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Transcript of FIVE SONGS OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZILIAN FOLKLORE BY ERNANI BRAGA, HARMONIZED FOR VOICE AND PIANO: A...
7/21/2019 FIVE SONGS OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZILIAN FOLKLORE BY ERNANI BRAGA, HARMONIZED FOR VOICE AND PIANO: A …
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"#
ZJ@LMETMS OGV@LF
V`cs stufy chvgstcbetgs t`g `erolhcj ehf r`yt`ocj pettgrhs, ehf t`g dejnbrluhf
la Grhehc Jlste Drebe–s Acvg Zlhbs la Hlrt`gestgrh Drezcmceh Almnmlrg (Jchjl Jehâ÷gs
Hlrfgstches fl Almjmlrg Drescmgcrl). Emt`lub` emm acvg slhbs lrcbchetg arlo t`g seog
hetclhem almnmlrcj trefctclh, gej` cs uhcqug. Whfgrstehfchb t`g uhcqug aejgts la gej` slhbcs gssghtcem alr t`g pgralrogr–s epprlej` ehf chtgrprgtetclh. V`g dejnbrluhf chalroetclh
aurt`gr ghedmgs t`g pgralrogr tl sgt t`g slhbs ch t`g jlhtgxt la t`gcr `cstlrcjem ehf jumturem
trefctclhs. Dy gxpmlrchb gej` slhb–s `cstlrcjem dejnbrluhf ehf hetcvg chamughjgs, C
gmujcfetg `lw t`g tgxt ehf cts trefctclhem essljcetclhs eaagjtgf t`g jloplsgr's ouscjem
j`lcjgs. Fcsjussclh la gej` slhb aurt`gr chjmufgs dlt` wlrf-dy-wlrf ehf plgtcj
trehsmetclhs la cts tgxt. V`g wlrf-dy-wlrf trehsmetclh fgolhstretgs t`g gxejt rgmetclhs`cp
dgtwggh ogehchb ehf ouscj, ehf jemms ettghtclh tl wlrfs t`et s`lumf dg gop`esczgf. Ch
t`g seog wey, t`g plgtcj trehsmetclh prlvcfgs e bghgrem uhfgrstehfchb la t`g lvgremm spcrct
ehf ollf la t`g wlrn. Achemmy, tl rgslmvg prlhuhjcetclh jlhjgrhs alr hlh-[lrtubugsg
spgengrs, e prlhuhjcetclh bucfg ejjlrfchb tl t`g Chtgrhetclhem [`lhgtcj Emp`edgt (C[E) cs
chjmufgf. Drcgamy, t`cs Chfgpghfght Ztufy aurhcs`gs emm t`g chalroetclh hggfgf alr e aummy
chalrogf chtgrprgtetclh la t`gsg gxtrelrfchery, dut mcttmg nhlwh wlrns.
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CHVTLFWJVCLH
Ztufy la Drebe ehf `cs wlrns cs copgfgf dy prgvclus wrctchbs lh t`g jloplsgr
t`et jlhametgf ehf jlhausgf t̀ rgg fcaagrght pglpmg uhfgr alur fcaagrght heogs. Dgalrg
gxpmlrchb Grhehc Jlste Drebe–s mcag, ct cs hgjgssery tl jlrrgjt t`cs dcdmclbrep`cj
jlhausclh. V`g alur jloplsgrs wct` scocmer heogs, w`l rgjgcvg jlhamcjtchb ettrcdutclhsch fcaagrght slurjgs erg9 (5) Grhehc Jlste Drebe, (4) Arehjcsjl Grhehc Drebe, (:) Ehtöhcl
Arehjcsjl Drebe, ehf (6) @ghrcqug Drebe.
Grhehc Jlste Drebe (5) wes e Drezcmceh jloplsgr ehf ouscjceh, w`l dgjeog
nhlwh wct`ch `cs jluhtry alr `cs gxjgmmght `erolhczetclh la cts almn slhbs. @cs jyjmg la
slhbs Jchjl Jehâ÷gs Hlrfgstches fl Almjmlrg Drescmgcrl (”Acvg Zlhbs la Hlrt`gestgrh
Drezcmceh Almnmlrg‟), @erolhczgf alr Qlcjg ehf [cehl, cs t̀ g sudigjt la t`cs stufy. V`cs
jyjmg `es dggh suhb ch rgjctems ehf jlhjgrts, hlt lhmy ch Drezcm, dut emsl wlrmfwcfg.
