signed H.B. 1355, which made i significanly

more difficul or ciizens o voe by reducing early voing days, creaing addiional

hurdles or voers who moved counies beore he elecion, and heavily resricing

hird-pary voer regisraions.3Gov. Scot also embarked on a highly conroversial

and error-ridden purge o voers rom he saes voer regisraion lis.4

In addiion o acing resricive voing laws and a conroversial voer purge,

Florida voers had o deal wih long lines a he polls on Elecion Day. Voers in 35

precincs in Lee Couny were sill in line waiing o voe hree hours afer polling

locaions had officially closed.5Meanwhile, repors rom Miami-Dade Counyindicaed ha some voers in he couny had o wai in line or seven hours o voe

on Elecion Day.6One sudy ound ha Florida voers aced he longes lines o

voe in he naion.7

Many counies in Florida also experienced elecion adminisraion issues. In

Hillsborough Couny, or example, poor adminisraion appears o have errone-

ously orced some o he counys voers o voe provisionally;8afer all he voes

were abulaed in he couny, more han 2,100 provisional ballos were ossed

ou.9In Palm Beach Couny, a prining debacle delayed he compleion o coun-

ing absenee ballos unil our days afer he elecion.10

Because o Floridas hisory o elecion problems and he muliude o problems

ha voers encounered during he 2012 general elecion, we wen deeper o gain

a beter undersanding o wha happened in he sae during he elecion. We

examined concree daa ha refleced voers experiences in he voing sysem and

heir abiliy o paricipae in he democraic process. Since many elecion deci-

sions are delegaed o couny adminisraors, we waned o examine how voing

experiences varied rom couny o couny and ideniy he counies ha sood ou

or poor elecion adminisraion.


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Afer comparing Florida counies wih voing-age populaions greaer han one

quarer o he mean Florida couny ciizen voing-age populaion, we ound a

wide deviaion in he acors ha define he voing experience rom one couny o

anoher. Tis repor idenifies where some Florida counies are srong and ohers

are weak and raises he quesion o why i is harder or a voer in Columbia Couny

o paricipae in he democraic process han i is or a voer in S. Johns Couny.

Factors examined in the report

Tis repor examines nine acors ha reflec voers voing experiences and heir

abiliy o paricipae in he democraic process. We compared he perormance o

he mos populous Florida counies by calculaing he mean level o perormance

or each o he nine acors below and deermining how ar rom he mean each

couny scored.11Te resul is an objecive ranking o Floridas wors-offending

counies or elecion adminisraion.

Te acors examined in his repor are:

Voer urnou Overall voer regisraion rae Voer regisraion rae or Arican Americans Voer regisraion rae or Hispanics Rae o regisered voers removed rom voing liss Waiing ime Provisional ballos cas Provisional ballos rejeced Absenee ballos rejeced

In addiion o he overall wors-offender rankings, we idenified he wors-per-

orming counies wihin each acor o explore why cerain counies may have

perormed beter han ohers. Te resul is an in-deph analysis o he voing prob-

lems ha plague Florida counies and make i harder or ciizens o exercise heir

righ o paricipae in our democracy.


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Overall rankings

While all Florida counies had o conend in 2012 wih resricive elecion laws

passed a he sae level, six o he counies ha we evaluaed sood ou or ailing

o ensure ha residens could reely and effecively cas voes: Columbia, Punam,

Bay, Alachua, Hillsborough, and Duval. Nearly 2 million voing-age ciizens live inhese six wors counies.

Columbia Couny in norhern Florida was he wors-perorming couny overall

and requenly ranked among he saes wors counies on a variey o acors. O

he Florida counies examined, Columbia had he wors voer urnou o is ciizen

voing-age populaion, 53.5 percen. Tis corresponds o he ac ha Columbia

also had he lowes percenage o regisered voers as a raio o is voing-age popu-

laion, he second-lowes percenage o eligible Arican American voer regisra-

ion, and he hird-lowes percenage o eligible Hispanic voer regisraion. I also

had one o he highes percenages o absenee ballos rejecednearly wo imesmore han he average Florida couny.

Punam Couny had he second-lowes percenage o overall voer regisraion,

he hird-lowes level o voer urnou, and was he hird-mos acive couny in

removing voers rom voer rolls. Bay Couny also ared poorly on numerous ac-

ors, bu i was he wors offender wih regard o he percenage o absenee ballos

i rejeced, rejecing more han wo imes he sae average o absenee ballos.

Alachua Couny removed a greaer percenage o is regisered voers han any

oher couny oher han Hillsboroughnearly wo imes he sae averageand

issued he hird-highes percenage o provisional ballos in Florida.

Hillsborough Couny had one o he wors average waiing imes in he sae.

According o a repor rom Advancemen Projec, polls in Hillsborough had o

say open an average o one hour pas closing ime.12Hillsborough also had he

second-highes percenage o provisional ballos cas in Floridamore han wice

he sae average.13Tis is concerning, considering ha nearly 42 percen o he

provisional ballos cas in he counymore han 2,100 voeswere rejeced and

no couned.14


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Duval Couny had he highes percenage o provisional ballos

cas in he sae.15Tis is also roubling because no all provisional

ballos are acually couned. In ac, Duval rejeced more han 34

percenor more han 2,300o he provisional ballos cas in

he couny.16Alhough elecion officials poin o he resricive

H.B. 1355 as he reason why Duval Couny had so many provi-sional ballos, every couny in he sae had o conend wih he

same law.17Te rae o provisional ballos used in Duval, however,

is almos our imes higher han he sae average.

Te six counies highlighed above sand ou or heir poor

elecion adminisraion because hey perormed dramaically

worse han oher Florida counies. According o our analy-

siswhich calculaes each counys sandard deviaion rom

he sae mean or each o he nine acorshe sixh-wors

couny, Hillsborough, perormed 60 percen worse han hesevenh-wors couny, Highlands. Bu while i is worh noing

hese exreme cases, all o he botom-ranking counies deserve

scruiny or making i harder or people o paricipae in he

democraic process.

o beter undersand wha makes voing differen rom one

couny o anoher, compare highlighs rom hree o he acors

we analyzed demonsraing how he good-, he bad-, and he

average-perorming counies ared in Figure 1.

Te able below ranks he Florida counies ha we analyzed

rom he overall wors o he overall bes-perorming counies in

elecion adminisraion, according o he nine examined voing

acors. Columbia Couny ranked as he overall wors offender,

Marion Couny esablished he mean elecion adminisraion

perormance, and S. Johns Couny perormed he bes.

FIGURE 1

Comparing Florida election

administration in 2012: The good,

the bad, and the average

Voter turnout rate

Columbia Escambia St. John

80%

60%

40%

20%

0

* All figures are calculated as a percentage of citizen voting-age

population, or CVAP, except for absentee ballots rejected, which is

calculated as the percentage of all absentee ballots issued.

Hispanic registration rate

Bay Marion Clay

80%

60%

40%

20%

0

Absentee ballot rejection rate

Alachua Miami-Dade Santa Ro

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0

53.5%

66.8%

83.6%

52.4%

73.2% 78.3%

1.9%

0.9%0.3%


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TABLE 1

Floridas worst election offenders: Overall

rankings based on nine factors

Rankings: 1 = worst-performing county

Rank County

1 Columbia (worst)

2 Putnam

3 Bay

4 Alachua

5 Duval

6 Hillsborough

7 Highlands

8 Volusia

9 Lee

10 Sumter

11 Monroe

12 Orange

13 Escambia

14 Polk

15 Collier

16 Okaloosa

17 Palm Beach

18 Marion (average)

19 Miami-Dade

20 Martin

Rank County

21 St. Lucie

22 Charlotte

23 Osceola

24 Pinellas

25 Leon

26 Indian River

27 Brevard

28 Seminole

29 Nassau

30 Manatee

31 Hernando

32 Citrus

33 Lake

34 Sarasota

35 Broward

36 Pasco

37 Flagler

38 Santa Rosa

39 Clay

40 St. Johns (best)

FIGURE 2

Mapping Floridas Election Administration

performance: The good, the bad, and

the average

Source: Center for American Progress analysis based on data from the U.S. ElectionAssistance Commission, U.S. Census Bureau, and Advancement Project. See the methodol-

ogy for more details.