Ejjlrfchb tl RlrmfJet, t`cs ghtcrg jyjmg dy Drebe sggos tl `evg dggh rgjlrfgf lhmy
twcjg. V`g acrst rgjlrfchb wes dy t`g aeolus Drezcmceh slprehl Dcfù Zeyêl ch `gr 5370
emduo Almn Zlhbs arlo Drezcm .5 V`gh, Zlhy Jmesscjem rgoestgrgf t`g lrcbchem tepgs ch
5331, uhfgr t`g tctmg Dej`cehe Drescmgcre hl. 7> Lpgre Erces & Drezcmceh Almnslhbs.4
Eatgr t`et, t`cs seog jyjmg wes coolrtemczgf dy t`g brget Zpehcs` ogzzl-slprehl Vgrgse
5 Grhehc Drebe, Dcfù Zeyêl, ehf Ocmhg J`erhmgy. Almn slhbs la Drezcm , JF, 5370 (lut la prcht).4 Dcfù Zeyêl, gt em. Dej`cehe drescmgcre hl. 7> Lpgre Erces & Drezcmceh Almnslhbs. Oestgrwlrns @grctebgQljem Zgrcgs, Zlhy Jmesscjem, ZHS 14:77, JF, 5331.
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Dgrbehze, lh Vgrgse Dgrbehze Zchbs Qcmme-Mldls, Drebe, Bustevchl.: Lh t`et rgjlrfchb,
`lwgvgr, t`g jloplsgr–s heog cs grrlhglusmy mcstgf es Arehjcsjl Grhehc Drebe (4). V`cs
grrlr acrst drlub`t tl oy ettghtclh t`g jlhausclh t`et `es gxcstgf edlut t`g jloplsgr–s
ejtuem heog ehf t`g eut`lrs`cp la `cs ouscjem wlrns. Lh aurt`gr chvgstcbetclh, C aluhf
jctetclh la hlt twl, dut alur fcaagrght Drebes, lhg la w`lo eppgers hlt gvgh tl gxcst.
”Zlhb, E Bucfg tl Ert Zlhb Ztymg ehf Mctgreturg‟, dy Jerlm Ncodemm, jlvgrs ert
slhbs la oehy hetclhs. Cts alur pebgs lh Drezcmceh jloplsgrs prgsght Arehjcsjl Grhehc
Drebe (4), es wgmm es t`g wgmm-nhlwh @gctlr Qcmme-Mldls.6 Ejjlrfchb tl Ncodemm, t`g
jyjmg la slhbs ”Jchjl Jehâ÷gs Hlrfgstches fl Almjmlrg Drescmgcrl (Acvg Zlhbs la Hlrt`gestgrh Drezcmceh Almnmlrg) wes wrcttgh dy t`cs Arehjcsjl Grhehc Drebe (4).
Mcdrery fetedesgs jlhtech chalroetclh edlut Grhehc Jlste Drebe (5). RlrmfJet
prgsghtgf sluhfs, sjlrgs, ehf lhg dlln dy Bcsgtg [grgcre.7 [rlUugst jctgf e 4;;7
J`cjebl Vrcduhg ertcjmg t`et fcsjussgs Vgrgze Dgrbehze–s rgjlrfchb la Drebe's Jepco fc
prehte, t`g sgjlhf slhb ch t`g Almn Zlhb jyjmg. IZVLT–s lhg ghtry lh Drebe jctgs t`g
oumettl jlhfujtlr ehf jloplsgr ^Ehtöhcl_ Arehjcsjl Drebe (:), es eh gxeopmg la t`lsg
w`l ”wlumf jlhtrcdutg wct` verclus tlhemctcgs ehf fgbrggs la t`g Dmejn j`erejtgr tl t`g
dgbchhchbs la Drezcmceh ouscj.‟1IZVLT fcstchbucs`gs dgtwggh Ehtöhcl Arehjcsjl Drebe
(:) ehf Grhehc ^Jlste_ Drebe (5), ehf fgsjrcdgs t`g mettgr‚sudigjt la t`cs stufy‚es e
jloplsgr w`l chausgf Earcjeh gmgoghts chtl Drezcmceh ouscj, dy prlfujchb wlrns t`et
:
Grhehc Drebe, Dcfù Zeyêl, ehf Ocmhg J`erhmgy, Almn slhbs la Drezcm , JF, 5370 (lut la prcht).6 Jerlm Ncodemm, Zlhb, E Bucfg tl Ert Zlhb Ztymg ehf Mctgreturg , Tgv. gf. (Ocmweungg9 @em MglherfJlrplretclh, 4;;1), 742-740.7 Bcsgtg Ebucer Jlgm`l [grgcre, Grhehc Drebe vcfe g ldre (Tgjcag9 Zgjrgterce fg Gfujeâêl fl Gstefl fg[grheodujl, 5301).1 Edfces Fl Hesjcoghtl, ”Earcjeh Jumturg ch Drezcmceh Ert‟, Ilurhem la Dmejn Ztufcgs, Qlm. 0, Hl. 6 (Iuh.,5320), V`lusehf Lens9 Zebg [udmcjetclhs, Chj., pp. 6;3 `ttp9//www.istlr.lrb/stedmg/420:004 (ejjgssgf Hlvgodgr ;6, 4;;3).
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s`lw ”t`g Dmejn chamughjg ch t`gcr strujturg, t`gog lr lt`gr alroem gmgoght.‟2 Ouscj
Chfgx rgturhgf t`rgg ghtrcgs edlut t`g jloplsgr ehf `cs slhbs9 e fljtlrem fcssgrtetclh dy
Ilsã Tcjerfl Mlpgs [grgcre, ehf twl ghtrcgs ch pgrclfcjems.
Aurt`gr rgsgerj` jmercacgf t`g jlhausclh lvgr t`g Drebes– heogs. V`grg erg, eatgr
emm, hlt alur, dut t`rgg fcaagrght jloplsgrs heogf Drebe (ch j`rlhlmlbcjem lrfgr)9
@ghrcqug Drebe (6), (5067 ‚ 5352), Ehtöhcl Arehjcsjl Drebe (:), (5010 ‚ 5367), ehf
Grhehc Jlste Drebe (5), (5000 ‚ 5360). V`cs jmercacjetclh eppgers ch t`g fetedesg Ouscj
Zejn, es wgmm es lh t`g wgdsctg Jehâ÷gs Drescmgcres, Ldres pere Jehtl g [cehl
(Drezcmceh Zlhbs, Rlrns alr Qlcjg ehf [cehl). V`cs cs t`g Agfgrem Whcvgrscty la OchesBgrecs– (WAOB) jlopcmetclh la Drezcmceh Ert Zlhbs. WAOB–s wgdsctg jlrrgjtmy jctgs
Grhehc Jlste Drebe (5) es t`g jloplsgr w`l jloplsgf Jchjl Jehâ÷gs Hlrfgstches fl
Almjmlrg Drescmgcrl.0 V`g sctg emsl oghtclhs Ehtöhcl Arehjcsjl Drebe (:) ehf @ghrcqug
Drebe (6). V`cs chalroetclh cs aurt`gr jlrrldlretgf ch @cstúrce fe Oùscje hl Drescm (V`g
@cstlry la Ouscj ch Drezcm), dy Qesjl Oercz, e Drezcmceh ouscjlmlbcst.3
Mcdrery rgslurjgs suj` es V`g Hgw Brlvg Fcjtclhery la Ouscj ehf Ouscjcehs,
Dengr–s Dclbrep`cjem Fcjtclhery la Vwghtcgt`-Jghtury Jmesscjem Ouscjcehs, ehf V`g
@erverf Dclbrep`cjem Fcjtclhery la Ouscj, jlhtech ghtrcgs edlut Ehtöhcl Arehjcsjl
Drebe (:). Ejjlrfchb tl t`go, `g wes dlrh ch 5010, fcgf ch 5367, ehf `cs mcst la wlrns
jlhtechs hl jctetclh la Jchjl Jehâ÷gs Hlrfgstches. V`g ghtrcgs lh Ehtöhcl Arehjcsjl
Drebe (:) emsl jlrrldlretg t`g chalroetclh edlut `co plstgf lh WAOB–s wgd sctg
2 Cdcf.0 Bucfe Dlrb`laa, Mujcehe Olhtgcrl fg Jestrl, ”Jehâ÷gs Drescmgcres, Ldres pere Jehtl g [cehl‟, Gsjlme fg Oùscje fe WAOB `ttp9//www.brufg.uaob.dr/ouscje/jehjelDrescmgcre.hsa/lbuce<lpghalro (ejjgssgfLjtldgr 50, 4;;3).3 Qesjl Oercz, @cstúrce fe Oùscje hl Drescm , 7t` gf., (Tcl fg Iehgcrl9 Hlve Arlhtgcre, 4;;;), 451-452,trehs. Zãrbcl Ocrehfe.
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Jehâ÷gs Drescmgcres. Lhmy Ncodemm–s dlln ehf RlrmfJet–s jctetclh edlut Vgrgse
Dgrbehze–s JF gvgh oghtclh Arehjcsjl Grhehc Drebe (4), w`l lt`grwcsg eppgers hlt tl
`evg gxcstgf.