Overall rankings

Worst Best

Source: Center for American Progress analysis based on data from the U.S. ElectionAssistance Commission, U.S. Census Bureau, and Advancement Project. See methodolofor more details


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Voter turnout

Voer urnou is an imporan measure o he healh o our democracy and he

abiliy and desire o ciizens o paricipae in he democraic process. Te Unied

Saes has a hisory o low voer urnou raes. Only abou 59 percen o he ciizen

voing-age populaion voed in 2012,18ranking i one o he wors counries when

compared o similar democracies.19Te reasons or he low voer urnou vary bu

ofen have o do wih various barriers, such as voer regisraion resricions, ha

make i more difficul o voe.20

In comparison o he naional voer urnou rae, Floridas overall voer urnou

rae o 63.2 percen is above average.21A closer examinaion shows, however, ha

voer urnou varied grealy among he saes counies. While counies such as

S. Johns saw more han 80 percen o he ciizen voing-age populaion voe in

he 2012 general elecion, Columbia, Highlands, Polk, and Punam counies had

urnou raes o less han 60 percen. Te low voer urnou raes in hese counies

raise quesions abou wheher hose residens have proper access o he demo-

craic process.

Te able below ranks Florida counies according o heir voer urnou raes.


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County Voter turnout rate Rank

Alachua 64.7% 14

Bay 64.3% 12

Brevard 69.1% 26

Broward 68.6% 25

Charlotte 65.0% 15

Citrus 64.1% 11

Clay 72.1% 37

Collier 71.3% 36

Columbia 53.5% 1

Duval 66.7% 21

Escambia 66.8% 22

Flagler 71.0% 33

Hernando 60.4% 5

Highlands 57.3% 2

Hillsborough 65.9% 18

Indian River 69.5% 27

Lake 68.1% 24

Lee 60.6% 6

Leon 70.9% 32

Manatee 66.4% 20

Marion 63.9% 10

County Voter turnout rate Rank

Martin 71.2% 35

Miami-Dade 66.0% 19

Monroe 71.0% 34

Nassau 73.7% 38

Okaloosa 70.6% 31

Orange 62.7% 9

Osceola 65.1% 16

Palm Beach 67.7% 23

Pasco 62.1% 8

Pinellas 65.6% 17

Polk 59.4% 4

Putnam 57.6% 3

Santa Rosa 69.7% 28

Sarasota 69.8% 29

Seminole 69.8% 30

St. Johns 83.6% 40

St. Lucie 64.4% 13

Sumter 77.0% 39

Volusia 61.1% 7

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau and U. S. Election AssistanceCommission. See the methodology and endnotes formore details.

TABLE 2

Voter turnout: Rate of total votes cast among citizen voting-age population



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Voter registration

Anoher measure o how easily ciizens can access he democraic process is voer

regisraion. In Florida, as in virually every sae, regisraion is he firs sep cii-

zens mus ake o exercise heir righ o voe.

Regisering o voe in Florida is no easy ea, however, as hose regisering o voe

in he sae mus go hrough a echnologically daed sysem. Prospecive voers

mus fill ou a paper-based orm and eiher mail or hand deliver he compleed

orm o an appropriae office. I a regisered voer moves, changes poliical paries,or changes his or her name, he or she mus submi a replacemen paper-based

applicaion.22Floridians mus also be regisered or a leas 29 days beore hey can

voe in an elecion.

In addiion o his daed and inefficien regisraion sysem, Florida implemened

harsh laws ha impeded Floridians abiliy o voe. For much o 2012, H.B. 1355

imposed egregious resricions upon hird-pary voer regisraion effors. I

imposed sric sandards ha made i harder or any hird pary voer regisraion

organizaionsuch as he nonparisan League o Women Voers, he NAACP,

and he Boy Scouso underake broad-based voer regisraion effors.23

Because o he resricive law, some nonparisan organizaions ceased heir voer

regisraion drives in Florida while hey challenged he law in cour.24I was no

unil he beginning o las summer ha a cour emporarily blocked enorcemen

o he law, and in Augus 2012, he sae finally setled he lawsui and agreed o

no enorce communiy voer regisraion resricions.25Tis lef hird-pary orga-

nizaions mere monhs o regiser voers beore he general elecion.26

Alhough many differen acors affec voer regisraion raes, he barriers o

voing ha Florida se up likely suned he saes regisraion raes. Indeed, voerregisraion raes in Florida decreased rom 2010 o 2012. In 2010, more han 12.5

million people were regisered o voe in Floridanearly 96 percen o he ciizen

voing-age populaion.27In 2012, however, ha number ell 8 percenage poins o

88 percen, or 11.9 million people.28


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County

Overall registration

rate, 2012 Rank, overall

African Ameri-

can registration

rate, 2012

Rank, African

American

Hispanic

registration

rate, 2012 Ra nk , H is pan ic

Alachua 87.4% 8 80.5% 8 72.1% 22

Bay 89.3% 14 82.3% 10 52.4% 5

Brevard 91.2% 24 90.1% 27 72.0% 21

Broward 102.6% 38 104.2% 40 89.9% 38

Charlotte 87.6% 10 80.0% 7 55.4% 7

Citrus 84.8% 5 84.3% 15 53.6% 6

Clay 98.4% 37 102.3% 39 78.3% 34

Collier 85.6% 6 83.0% 13 66.2% 12

Columbia 69.6% 1 57.9% 2 48.3% 3

Duval 89.6% 16 91.3% 29 66.3% 13

Escambia 87.9% 12 86.1% 21 41.7% 2

Flagler 97.2% 36 98.6% 38 74.3% 28

Hernando 92.1% 27 89.0% 24 73.6% 26

Highlands 82.4% 3 85.6% 19 74.4% 29

Hillsborough 89.7% 17 92.4% 31 70.4% 20

Indian River 90.1% 19 78.1% 5 68.7% 17

Lake 90.1% 20 92.3% 30 75.4% 30

Lee 87.9% 11 80.6% 9 73.4% 25

Leon 90.4% 21 88.5% 23 66.6% 15

Manatee 90.0% 18 85.0% 18 60.3% 9

Marion 87.6% 9 83.0% 12 73.2% 24

Martin 91.0% 22 74.9% 4 57.8% 8

Miami-Dade 97.1% 35 95.9% 33 90.0% 39

Monroe 92.7% 28 67.8% 3 61.3% 10

Nassau 92.9% 29 84.8% 17 51.9% 4

Okaloosa 95.3% 32 86.6% 22 66.4% 14

Orange 91.6% 25 89.8% 26 87.9% 37

Osceola 96.7% 33 96.6% 36 100.9% 40

Palm Beach 97.0% 34 96.4% 35 79.4% 35

Pasco 89.4% 15 95.8% 32 75.8% 31

TABLE 3

Voter turnout: Rate of total votes cast among citizen voting-age population



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County

Overall registration

rate, 2012 Rank, overall

African Ameri-

can registration

rate, 2012

Rank, African

American

Hispanic

registration

rat e, 2012 R ank , Hispa nic

Pinellas 88.6% 13 85.9% 20 66.2% 11

Polk 83.3% 4 82.8% 11 77.3% 32

Putnam 79.2% 2 78.7% 6 69.9% 18

Santa Rosa 105.4% 39 84.6% 16 67.1% 16

Sarasota 92.9% 30 89.7% 25 70.4% 19

Seminole 91.6% 26 90.9% 28 81.6% 36

St. Johns 110.1% 40 97.0% 37 73.9% 27

St. Lucie 91.1% 23 96.0% 34 77.9% 33

Sumter 93.5% 31 42.4% 1 39.4% 1

Volusia 86.2% 7 83.2% 14 72.7% 23

Note: Due to the f act that Census figures for citizen voting-age population are estimates with a margin of error and that the most up-to-date citizen voting-age population, or

CVAP, estimates are from 2011, not 2012, some registration rates appear as more than 100 percent. See the methodology section for more details.


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Voter list maintenance

o voe in Florida, a ciizen mus be lised on a saes voer regisraion liss, also

called voer rolls. Counies regularly conduc mainenance o he voing liss,

remov[ing] duplicae names and people who have moved, died, or are oherwise

ineligible.38

In Florida, however, Gov. Scot atemped o conduc a highly conroversial and

error-ridden saewide purge o voers beore he 2012 general elecion ha wen

beyond radiional couny-based lis mainenance.

Gov. Scots purge process was deeply flawed. Te saes elecions office sen couny

officials a lis o suspeced ineligible voers ha conained ambiguous daa and

named numerous individuals whose eligibiliy could no be deermined one way

or anoheror who were indeed ciizens.39 Gov. Scots acion is reflecive o a

2008 Brennan Cener or Jusice sudy finding ha every purge lis i reviewed was

flawed.40 In some insances, purges were done based on error-ridden liss; in ohers,

local elecion officials perormed voer purges wihou any oversigh or noice.41

Many couny elecions supervisors, in ac, declined o move orward wih Gov.

Scots saewide purge because hey did no rus he accuracy o he lis.42Te U.S.

Deparmen o Jusice argued ha Gov. Scots purge violaed he Voing Righs Ac

and he Naional Voer Regisraion Ac and ordered Florida o sop he purge, while

several groups also sued he sae, arguing ha he voer purge was discriminaory

because i singled ou mosly immigrans.43 Te sae and he groups evenually

reached an agreemen wherein Florida agreed o inorm he 2,625 people on he lis

who are eligible o voe ha heir voing righs had been ully resored.44

Alhough he sae sopped he conroversial purge process, counies sill conduced

regular mainenance o he voing liss. While his process is legal and necessaryin some scenarios, some Florida counies sood ou or he high rae o voers hey

removed rom he voing liss. Hillsborough Couny had he highes rae o vo-

ers removed rom is voing liss compared o regisered voers o he counies ha

we evaluaed; i removed voers off is rolls more han wice as ofen as he aver-

age couny. Alachua, Punam, and Monroe counies also had comparaively high


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TABLE 4

Voter list maintenance: Rate of voters removed among registered voters


County

Number

of voters

removed, 2012

Voter

removal

rate, 2012 Rank

Alachua 982 0.60% 2

Bay 496 0.44% 7

Brevard 943 0.25% 29

Broward 4,077 0.36% 12

Charlotte 170 0.15% 40

Citrus 262 0.27% 27

Clay 424 0.32% 22

Collier 630 0.35% 15

Columbia 101 0.28% 25

Duval 2,730 0.49% 5

Escambia 838 0.42% 9

Flagler 247 0.35% 13

Hernando 257 0.21% 32

Highlands 207 0.33% 18

Hillsborough 4,938 0.66% 1

Indian River 295 0.32% 24

Lake 540 0.27% 26

Lee 721 0.19% 36

Leon 662 0.35% 16

Manatee 328 0.16% 39Marion 765 0.34% 17

County

Number

of voters

removed, 2012

Voter

removal

rate, 2012 Rank

Martin 246 0.24% 30

Miami-Dade 5,844 0.44% 6

Monroe 267 0.52% 4

Nassau 171 0.33% 19

Okaloosa 290 0.23% 31

Orange 2,249 0.33% 21

Osceola 619 0.38% 11

Palm Beach 2,869 0.33% 20

Pasco 609 0.20% 34

Pinellas 1,995 0.32% 23

Polk 922 0.26% 28

Putnam 237 0.54% 3

Santa Rosa 243 0.21% 33

Sarasota 517 0.19% 35

Seminole 499 0.18% 37

St. Johns 247 0.16% 38

St. Lucie 746 0.42% 8

Sumter 281 0.38% 10

Volusia 1,177 0.35% 14

Source: U.S. Election Assistance Commission. See the methodology

and endnotes for more details.

removal raes. Removing voers off he voer rolls should no be aken lighly, and

hese large discrepancies raise quesions as o why some counies removed voers a

a rae so much higher han he sae average.

Te able below ranks Florida counies based on he percenage o voers removed

rom voer rolls.


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Waiting time

Anoher barrier o voing is long waiing imes a he polls. On average, Florida

voers aced he longes waiing imes in he counry in 2012.45According o a

Massachusets Insiue o echnology, or MI, sudy, voers in Florida had o wai

an average o 45 minues.46

Long lines a he polls are derimenal o he voing process; hey discourage

voers rom casing ballos, which impacs elecion resuls. Sudies sugges

ha his occurred in Florida. According o a repor by Associae ProessorTeodore Allen o Ohio Sae Universiy, long lines in Florida discouraged a

leas 201,000 Florida voers rom casing ballos on Elecion Day in 2012.47

Oher findings revealed ha 49,000 people in Cenral Florida alone were dis-

couraged rom voing on Elecion Day because o long lines.48O hose 49,000

discouraged voers, an esimaed 30,000 would have voed or Presiden Barack

Obama, and only abou 19,000 would have voed or Republican presiden-

ial candidae Mit Romney,49increasing he presidens margin o vicory by

11,000 voes in Florida.50

Alhough Florida voers aced he longes waiing imes in he naion, many

voers in counies across he sae aced ar longer lines han he sae average.

According o an Advancemen Projec repor, Lee, S. Lucie, Orange, Palm

Beach, Volusia, Miami-Dade, Hillsborough, and Brevard counies all had aver-

age wai imes o longer han an hour.51According o he repor, on average,

precincs in Lee closed 115 minues afer he polls officially closed, meaning

voers waied in line well afer he pol ling locaion was supposed o close.52

News oules confirmed ha voers were sill waiing in line o voe a 10:00

p.m. a 35 precincs in Lee Couny.53Meanwhile, repors rom Miami-Dade

Couny indicaed ha some voers in he couny had o wai seven hours inline o voe on Elecion Day.54


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A number o reasons have been offered or why he lines in Florida were so long.

Tere is some indicaion ha he shorened early voing schedule may have

resuled in longer lines a he polls.55Some news repors also sugges ha long bal-

los played a role. Te ballo in Miami-Dade, or example, was 10 o 12 pages long.

Te Miami Heraldrepored:

In some cases, exasperaed voers ook he ballos and filled hem ou before

geting o he boohsvoing a ables or on heir laps. Poll worker Dave Palak,

57, a reired Coas Guard officer, said a booh botleneck salled voing a he

Normandy Shores Golf Club, so voers sared reading and compleing heir bal-

los while sanding in line.56

In addiion o shorened early voing days and lenghy ballos, here is evidence

ha some couny elecion officials were no adequaely prepared o handle he

high voer urnou, did no allocae resources properly, or may simply be incompe-

en a heir jobs.

Alhough Te Miami Heraldrepored ha elecion officials in Miami-Dade Couny

believed hey had enough ballo scanners, voing boohs, and poll workers o deal

wih he crowds,57a lack o resources seemed o pose a problem in he couny. A

Cenennial Middle School in Culer Bay, 1,786 voers cas ballos a a sie wih jus

five scanner machinesone o he highes voer-o-machine raios in he couny,

records show.58Meanwhile, a he Counry Walk Park Recreaion Cener, 1,892

voers flooded a sie wih 32 boohs and seven ballo scanners, causing wais as

long as seven hours.59

Poor planning and incompeen managemen appeared o plague Lee Couny,

where some voers had o wai in line or five hours o voe.60Couny Elecion

Supervisor Sharon Harringon claimed ha no one could have prepared or he

issues ha led o long lines on Elecion Day, blaming long ballos and a shorage

o ballo scanners or some o he problems.61Te couny elecion office, however,

had acually reurned more han $1 million o he couny in 2010 and 2011

money ha he office could have used o buy exra scanners. Harringon also

ailed o use 50 exra ballo scanners ha he couny had on Elecion Day.62Lasly,

Harringon could have sough permission rom he sae or ways o consolidaehe ballo, bu she did no even know here was an opion o do so.63


20/39


In conras o Miami-Dade Couny elecion officials and Lee Couny Elecion

Supervisor Harringon, he elecion officials in Collier Couny planned ahead or

he elecion.64In anicipaion o long ballos, he couny purchased exra ballo

scanners o conend wih he long ballos, dispaching more ballo scanners in

2012 han i did in any oher elecion.65Collier Couny even sough permission

rom he sae o consolidae is ballo.66

Tus, while voers in Lee had o ace, onaverage, a 115-minue wai a he polls, voers in Collier aced, on average, only an

8-minue wai a he polls.67

Alhough muliple acors affec waiing imes a he polls, he sories o Lee

Couny and Collier Couny illusrae how good and bad elecion adminisraion

can impac he voing process and voing experience.