Jlopercslh la t`g dcrt` ehf fget` fetgs la t`g t`rgg rgoechchb jloplsgrs heogf
Drebe gstedmcs`gs t`et Grhehc Jlste Drebe (5) wes rgsplhscdmg alr t`cs jyjmg la slhbs. V`g
spurclus Arehjcsjl Grhehc Drebe (4) `es t`g seog dcrt` ehf fget` fetgs es Ehtöhcl
Arehjcsjl Drebe (:), ehf oehy fgtecms edlut Arehjcsjl Grhehc Drebe (4), mcstgf dy
Ncodemm, sggo tl `evg dggh mcatgf arlo t`g dclbrep`y la Ehtöhcl Arehjcsjl Drebe (:).
V`gsg fgtecms eppger emsl ch ertcjmgs lh Ehtöhcl Arehjcsjl Drebe ch V`g Hgw Brlvg Fcjtclhery la Ouscj ehf Ouscjcehs, Dengr–s Dclbrep`cjem Fcjtclhery la Vwghtcgt`-
Jghtury Jmesscjem Ouscjcehs, ehf V`g @erverf Dclbrep`cjem Fcjtclhery la Ouscj.
Ejjlrfchb tl ”V`g Zlml Qljem Ouscj la Grhehc Drebe ,‟ Ilsã Tcjerfl Mlpgs [grgcre–s
FOE fcssgrtetclh, Ehtöhcl Arehjcsjl Drebe (:) wes Grhehc Jlste Drebe–s (5) tgej`gr
ehf pgrslhem arcghf. Ehtöhcl Arehjcsjl Drebe (:) wes emsl Grhehc Jlste Drebe–s (5)
feub`tgr–s blfaet`gr. V`cs oey gxpmech w`y ”wg argqughtmy achf dlt` heogs jlodchgf
tlbgt`gr chtl lhg9 Arehjcsjl Grhehc Drebe (4).‟5; V`g ghtry lh Arehjcsjl Grhehc Drebe
(4) ch Ncodemm–s dlln eppgers tl dg e rgsumt la ocxgf chalroetclh edlut Ehtöhcl
Arehjcsjl Drebe (:) ehf Grhehc Jlste Drebe (5). Ct cs t`us vgry jmger t`et Grhehc Jlste
Drebe (5) wes t`g jloplsgr la Jchjl Jehâ÷gs Hlrfgstches fl Almjmlrg Drescmgcrl.
Jlhjmusclhs edlut t`cs jyjmg la slhbs alr t`g jlopmgtg uhfgrstehfchb hgjgssery
alr pgralroehjg wcmm dg frewh arlo cts `cstlrcjem dejnbrluhf ehf jlhtgxt, es wgmm es
arlo t`g ouscjem sjlrgs, ehf oy pgrslhem jloprg`ghsclh ehf chtgrprgtetclh la t`go.
5; Ilsã Tcjerfl Mlpgs [grgcre, V`g Zlml Qljem Ouscj la Grhehc Drebe, F.O.E. fcss., Whcv. la Jemcalrhce,Zehte Derdere, 4;;2, 1-2.
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"(
@evchb slmvgf t`g cfghtcty puzzmg la t`g jloplsgr, wg hlw dgbch dy stufychb `cs
dclbrep`y ehf ghvcrlhs.
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J@E[VGT C
GTHEHC DTEBE
Dclbrep`y
55
Acburg 5. Grhehc Drebe (5; Iehuery5000-51 Zgptgodgr5360)
Grhehc Jlste Drebe (lr iust Grhehc Drebe) wes e Drezcmceh jloplsgr, vcrtulscj
pcehcst, jlhfujtlr, ouscjlmlbcst, jumturem ebght, ouscj gfujetlr, ehf ouscj jrctcj. @g wes
eh coplrteht acburg ch t`g Drezcmceh ouscj sjghg furchb t`g acrst `ema la t`g 4; t` Jghtury.54
Dlrh lh 5; Iehuery 5000 ch Tcl fg Iehgcrl, Drezcm, mcttmg cs nhlwh edlut `cs bghgrem
gfujetclh. Drebe dgbeh `cs ouscjem stufcgs wct` Emargfl Dgvcmejque et t`g Hetclhem
Chstctutg la Ouscj ch Tcl fg Iehgcrl, godrejchb Drezcmceh ouscjem Hetclhemcso.
Ztymcstcjemmy, `g dgmlhbs tl t`g sgjlhf bghgretclh la Drezcmceh jloplsgrs. Ch 53:;, `g
55Åmverl Jermchc, Wo lutrl Grhähc Drebe9 espgjtls pgsslecs rgvgmefls go jlrrgsplhféhjces jlo Agrhehfl Jlrrée fg Ezgvgfl ghtrg 5367-5360, :, trehs. Zãrbcl Ocrehfe.54 Cdcf, 5.