Te able below shows he average waiing imes a he polls on Elecion Day in

Florida or he counies or which daa were colleced.


21/39


TABLE 5

Waiting times: Average number of minutes after polls closed that last vote was cast


County

Average number of

minutes after polls

closed, 2012 Rank

Alachua 34 17

Bay - -

Brevard 63 8

Broward 25 19

Charlotte 0 26

Citrus 0 26

Clay 13 23

Collier 8 25

Columbia - -

Duval 35 15

Escambia 11 24

Flagler - -

Hernando - -

Highlands - -

Hillsborough 72 7

Indian River 18 22

Lake 20 21

Lee 115 1

Leon 41 11

Manatee 53 9

Marion 27 18

County

Average number of

minutes after polls

closed, 2012 Rank

Martin 0 26

Miami-Dade 73 6

Monroe - -

Nassau 0 26

Okaloosa - -

Orange 86 3

Osceola 37 14

Palm Beach 84 4

Pasco 41 11

Pinellas 40 13

Polk 35 15

Putnam - -

Santa Rosa - -

Sarasota - -

Seminole 25 19

St. Johns 0 26

St. Lucie 96 2

Sumter 46 10

Volusia 75 5

Note: Among counties in which waiting-time data were not available, this factor wasomitted from the overall rankings. See the methodology section for more details.Source: Advancement Project. See the methodology and endnotes for more details.


22/39


Provisional ballots

Provisional ballos are anoher measure o how voers paricipae on Elecion

Day. Te opion o cas a provisional ballo came afer he 2000 elecion, when

Congress passed he Help America Voe Ac, or HAVA, o serve as a ail-sae

mechanism o ensure ha voers who show up a he polls may cas a provisional

ballo i hey claim o be eligible and regisered o voe.68I voers show up o he

polls bu heir names are no on he voer rolls, or insance, hey can sill cas a

provisional ballo.69Provisional ballos are hen couned afer elecion officials

veriy ha he voer is regisered and eligible o voe.70

Alhough he use o provisional ballos is beter han denying a voer he abiliy

o cas any ballo, i has mixed resuls in pracice. Someimes, poll workers ail o

offer any provisional ballos o voers, and oher imes, counies apply varying

mehods or couning provisional ballos.71Counies ha issue and/or rejec more

provisional ballos han he sae average should be scruinized o deermine why

heir elecion adminisraion yielded such anomalies.

able 6 shows he rae o he use o provisional ballos across Florida, as well as

he raes a which provisional ballos were rejeced. Te daa illusrae abnor-

mally high use o provisional ballos in several counies, especially in Duval and

Hillsborough counies, and a high rejecion rae o provisional ballos in Palm

Beach and Miami-Dade counies.

High use of provisional ballots

Duval Couny sands ou or having an exremely high rae o issuing provisional

ballosnearly our imes greaer han he sae average. Tis is especially rou-bling because nearly 35 percen o provisional ballosmore han 2,300 voes

were no couned in Duval.72Duval Couny Supervisor o Elecions Jerry Holland

and oher couny elecion officials blamed he increase in he use o provisional

ballos on a change in he law ha requires voers who moved o a new couny

and did no change heir address beore voing o use a provisional ballo.73


23/39


Indeed, he use o provisional ballos in Duval Couny isel did increase by 1,500

rom 2008 o 2012.74Bu his acor does no ully explain why Duval voers had o

cas provisional ballos nearly our imes more ofen han he average sae voer.

Hillsborough Couny also perormed poorly on his measure, wih he second-

highes rae o using provisional ballos. Hillsborough used provisional bal-los almos wo and a hal imes more ofen han he sae average and rejeced

provisional ballos a a higher rae han Duval. Hillsborough hrew ou nearly 42

percen o he provisional ballos casmore han 2,100 voes.75

Repors rom nonparisan elecion-proecion groups indicae ha poor elecion

adminisraion may accoun or some o he exensive use o provisional ballos in

Hillsborough Couny. Te Lawyers Commitee or Civil Righs, which conduced

an exensive elecion-proecion effor in Hillsborough, received repors o

numerous poll workers incorrecly handing ou provisional ballos o voers look-

ing o updae heir addresses a heir new polling place.76Tese poll workers wereno ollowing he correc procedure. Insead, or anyone who has moved wihin

he couny, hey should have been allowed o updae he address and voe on a

sandard ballo.77

Misdirecion rom poll workers also led o a large number o issued provisional

ballos in Hillsborough Couny. Florida requires voers in he wrong precinc o

voe provisionally; repors indicaed ha a leas several-dozen morning voers

were uninenionally direced o he wrong precinc and were required o voe

provisionally raher han cas a normal ballo.78

High rejection rate for provisional ballots

Palm Beach and Miami-Dade counies had he highes rejecion raes or provi-

sional ballos in Florida in 2012.

Voers in Palm Beach Couny cas 2,056 provisional ballos on Elecion Day,79bu

he couny rejeced 1,477 o hose ballosmore han 70 percen o all provi-

sional ballos cas in he couny and wice he sae average.80

Tis is especiallyroubling news or many voers in Palm Beach Couny, considering ha voers

here aced some o he longes lines in he sae o cas heir voes.


24/39


County

Percent of 2012

Election Day votes

cast provisionally

Rank, provisional

ballots cast

Rejection rate

of 2012 provisional

ballots cast

Rank, provisional

ballots rejected

Alachua 2.18% 3 43.9% 13

Bay 1.57% 6 39.1% 16

Brevard 0.64% 31 53.2% 8

Broward 0.87% 22 61.4% 4

Charlotte 0.28% 38 49.3% 9

Citrus 0.95% 21 6.3% 40

Clay 1.17% 16 22.7% 36

Collier 1.18% 15 44.7% 12

Columbia 0.53% 36 38.8% 17

Duval 4.32% 1 34.6% 25

Escambia 0.76% 26 33.1% 26

Flagler 1.04% 19 28.2% 30

Hernando 0.60% 32 24.6% 34

Highlands 1.80% 5 36.2% 22

Hillsborough 2.47% 2 41.6% 14

Indian River 1.38% 11 22.5% 37

Lake 0.43% 37 39.8% 15

Lee 1.07% 17 38.2% 19

Leon 1.56% 7 38.0% 20

TABLE 6

Provisional ballots: Rates of provisional ballots cast and rejected


Meanwhile, in Miami-Dade Couny, voers cas 2,828 provisional ballos only

o have he couny oss ou nearly 65 percen o hem.81In oal, he couny

rejeced 1,828 o he provisional ballos cas.82Similar o Palm Beach Couny,

his is especially roubling because voers in Miami-Dade also aced some o he

longes lines in he sae.

While here are valid reasons o rejec provisional ballos, he high raes a

which Palm Beach and Miami-Dade rejeced provisional ballos raise quesions

as o why hose counies ound provisional ballos o be invalid much more

requenly han oher counies.


25/39


County

Percent of 2012

Election Day votes

cast provisionally

Rank, provisional

ballots cast

Rejection rate

of 2012 provisional

ballots cast

Rank, provisional

ballots rejected

Manatee 0.59% 33 32.5% 28

Marion 0.17% 40 56.5% 7

Martin 1.03% 20 59.8% 5

Miami-Dade 0.70% 30 64.6% 2

Monroe 0.70% 29 16.7% 38

Nassau 1.42% 10 27.7% 31

Okaloosa 0.70% 28 59.2% 6

Orange 1.51% 8 46.4% 10

Osceola 1.25% 12 62.4% 3

Palm Beach 0.58% 35 71.8% 1

Pasco 0.76% 25 8.5% 39

Pinellas 0.86% 23 34.7% 24

Polk 1.20% 14 44.8% 11

Putnam 1.07% 18 31.6% 29

Santa Rosa 0.74% 27 33.0% 27

Sarasota 1.21% 13 35.2% 23

Seminole 1.90% 4 22.8% 35

St. Johns 0.85% 24 37.5% 21

St. Lucie 1.43% 9 25.6% 33

Sumter 0.23% 39 26.3% 32

Volusia 0.59% 34 38.7% 18

Source: U.S. Election Assistance Commission data. See the methodology and endnotes for more details.


26/39


Absentee ballots rejected

As more and more voers cas absenee ballos insead o ballos a he polls,

absenee ballos are an imporan measure o how voers are able o paricipae in

he democraic process. Alhough much o he ocus on Elecion Day may be on

long lines a he polls, nearly 40 percen o Florida voers cas absenee ballos on

Elecion Day in 2012 insead o heading o he polls.83

Florida, however, has harsh sandards or considering absenee ballos. Under

Florida law, absenee ballos mus be individually canvassed by a board o ensureha every signaure maches a voers signaure on file o mee sae law require-

mens.84H.B. 1355 also requires ha absenee ballos be considered invalid i he

voers signaure on he ballo does no mach he signaure on record,85and cours

are limied rom considering any evidence oher han he signaure in deermining

he validiy o an absenee ballo.86As he Herald-ribunenoes, his will affec vo-

ers who suffer rom arhriis, srokes and oher ailmens ha affec heir handwriing.

Tose who ail o updae heir signaures in ime would be ou o luck. 87

able 7 ranks Florida counies by he rae o absenee ballos rejeced in 2012.

Bay Couny leads he field in rejecing absenee ballos, as i rejeced absenee

ballos more han wice as ofen as he sae average.88Alhough he oal number

o absenee ballos rejeced is small, he deviaion rom he sae average raises

quesions abou why examiners in Bay Couny ound problems wih he absen-

ee ballos cas ar more requenly han oher counies examiners did. Similarly,

Okaloosa, Seminole, and Columbia counies all rejeced absenee ballos a a rae

more han wice he sae average.

Processing absentee ballots

In addiion o he harsh review sandards, Florida law makes he processing o

absenee ballos difficul. Elecion supervisors may begin processing ballos only

15 days prior o Elecion Day;89in some cases, counies will have already received

ens o housands o absenee ballos by his dae.


27/39


Some elecion supervisors experienced delays wih he mailing and delivery o

absenee ballos and were no prepared or he large number o voers seeking o

cas in-person absenee ballos a he supervisors office insead o casing a regu-

lar ballo a an early voing or Elecion Day locaion.90Tis creaed a heavy load or

elecion supervisors o handle.

Alhough we could no find a daa source quaniying he delays in processing

absenee ballos in Florida, Palm Beach Couny meris atenion or he poor

adminisraion o is absenee ballos during he 2012 elecion. During he elec-

ion, he counys ballo priner sen ou around 60,000 absenee ballos wih a

ypo ha could no be read by he counys abulaion machines.91Because o his

misake, couny workers had o copy abou 35,000 o he voes by hand ono new

ballos.92Afer he couny realized he problem, he couny did no send ou he

remaining absenee ballos or inorm he voers who were waiing or hem abou

he problem.93According o TePalm Beach Pos, A leas 77 voers in Palm Beach

Couny who requesed absenee ballos had o wai weeks or hem or sill havenreceived hem.94

Whas more, he problems in Palm Beach Couny did no sop on Elecion Day,

insead coninuing or days afer he elecion. Alhough he elecion had already

been called or Presiden Obama, Palm Beach Couny was sill soring hrough

is debacle wih absenee ballos and did no finish couning voes unil our days

afer he elecion.95


28/39


TABLE 7

Absentee ballots: Rate of absentee ballots rejected


County

Absentee ballot

rejection rate, 2012 Rank

Alachua 1.93% 5

Bay 2.19% 1

Brevard 0.21% 38

Broward 1.30% 12

Charlotte 1.01% 18

Citrus 0.24% 36

Clay 0.37% 33

Collier 1.51% 8

Columbia 1.98% 4

Duval 1.29% 13

Escambia 0.69% 26

Flagler 0.60% 29

Hernando 0.96% 19

Highlands 0.73% 25

Hillsborough 0.93% 21

Indian River 0.77% 22

Lake 1.12% 14

Lee 1.02% 17

Leon 0.11% 39

Manatee 0.22% 37

Marion 0.58% 30

County

Absentee ballot

rejection rate, 2012 Rank

Martin 0.46% 31

Miami-Dade 0.94% 20

Monroe 1.46% 9

Nassau 0.76% 23

Okaloosa 2.09% 2

Orange 1.05% 16

Osceola 1.64% 6

Palm Beach 1.10% 15

Pasco 0.67% 27

Pinellas 0.26% 35

Polk 0.45% 32

Putnam 1.43% 11

Santa Rosa 0.29% 34

Sarasota 0.75% 24

Seminole 2.05% 3

St. Johns 1.52% 7

St. Lucie 0.01% 40

Sumter 0.60% 28

Volusia 1.44% 10

Source: U.S. Election Assistance Commission data. See the methodology and

endnotes for more details.


29/39


Conclusion

Voing is one o he mos basic, undamenal righs we have in our democracy. I

gives us our democraic voice, provides legiimacy o our leaders, and is a righ

ha many around he world figh o have. As shown in his repor, however, he

abiliy o ciizens o access he polls and exercise heir righ o voe varies widely

across Florida. While residens o S. Johns Couny appear o enjoy relaively good

access o voing, residens in Columbia Couny ace muliple barriers. In addi-

ion o resricive sae laws ha make i harder or people o voe, poor elecion

adminisraion is also disenranchising he people o Florida.

Te people o Florida deserve beter. By undersanding wha makes one counys

elecion adminisraion weaker han anohers, we can ideniy he pracices and

procedures o avoid and make suggesions abou how o improve he voing expe-

rience or all ciizens. Tis repor should be used as a ool o provide insigh ino

he acors ha disinguish one counys elecion adminisraion rom anohers

and encourage local elecion officials o ake responsibiliy or shorcomings and

find soluions o help ensure ha our mos basic democraic acion is reely aken.


30/39


About the authors

Anna Chuis he Policy Direcor or he TinkProgress War Room a American

Progress. She brings experience serving as he policy direcor or he Democraic

Senaorial Campaign Commitee during he successul 2012 cycle ha saw

Democras adding wo seas o heir majoriy in he Senae. As policy direcor, sheoversaw and managed all policy issues or he commitee and Democraic Senae

candidaes. Prior o working a he Democraic Senaorial Campaign Commitee,

she served as he policy advisor or he House Democraic Caucus. She previ-

ously served as a ederal law clerk and worked as an associae a Paul Hasings.

Chu graduaed rom he Universiy o Caliornia, Berkeley, and has a J.D. rom he

Universiy o Souhern Caliornia.

Joshua Fieldserves as he Depuy Direcor o Legal Progress, he legal policy

program a American Progress. Field is a veeran o boh he 2008 and 2012 Obama

or America campaigns and joined American Progress afer ulfilling several di-eren roles during he 2012 campaign cycle, including senior advisor a he 2013

Presidenial Inaugural Commitee, Organizing or America Nevada voer proec-

ion direcor o special projecs, and counsel and direcor o communicaions or he

Democraic Naional Convenion Hos Commitee in Charlote, Norh Carolina.Fields legal experience includes nearly hree years o work in he courroom as a

public deender in Washingon Sae and appellae pracice a he Innocence Projec

Norhwes Clinic. Field received his B.A. rom Te George Washingon Universiy

and his J.D. rom he Universiy o Washingon School o Law.