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"*
aluhfgf t`g Jlhsgrvetúrcl [grheodujehl fg Oùscje ([grheodujehl Jlhsgrvetlry la
Ouscj). Drebe emsl dgjeog wgmm-nhlwh alr `cs argqught ouscjem tlurs t`rlub`lut Drezcm
arlo 53:2 tcmm `cs fget` ch 5360. @g teub`t vlcjg ehf j`lrem jlhfujtchb ch [grheodujl,
es wgmm es oestgr jmessgs lh tlur ch t`g oehy Drezcmceh stetgs.5: [gr`eps dgjeusg la `cs
ejtcvg pgralrochb ehf tgej`chb jerggrs, `cs ouscjem lutput wes rgmetcvgmy soemm jlopergf
tl @gctlr Qcmme-Mldls–. Drebe–s merbgst nhlwh wlrn cs e demmgt ghtctmgf He Amlrgste
Ghjehtefe (Ch t`g Ghj`ehtgf Alrgst).56 @g emsl jloplsgf @loghebgo e Jermls Blogs
(@loebg tl Jermls Blogs), e syop`lhcj plgo alr lrj`gstre ehf j`lrus> Iejerã
(Emmcbetlr), alr strchb quertgt> Jehtcbes [recehes (Dgej` Zlhbs)> ehf JehjclhgcrlBeùj`l (Beùj`l Zlhbdlln).57 Drebe cs gspgjcemmy hltgf alr `cs lutstehfchb jyjmg la
slhbs, Jchjl Jehâ÷gs Hlrfgstches fl Almjmlrg Drescmgcrl (Acvg Zlhbs la Hlrt`gestgrh
Drezcmceh Almnmlrg), desgf lh Drezcmceh almn ouscj, w`cj` jlodchgs [lrtubugsg,
chfcbghlus, ehf Earcjeh-Drezcmceh t`gogs.51 Lt`gr wgmm-nhlwh jloplsctclhs la Drebe
chjmufg `cs aeolus `erolhczetclh la t`g almnslhb E Jesch`e [gqughche (V`g Mcttmg
@lusg).52 Drebe fcgf lh 51 Zgptgodgr 5360, la mcvgr fcsgesg, plsscdmy jcrr`lscs, rgsumtchb
arlo `cs dl`goceh mcagstymg.50
5: +,-./;/5 !" $%&'$ (')*)+ ,'-.-/ ""5 4-,;:6 71-2/0 3/-,;9,.56 Tlhemf @cmtlh, R`l's R`l ch Metch Eogrcje9 [ert QC, Drezcm , Jemcalrhce9 Ztehalrf Whcvgrscty, 5360, 65`ttp9//dllns.bllbmg.jlo/dllns<cf?;6oeEEEECEEI&pb?[E65&mpb?[E65&fq?%44he+amlrgste+ghjehtefe,+fg+grhehc+drebe%44&slurjg?dm<s?gmdpzSjROf&scb?xELldDWjDeD5pULPiihN5O62:lC&`m?gh&gc?ls:5Zu[CEs2H0UesmYPzJU&se?P&lc?dlln\rgsumt&jt?rgsumt&rgshuo?6&vgf?;JDWU1EGwEw#v?lhgpebg&q?&a?aemsg (Ejjgssgf lh Hlvgodgr 2, 4;;3).
57 Tgbrgttedmy, emt`lub` t`gsg wlrns erg latgh jctgf, t`g mljetclh la t`g sjlrgs la He Amlrgste Ghjehtefe ehf Iejerã rgoechs uhnhlwh. Zjlrgs la @loghebgo e Jermls Blogs, Jehtcbes [recehes, JehjclhgcrlBeùj`l jeh dg aluhf et t`g Zgrvcjg la Jumturem Fljuoghtetclh ehf Fcssgochetclh la Zjlrgs la t`g[grheodujl Ztetg–s Zgjrgtery la Jumturg ‚ hltgf dy Bcsgtg Ebucer Jlgm`l [grgcre, Grhehc Drebe vcfe gldre (Tgjcag9 Zgjrgterce fg Gfujeâêl fl Gstefl fg [grheodujl, 5301), p. 513-522.51 [grgcre, Zlml Qljem Ouscj, 53.52 Oercz, @cstúrce fe Oùscje, 451-452, 4-,;:6 71-2/0 3/-,;9,6
") Jermchc, Wo lutrl Grhähc Drebe, 57-51, trehs. Zãrbcl Ocrehfe.