Charles Posneris he Sae Communicaions Assisan in he TinkProgress

War Room, where he provides communicaions, research, and analyical sup-

por on a wide range o issues. Prior o joining American Progress, he worked a

Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, specializing in U.S. poliical issues, and wih

Organizing or America in Ohio on campaigns o overurn a voer suppression law

and proec collecive bargaining righs or public-secor unions. Posner graduaed

wih a bachelors degree in poliical science rom Brown Universiy.


31/39


Acknowledgements

Te auhors o his repor would like o exend a special hanks o Advancemen

Projec, Brennan Cener or Jusice, and Te Pew Chariable russ or heir

work on his issue. Te auhors also would like o hank Universiy o Arizona

Assisan Proessor Dr. Ozan Jaquete, Ph.D., and he Bus Federaion or heiradvice and inpu on his repor. Finally, he auhors would like o acknowledge

he ousanding Cener or American Progress inerns Bren DeBeaumon, Lucy

Hoagland, Andrew Reagan, William Rusche, and Daniel Schieneld or heir

invaluable help on his repor.


32/39


Methodology

Sources

Tis repor relies primarily on wo governmenal daa sources. Te bulk o he

voing daa comes rom he U.S. Elecion Assisance Commission, or EAC, whichcollecs inormaion on voer regisraion, provisional and absenee ballos, voer

lis mainenance, and more hrough is Elecion Adminisraion and Voing Survey.

For he voing populaions, he U.S. Census Bureau provides couny-level daa on

he ciizen voing-age populaion, or CVAP, which is commonly used o deer-

mine he number o eligible voers in a given locaion. Tis was used o calculae

voer urnou raes and raes o regisered voers. I should be noed ha he

mos recen CVAP daa available were 2011 esimaes, while he inormaion on

regisered voers is rom 2012. Ta, in combinaion wih he margin o error buil

ino he CVAP calculaions and he ac ha CVAP is an esimae, conribues owhy several counies appear o have a higher number o regisered voers han he

populaion eligible o voe.

Te source or waiing imes comes rom an Advancemen Projec repor ha

observed precincs around he sae in he 2012 elecions and calculaed he

average ime i ook afer polls closed in each couny or he las voe o be cas.

While his figure does no represen he average waiing ime over he course o

he whole day, i does serve as a reasonable approximaion o how backlogged

counies were in accommodaing voers. Advancemen Projec did no have

waiing-ime daa or every couny ha his repor analyzed. Tese counies were

no penalized in he final rankings or he lack o daa.

Selecting the factors

Te repor isel goes ino deail abou why each o he acors was chosen o be

included in he couny rankings and heir significance o voing accessibiliy.

Broadly, we seleced he acors so as o capure he ull voing processrom he

wides view o voing accessibiliy down o he narrow experiences and challenges


33/39


some voers ace. I should be noed, however, ha he daa poins used o deer-

mine he rankings in his repor are limied by he couny-based daa ha he EAC

chooses o solici and ulimaely make available. Tis saisically based analysis

should be used as a saring poin o invesigae why one counys perormance in

a given daa caegory is differen han Floridas saisical mean or ha daa poin.

o ge a holisic view o wha happened on Elecion Day, hese rankings should becompared o anecdoal evidence regarding problems ha occurred on he ground

while Floridians were casing heir voes.

Raes o regisered voers and overall voer urnou provide a wide picure o how

each couny ares on he basic measures. Tese include is ciizenrys ineres in

voing, is abiliy o regiser, and is abiliy o ge o he polls. Te couny rankings

include he regisraion raes among Arican American and Hispanic populaions

as separae acors or a more deailed picure o how communiies o color wihin

each couny may also be affeced, perhaps differenly han he overall populaion.

Te remaining acors offer a sharper analysis o some o he common problems

ha complicae, inringe upon, or obsruc he righ o voe. Tese acors include

voer lis mainenance, long wai imes, high raes o provisional ballos cas and

rejeced, and absenee ballos rejeced. O course, in individual cases, acions

such as rejecing provisional or absenee ballos or purging voer regisraions are

jusifiable, necessary, and consisen wih he law. As we explain below, however,

he rankings are deermined no by he simple number o hese insances bu by

deviaion rom he sae averagein which ouliers are more likely o be indica-

ive o sysemic couny-based problems.

Determining Which Counties to Include in Our Analysis

Counies wih smaller populaions have smaller sample sizes ha are more likely

o be abnormally influenced by saisically unrelaed anomalies. Te mehod by

which he rankings were calculaedsandard deviaions rom he meanwould

have improperly magnified he significance o hese daa ouliers. In order o

have a more consisen daa se, we made a mehodological decision o exclude

counies ha had ciizen voing-age populaions less han one quarer o he mean

Florida Couny ciizen voing-age populaion. Tis excludes counies ha have a

ciizen voing-age populaion o ewer han around 48,500. Excluding he smallescounies bes achieved our goal o providing an accurae picure o voing adminis-

raion successes and ailures across Florida.


34/39


Ranking the counties

Te 40 counies ha we analyzed were ranked according o how much beter or

worse he couny ared on each o he nine acors when compared o he sae

average. Saisically, his was done by firs calculaing he sandard deviaion,

represened by S, or each acor, using he ormula below:

In his way, oulier counies wih acors wih larger sandard deviaions are no

penalized as much as oulier counies wih acors wih smaller ones. Ten, couny

-values were calculaed or each individual acor, using he ormula below:

Tis deermines, or each acor, he number o sandard deviaions away rom

he mean each couny was. Counies ha perormed worse han he sae mean

received negaive -values, and hose ha perormed beter received posiive

-values. Finally, he -values were averaged across he nine acorsor i a couny

was missing daa or a single acor, across he number o acors or which i had

daao produce a single number o how much beter or worse he couny per-

ormed han he sae average. Te couny wih he smalles number, or he couny

ha on average was he arhes number o sandard deviaions below he sae

average, was he wors.

A statistical look

Our ranking mehod is a saisically compeen approach o no only ideniy

he wors perorming counies as a whole bu also o provide insigh ino how

counies perormed wihin each acor. Oher effors, such as Te Pew Chariablerusss Elecion Perormance Index,96have done an excellen job using acors

similar o hose we evaluaed o rank elecion adminisraion perormance a he

sae level. By evaluaing hese acors on a couny level, we have demonsraed

ha a voing experience can also vary grealy a he local level. We recognize, how-

ever, ha numbers are no everyhing.


35/39


While he daa used o calculae hese rankings are limied o daa ha are col-

leced and made available by he EAC and oher groups, anecdoal evidence

would provide addiional insigh ino he problems ha Floridians aced on

Elecion Day. Tese daa, however, are no sysemaically colleced, and i is hard

o adjus or acors such as populaion and media sauraion.

We hope ha our couny-based saisical look a elecion adminisraion in Florida

can be used as a oundaion or hose on he ground in Florida counies o consider

ways o improve heir perormance and begin conversaions abou wha can be

done o ensure ha all ciizens can exercise heir righ o voe as reely as possible.


36/39


Endnotes

1 National Voter Registration Act, Public Law 103-31, 103rdCong., 1st sess. (May 20, 1993); Help America Vote Act,Public Law 107-252, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (October 29,2002).

2 Tanya Somanader, Florida GOP Passes Overhaul of

Election Law, Jeopardizing Voting Rights of Elderly, Mili-tary, Students, ThinkProgress, May 9, 2011, available athttp://thinkprogress.org/politics/2011/05/09/164865/florida-voter-law/.

3 Florida House of Representatives, CS/CS/HB 1355: Elec-tions, available at http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sec-tions/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=46543&SessionIndex=-1&SessionId=66&BillText=&BillNumber=1355&BillSponsorIndex=0&BillListIndex=0&BillStatuteText=&BillTypeIndex=0&BillReferredIndex=0&HouseChamber=H&BillSearchIndex=0(last accessed September 2013).

4 Marc Caputo, County elections chiefs to state: Wewont resume voter purge program, The Miami Herald,June 8, 2012, available at http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/06/07/2838176/county-elections-chiefs-to-state.html.

5 Brittany Shammas, Election 2012: Long election linesdelay results in Lee County, Naples News, November6, 2012, available at http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2012/nov/06/long-election-lines-delay-results-in-lee-county/.

6 Christina Vazquez, Voting in Brickell takes some 7hours, Local10.com, November 7, 2012, available athttp://www.local10.com/news/Voting-in-Brickell-takes-some-7-hours/-/1717324/17293368/-/9kg3hr/-/index.html?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter.

7 Jeremy W. Peters, Waiting Times at Ballot Boxes DrawScrutiny, The New York Times, February 4, 2013, avail-able athttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/us/poli-tics/waiting-times-to-vote-at-polls-draw-scrutiny.html.

8 Tampa Bay Times, Power Outages in Pinellas Countycause concern about polling sites, November 6, 2012,

available at http://tbtpics.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/power-outages-in-pinellas-county-cause-concern-about-polling-sites/1260158.

9 U.S. Election Assistance Commission, 2012 ElectionAdministration and Voting Survey (2013), availableat http://www.eac.gov/assets/1/Page/990-050%20EAC%20VoterSurvey_508Compliant.pdf.

10 Sun Sentinel,Palm Beach County finishes vote count,November 10, 2012, available at http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-11-10/news/fl-vote-count-palm-beach-county-20121110_1_absentee-ballots-election-day-tabulation-machines.

11 In selecting and developing these factors, we are grate-ful to be able to build upon The Pew Charitable Trustssgreat work on these issues. See The Pew Charitable

Trusts, Elections Performance Index (2013), available

at http://www.pewstates.org/research/reports/elec-tions-performance-index-85899445029.

12 Michael C. Herron and Daniel A. Smith, Conges-tion at the Polls: A Study of Florida Precincts in the2012 General Election (Washington: Advance-ment Project, 2013), available at http://b.3cdn.net/advancement/88f591c5cdad8054fd_evm6vt2b8.pdf.

13 U.S. Election Assistance Commission, 2012 ElectionAdministration and Voting Survey.

14 Ibid.

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid.

17 Matt Dixon, New law sparks increase in use ofprovisional ballots in Florida counties, The FloridaTimes-Union, November 18, 2012, available at http://

jacksonville.com/news/metro/2012-11-18/story/new-law-sparks-increase-use-provisional-ballots-florida-counties#ixzz2jLu5IRFY

18 Ibid.

19 Howard Steven Friedman, American Voter TurnoutLower Than Other Wealthy Countries, HuffPost Politics,July 7, 2012, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-steven-friedman/voter-turnout-europe-america_b_1660271.html.

20 Marjorie Randon Hershey, What We Know aboutVoter-ID Laws, Registration, and Turnout (Washington:Brennan Center for Justice, 2009), available at http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/

Democracy/VRE/Hershey.pdf.


22 Florida Division of Elections, Who Can Register to Vote,available at http://election.dos.state.fl.us/voter-registra-tion/voter-reg.shtml(last accessed November 2013).

23 Aaron Deslatte and Kathleen Haughney, Legislaturepasses broad overhaul of election laws, OrlandoSentinel, May 5, 2011, available at http://articles.orlan-dosentinel.com/2011-05-05/news/os-elections-bill-passes-20110505_1_early-voting-league-of-women-voters-statewide-voter-database;Dara Kam, Gov. Scottsigns contentious election law that limits early votingdays, voter registration groups, The Palm Beach Post,May 19, 2011, available at http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/state-regional/gov-scott-signs-con-

tentious-election-law-that-limi/nLsYR/.

24 Deborah Charles, Voter Registration Groups RacingAgainst Time In Post-Purge Florida, The HuffingtonPost, September 16, 2012, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/16/florida-voter-purge-registration-groups-return_n_1887805.html.

25 Brennan Center for Justice, League of Women Votersof Florida v. Browning, August 29, 2012, available athttp://www.brennancenter.org/legal-work/league-women-voters-florida-v-browning-0.

26 Charles, Voter Registration Groups Racing AgainstTime In Post-Purge Florida.

27 U.S. Election Assistance Commission, 2010 ElectionAdministration and Voting Survey (2011), available athttp://www.eac.gov/assets/1/Documents/990-281_

EAC_EAVS_508_revised.pdf.


29 Ibid.

30 Ibid.

31 Ibid
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ue-of-women-voters-statewide-voter-databasehttp://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/state-regional/gov-scott-signs-contentious-election-law-that-limi/nLsYR/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/state-regional/gov-scott-signs-contentious-election-law-that-limi/nLsYR/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/state-regional/gov-scott-signs-contentious-election-law-that-limi/nLsYR/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/16/florida-voter-purge-registration-groups-return_n_1887805.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/16/florida-voter-purge-registration-groups-return_n_1887805.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/16/florida-voter-purge-registration-groups-return_n_1887805.htmlhttp://www.brennancenter.org/legal-work/league-women-voters-florida-v-browning-0http://www.brennancenter.org/legal-work/league-women-voters-florida-v-browning-0http://www.eac.gov/assets/1/Documents/990-281_EAC_EAVS_508_revised.pdfhttp://www.eac.gov/assets/1/Documents/990-281_EAC_EAVS_508_revised.pdfhttp://www.eac.gov/assets/1/Documents/990-281_EAC_EAVS_508_revised.pdfhttp://www.eac.gov/assets/1/Documents/990-281_EAC_EAVS_508_revised.pdfhttp://www.brennancenter.org/legal-work/league-women-voters-florida-v-browning-0http://www.brennancenter.org/legal-work/league-women-voters-florida-v-browning-0http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/16/florida-voter-purge-registration-groups-return_n_1887805.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/16/florida-voter-purge-registration-groups-return_n_1887805.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/16/florida-voter-purge-registration-groups-return_n_1887805.htmlhttp://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/state-regional/gov-scott-signs-contentious-election-law-that-limi/nLsYR/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/state-regional/gov-scott-signs-contentious-election-law-that-limi/nLsYR/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/state-regional/gov-scott-signs-contentious-election-law-that-limi/nLsYR/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-05-05/news/os-elections-bill-passes-20110505_1_early-voting-league-of-women-voters-statewide-voter-databasehttp://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-05-05/news/os-elections-bill-passes-20110505_1_early-voting-league-of-women-voters-statewide-voter-databasehttp://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-05-05/news/os-elections-bill-passes-20110505_1_early-voting-league-of-women-voters-statewide-voter-databasehttp://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-05-05/news/os-elections-bill-passes-20110505_1_early-voting-league-of-women-voters-statewide-voter-databasehttp://election.dos.state.fl.us/voter-registration/voter-reg.shtmlhttp://election.dos.state.fl.us/voter-registration/voter-reg.shtmlhttp://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Democracy/VRE/Hershey.pdfhttp://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Democracy/VRE/Hershey.pdfhttp://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Democracy/VRE/Hershey.pdfhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-steven-friedman/voter-turnout-europe-america_b_1660271.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-steven-friedman/voter-turnout-europe-america_b_1660271.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-steven-friedman/voter-turnout-europe-america_b_1660271.htmlhttp://b.3cdn.net/advancement/88f591c5cdad8054fd_evm6vt2b8.pdfhttp://b.3cdn.net/advancement/88f591c5cdad8054fd_evm6vt2b8.pdfhttp://www.pewstates.org/research/reports/elections-performance-index-85899445029http://www.pewstates.org/research/reports/elections-performance-index-85899445029http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-11-10/news/fl-vote-count-palm-beach-county-20121110_1_absentee-ballots-election-day-tabulation-machineshttp://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-11-10/news/fl-vote-count-palm-beach-county-20121110_1_absentee-ballots-election-day-tabulation-machineshttp://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-11-10/news/fl-vote-count-palm-beach-county-20121110_1_absentee-ballots-election-day-tabulation-machineshttp://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-11-10/news/fl-vote-count-palm-beach-county-20121110_1_absentee-ballots-election-day-tabulation-machineshttp://www.eac.gov/assets/1/Page/990-050%20EAC%20VoterSurvey_508Compliant.pdfhttp://www.eac.gov/assets/1/Page/990-050%20EAC%20VoterSurvey_508Compliant.pdfhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/us/politics/waiting-times-to-vote-at-polls-draw-scrutiny.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/us/politics/waiting-times-to-vote-at-polls-draw-scrutiny.htmlhttp://www.local10.com/news/Voting-in-Brickell-takes-some-7-hours/-/1717324/17293368/-/9kg3hr/-/index.html?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitterhttp://www.local10.com/news/Voting-in-Brickell-takes-some-7-hours/-/1717324/17293368/-/9kg3hr/-/index.html?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitterhttp://www.local10.com/news/Voting-in-Brickell-takes-some-7-hours/-/1717324/17293368/-/9kg3hr/-/index.html?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitterhttp://www.naplesnews.com/news/2012/nov/06/long-election-lines-delay-results-in-lee-county/http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2012/nov/06/long-election-lines-delay-results-in-lee-county/http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2012/nov/06/long-election-lines-delay-results-in-lee-county/http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/06/07/2838176/county-elections-chiefs-to-state.htmlhttp://www.miamiherald.com/2012/06/07/2838176/county-elections-chiefs-to-state.htmlhttp://www.miamiherald.com/2012/06/07/2838176/county-elections-chiefs-to-state.htmlhttp://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=46543&SessionIndex=-1&SessionId=66&BillText=&BillNumber=1355&BillSponsorIndex=0&BillListIndex=0&BillStatuteText=&BillTypeIndex=0&BillReferredIndex=0&HouseChamber=H&BillSearchIndex=0http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=46543&SessionIndex=-1&SessionId=66&BillText=&BillNumber=1355&BillSponsorIndex=0&BillListIndex=0&BillStatuteText=&BillTypeIndex=0&BillReferredIndex=0&HouseChamber=H&BillSearchIndex=0http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=46543&SessionIndex=-1&SessionId=66&BillText=&BillNumber=1355&BillSponsorIndex=0&BillListIndex=0&BillStatuteText=&BillTypeIndex=0&BillReferredIndex=0&HouseChamber=H&BillSearchIndex=0http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=46543&SessionIndex=-1&SessionId=66&BillText=&BillNumber=1355&BillSponsorIndex=0&BillListIndex=0&BillStatuteText=&BillTypeIndex=0&BillReferredIndex=0&HouseChamber=H&BillSearchIndex=0http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=46543&SessionIndex=-1&SessionId=66&BillText=&BillNumber=1355&BillSponsorIndex=0&BillListIndex=0&BillStatuteText=&BillTypeIndex=0&BillReferredIndex=0&HouseChamber=H&BillSearchIndex=0http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=46543&SessionIndex=-1&SessionId=66&BillText=&BillNumber=1355&BillSponsorIndex=0&BillListIndex=0&BillStatuteText=&BillTypeIndex=0&BillReferredIndex=0&HouseChamber=H&BillSearchIndex=0http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2011/05/09/164865/florida-voter-law/http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2011/05/09/164865/florida-voter-law/