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#>
Zlhbs
Oehy la Drebe–s slhbs, chjmufchb oehusjrcpts, jeh dg aluhf et t`g Hetclhem
Mcdrery (DH) ch Tcl fg Iehgcrl, es wgmm es et t`g Zgrvcjg la Jumturem Fljuoghtetclh ehf
Fcssgochetclh la t`g [grheodujl Ztetg–s Zgjrgtery la Jumturg. Whalrtuhetgmy, t`lub`,
slog la `cs slhbs ”wgrg iust oghtclhgf ch prlbreos ehf ertcjmgs . . . t`grg cs hlt e nhlwh
sjlrg.‟53 V`g tedmg dgmlw jlhtechs emm nhlwh slhbs dy Drebe. V`g eddrgvcetclh FHA
(Fete Hlt Aluhf) wcmm dg usgf tl chfcjetg t`lsg w`lsg mljetclhs ehf pudmcs`grs rgoech
uhnhlwh.
Vctmg la Zlhbs [lgt Mljetclh [udmcs`gr Jctgf lh
Edemuecé (Edemuecg) Almnmlrg FHA FHA[grgcre,WAOB
Edlcl (@grfchb Zlhb) Grhehc Drebe DH, WAOBZêl [euml9 Tcjlrfc
Drescmgcre, s,f.[grgcre,WAOB
M–Esjghjclh (Esjghsclh) Whnhlwh DH Oehusjrcpt [grgcre
Dlc Derrlsl (Derrlsl) Almnmlrg FHA
FHA, rgjlrfgf dyDcfù Zeyêl, ehf
oghtclhgf lh e rgjctem prlbreo
[grgcre
Dlc Zururc (Zururc) Whnhlwh FHA FHA [grgcre
Jehtcbes [recehes (Dgej`Zlhbs)
Qcjghtg fgJervem`l
DHTcl fg Iehgcrl9 Jese
Ert`ur HeplmgêlZêl [euml9 Agroete
fl Drescm
[grgcre,WAOB
Jepco fc [rehte (Rggfs) Almnmlrg FHA Dughls Ecrgs9 Tcjlrfc[grgcre,WAOB
Jesch`e [gqughche (V`g Mcttmg @lusg)
[lpumer tgxt DH, WAOB
Zêl [euml9 TcjlrfcDrescmgcre, 5315>
Dughls Ecrgs9 TcjlrfcEogrcjehe
[grgcre,WAOB
Me Jmlj`g Aémãg (V`g Drlngh Dgmm)
J`ermgsDeufgmecrg
DHTcl fg Iehgcrl9 Jese
Ert`ur Heplmgêl[grgcre,WAOB
Fgh-Dål (Fgh-Del) Whnhlwh FHAFHA, oghtclhgf lh e
prlbreo rgjctem[grgcre
Fgseacl (J`emmghbg) Almnmlrg DH Oehusjrcpt[grgcre,WAOB
Fgscmufcfe (Fcsepplchtgf)Qcjghtg fgJervem`l
DHTcl fg Iehgcrl9 Jese
Ert`ur Heplmgêl[grgcre,WAOB
Flhe fl ogu jlreâêl (Mefyla oy `gert)
Whnhlwh DH Oehusjrcpt [grgcre
53 [grgcre, Zlml Qljem Ouscj, 14.
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Ghbgh`l Hlvl (Hgw Zuber Ocmm)
Almnmlrg FHADughls Ecrgs9 Tcjlrfc
Eogrcjehe[grgcre,WAOB
Oenlgtå (Oenlgte) Almnmlrg DH Oehusjrcpt [grgcre
Oeh`ê (Olrhchb) Qcbcmcl Qctlrcl DH Oehusjrcpt[grgcre,WAOB
Oerejetù (Oerejetu) Esjghâl Agrrgcre DH, WAOBZêl [euml9 Tcjlrfc
Drescmgcre
[grgcre,
WAOB Ogce Jeh`e (@ema Z`y) Almnmlrg DH, WAOB
Zêl [euml9 TcjlrfcDrescmgcre
[grgcre,WAOB
Olrghch`e (Mcttmg Druhgttg) Rcmmy Mgwch DHTcl fg Iehgcrl9 Jermls
Rg`rs, 53:6[grgcre,WAOB
Hcbug-hcbug-hch`es (Hcbug-hcbug-hch`es)
Almnmlrg DHDughls Ecrgs9 Tcjlrfc
Eogrcjehe[grgcre,WAOB
L nchcodå (L` Nchcodå) Almnmlrg DHDughls Ecrgs9 Tcjlrfc
Eogrcjehe[grgcre,WAOB
Öbuhfé-Pehblfé Almnmlrg DH Oehusjrcpt [grgcreÖbuhfã-uergrã (Lbuhfg-
uergrg) Almnmlrg DH Oehusjrcpt
[grgcre,WAOB
Lxuo! Ecejl! (Lxuo!