37/39


38/39


76 Noah Pranksy, Hillsborough County Supervisor ofElections office loses power, endures other electionday problems, WTSP News, November 6, 2012,available at http://www.wtsp.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=281319.

77 Ibid.

78 Pranksy, Hillsborough County Supervisor of Electionsoffice loses power, endures other election day prob-lems; Barbara Liston, FL Election 2012: Behind Ab-sentee Voting & Early Voting Figures, HuffPost Politics,

November 6, 2012, available at http://www.huffing-tonpost.com/2012/11/06/fl-election-2012_n_2040733.html; Richard Danielson, National voting rightscoalition raises concern about voting in HillsboroughCounty, Tampa Bay Times, November 6, 2012, availableat http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/baybuzz/content/national-voting-rights-coalition-raises-concern-about-voting-hillsborough-county/2004739. Tampa Bay Times,Power Outages in Pinellas County cause concernabout polling sites.


80 Ibid.

81 Ibid.

82 Ibid.

83 Liston, FL Election 2012: Behind Absentee Voting &Early Voting Figures.

84 Florida Secretary of State Ken Detzner, Recommenda-tions for Increased Accessibility & Efficiency in FloridaElections.

85 Herald-Tribune, Anti-voter bill, May 9, 2011, availableat http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20110509/OPINION/110509642/-1/sports?p=2&tc=pg&tc=ar.

86 Somanader, Florida GOP Passes Overhaul of ElectionLaw, Jeopardizing Voting Rights of Elderly, Military,Students.

87 Herald-Tribune, Anti-voter bill.


89 Florida Secretary of State, at 6.

90 Ibid.

91 Adam Weinstein, Palm Beach County Screws UpAnother Presidential Election, Mother Jones, October29, 2012, available athttp://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/10/palm-beach-county-screws-another-presidential-election.

92 Election Protection, Florida (2012), available at http://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/body/EP2012-StateReports-FL.pdf.

93 Election Protection and Lawyers Committee for CivilRights Under Law, Our Broken Voting System and Howto Repair It (2012), available at http://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/document/EP-2012-Full-Report.pdf.

94 Daniel Lippman, Palm Beach County Voters Get TheAbsentee Ballot Shaft: Todays Votes of Incompetence,

HuffPost Politics, November 2, 2012, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/02/palm-beach-county-voters_n_2065694.html.

95 Sun Sentinel,Palm Beach County finishes vote count.

96 The Pew Charitable Trusts, Elections PerformanceIndex.
http://www.wtsp.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=281319http://www.wtsp.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=281319http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/fl-election-2012_n_2040733.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/fl-election-2012_n_2040733.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/fl-election-2012_n_2040733.htmlhttp://www.tampabay.com/blogs/baybuzz/content/national-voting-rights-coalition-raises-concern-about-voting-hillsborough-county/2004739http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/baybuzz/content/national-voting-rights-coalition-raises-concern-about-voting-hillsborough-county/2004739http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/baybuzz/content/national-voting-rights-coalition-raises-concern-about-voting-hillsborough-county/2004739http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20110509/OPINION/110509642/-1/sports?p=2&tc=pg&tc=arhttp://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20110509/OPINION/110509642/-1/sports?p=2&tc=pg&tc=arhttp://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/10/palm-beach-county-screws-another-presidential-electionhttp://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/10/palm-beach-county-screws-another-presidential-electionhttp://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/10/palm-beach-county-screws-another-presidential-electionhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/body/EP2012-StateReports-FL.pdfhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/body/EP2012-StateReports-FL.pdfhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/body/EP2012-StateReports-FL.pdfhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/document/EP-2012-Full-Report.pdfhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/document/EP-2012-Full-Report.pdfhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/document/EP-2012-Full-Report.pdfhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/02/palm-beach-county-voters_n_2065694.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/02/palm-beach-county-voters_n_2065694.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/02/palm-beach-county-voters_n_2065694.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/02/palm-beach-county-voters_n_2065694.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/02/palm-beach-county-voters_n_2065694.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/02/palm-beach-county-voters_n_2065694.htmlhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/document/EP-2012-Full-Report.pdfhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/document/EP-2012-Full-Report.pdfhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/document/EP-2012-Full-Report.pdfhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/body/EP2012-StateReports-FL.pdfhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/body/EP2012-StateReports-FL.pdfhttp://www.866ourvote.org/newsroom/publications/body/EP2012-StateReports-FL.pdfhttp://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/10/palm-beach-county-screws-another-presidential-electionhttp://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/10/palm-beach-county-screws-another-presidential-electionhttp://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/10/palm-beach-county-screws-another-presidential-electionhttp://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20110509/OPINION/110509642/-1/sports?p=2&tc=pg&tc=arhttp://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20110509/OPINION/110509642/-1/sports?p=2&tc=pg&tc=arhttp://www.tampabay.com/blogs/baybuzz/content/national-voting-rights-coalition-raises-concern-about-voting-hillsborough-county/2004739http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/baybuzz/content/national-voting-rights-coalition-raises-concern-about-voting-hillsborough-county/2004739http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/baybuzz/content/national-voting-rights-coalition-raises-concern-about-voting-hillsborough-county/2004739http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/fl-election-2012_n_2040733.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/fl-election-2012_n_2040733.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/fl-election-2012_n_2040733.htmlhttp://www.wtsp.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=281319http://www.wtsp.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=281319


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