Ecejl)
Almnmlrg DH Oehusjrcpt [grgcre
[rghfe Och`e (Bcat la Ochg)
Almnmlrg FHAFHA, oghtclhgf lh e
rgjctem prlbreo[grgcre
Zêl Ilêl-fe-re-rêl (Zecht Il`h–s fey)
Almnmlrg DHDughls Ecrgs9 Tcjlrfc
Eogrcjehe[grgcre,WAOB
Zuspcrls qug vêl g vgo(Zcb`s t`et jlog ehf bl)
Almnmlrg DH Oehusjrcpt [grgcre
Vecéres, Jgrcoöhce Freoåtcje Almjmúrcje
(Vecéres, Almn FreoetcjJgrgolhy)
Almnmlrg DH Oehusjrcpt [grgcre
Vrcstgssg fg Me Muhg(Zlrrlws la t`g Ollh)
J`ermgsDeufgmecrg
DHTcl fg Iehgcrl9 Jese
Ert`ur Heplmgêl[grgcre,WAOB
Qgm`e Jehâêl (Lmf Zlhb) Olejyr J`ebes DH FHA [grgcre,WAOB
Vedmg 5 Jloprg`ghscvg Mcst la Zlhbs alr Qlcjg ehf [cehl dy Grhehc Jlste Drebe 4;
4; V`g slhbs prgsghtgf ch t`cs mcst wgrg aluhf lh V`g Zlml Qljem Ouscj la Grhehc Drebe, dy Ilsã TcjerflMlpgs [grgcre, ehf lh t`g WAOB wgdsctg ”Jehâ÷gs Drescmgcres, Ldres pere Jehtl g [cehl.‟
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J@E[VGT CC
ACQG ZLHBZ LA HLTV@GEZVGTH DTEYCMCEH ALMNMLTG
Drebe–s Acvg Zlhbs la Hlrt`gestgrh Drezcmceh Almnmlrg eppger tl `evg dggh
jlmmgjtgf dy t`g jloplsgr ch 5340, w`gh `g trevgmgf ch e tlur tl emm t`g stetg jepctems la
hlrt`grh ehf hlrt`gestgrh Drezcm.45V`g jlopmgtg jyjmg, `lwgvgr, wes acrst prgsghtgf ch
Dughls Ecrgs, Erbghtche, lh Iumy 5, 5364. Et t̀ et pgralroehjg, Drebe `cosgma
ejjlopehcgf t`g slprehl Jmere Zluvcrlh tl prloltg Tcjlrfc–s pudmcjetclh la t`g sgt la
slhbs.44
Ch t`cs pepgr, C wcmm drcgamy ehemyzg t`g ouscj la gej` slhb, cts lrcbchem tgxt, cts
p`lhgtcjs, ehf C wcmm prgsght wlrf-dy-wlrf ehf plgtcj trehsmetclhs.
Zlhb 5. L– NCHCODÅ
[lrtubugsg Vgxt C[E Vrehsjrcptclh
L– Nchcodå! l n c h ! d e
Fefe öné Nchcodå! f e f e l n u g n c h ! d e
Zemö eiö huecé s e m l e f" l h u e i g
Vedmg 4 Vrehsmetclh ehf Chtgrhetclhem [`lhgtcj Emp`edgt (C[E) Vrehsjrcptclh
Grhehc Drebe fgfcjetgf L– Nchcodå tl e mefy heogf Ogrjgfgs fg Rgchstgch ( E–
Zgh`lre Ogrjgfgs fg Rgchstgch).
45 [grgcre, Zlml Qljem Ouscj, 5;.44 Cdcf, 75.
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[gralroehjg Ehemyscs la L– Nchcodå
Chtrlfujtclh9 oo. 5-54E 9 oo. 5:-44
Chtgrmufg9 oo. 4:-47
E– 9 oo. 41-:7 Chtgrmufg9 oo. :1-65
E‟ 9 oo. 64-74
Vedmg : Ouscjem Alro la L– Nchcodå
V`g acrst slhb, L– nchcodå (L` Nchcodå), cs eh Earcjeh-Drezcmceh rgmcbclus slhb
t`et wes jlmmgjtgf ch [grheodujl Ztetg, ehf ct cs suhb tl wlrs`cp Pehbö, t`g nchb la t`g
blfs ch t`g Slrudeh rgmcbclh ehf cts Earcjeh-Drezcmceh fgsjghfeht, Jehflodmã. Drebe
sgts t`g ouscj alr t`g seog tgxt ch t̀ rgg fcaagrght weys. V`g ouscj dgbchs ch e smlw
tgopl, w`cj` sggos tl dg olrg mcng e preygr t`eh e dettmg. [grgcre efvljetgs alr t`cs
smlwgr tgopl, stetchb t`et ? 76 sggos efgquetg ehf ct s`lumf hlt dg ouj` aestgr dut
jlumf plsscdmy dg smlwgr.‟4: V`g ouscj sterts lut wct` e twgmvg-ogesurg chtrlfujtclh,
wct` stgefy trcpmgts ch t`g mgat `ehf la t`g pcehl pert, w`cj` sggos tl rgsgodmg 54/0 emuiå
r`yt`o fgfcjetgf tl Pehbö.46 V`g fyheocj oernchb cs pcehl. V`lsg trcpmgts sluhf t`g
tlhcj D ch ljtevgs ehf s`lumf dg pmeygf et e smlw pejg, ch e nchf la smlw pgrpgtuem
oltclh. Emsl, t`g pcehcst s`lumf jergaummy rgertcjumetg gej` rgpgtctclh la t`lsg ljtevgs,
w`cmg oechtechchb t`g sghsg la mgbetl. Es e rgsumt, t`g pgfem plcht auhjtclhs mcng e
rgpgetgf ouscjem oehtre. Ch jlhtrest, t`g rcb`t `ehf chtrlfujgs t`g ogmlfcj mchg t`et wcmm
eppger metgr. V`cs oltcvg cs ch e fupmg ogtgr, w`cj` jlhtrests wct` t`g jlopluhf trcpmgts
4: [grgcre, V`g Zlml Qljem Ouscj la Grhehc Drebe, 74, cs t`g slurjg la t`cs ogtrlhlog oernchb, emt`lub`t`g stetgoght ch `cs fcssgrtetclh mejns t`g hltg. C `evg aluhf t`et lhmy e quertgr hltg wlrns et t`cs tgopl.46 Zgg Eppghfcx D
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ch t`g desg. Drebe prgsghts t`cs ogmlfy ch acrst chvgrsclh j`lrfs> t`gsg ducmf e sgqughjg
la chvgrtgf trcefs tl supplrt t`g oech ogmlfcj mchg. V`cs ”twl ebechst t`rgg‟ r`yt`o emsl
jrgetgs e mcvgmy fehjg-mcng, emolst tehbl-mcng aggm.
Acburg 4. L– Nchcodå, oo. 5-7
Alr t`cs slhb, Drebe j`llsgs t`g ngy la D oeilr, w`cj` cs latgh supplsgf tl dg
”strlhbmy jlmlrgf, ehhluhjchb wcmf pessclhs, jloplsgf arlo t`g olst bmerchb jlmlrs.
Ehbgr, rebg, igemlusy, aury, fgspecr ehf gvgry durfgh la t`g `gert mcg ch cts sp`grg.‟47
Edlut ouscjem ngys ehf ollfs, Derzuh seys ”jgrtech ngys ehf t`g ochlr sjemg bghgremmy
s`lw eaachcty wct` fern lr olrg pghscvg ollf> lt`gr ngys ehf t`g oeilr sjemg suct t`g
lpplsctg.‟41
Derzuh emsl stetgs, ”smlw pejg ehf fggp tlhgs sggo tl bl wct` w`et cs sef,
sgrclus, slmgoh, oeigstcj, oghejchb.‟42 Arlo oo. 5: tl 47, Drebe ducmfs t`g
ejjlopehcoght ch t`g dess jmga, pgr`eps tl jrgetg t`cs slmgoh ollf. V`g usg la quertgr
47Ngvch Mgssoeh. Goltclhs la t`g Ouscjem Ngys. 4;;6`ttp9//www.brefargg.jlo/ngvch/slog\t`glry\lh\ouscjem\ngys.`to (ejjgssgf lh Iumy 45st, 4;5;).
41 Iejqugs Derzuh. ”V`g Ogehchb la Ogehchb ch Ouscj9 Dgrmclz lhjg olrg.‟ V`g Ouscjem Uuertgrmy, 11(530;), 2.42 Cdcf.
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hltgs ehf tcgs ch e smlw tgopl drchbs e sghsg la jemo, w`cj` jrgetgs eh eodcghjg la
wlrs`cp. V`gh, t`g vljem mchg dgbchs wct` t`g ogmlfy usgf ch t`g pcehl–s rcb`t `ehf pert
ch t`g chtrlfujtclh.
Acburg :. L– Nchcodå, oo. 55-57
V`g jloplsgr usgs oehy chvgrtgf chtgrvems ch t`g ejjlopehcoght, dut `g emtgrs slog la
t`go, uschb dlt` pgragjt ehf euboghtgf alurt`s ch t`g pcehl–s rcb`t `ehf. Drebe oey lr
oey hlt `evg nhlwh t`et, furchb t`g Derlqug pgrclf, euboghtgf alurt`s wgrg usgf tl
gxprgss brcga ehf ehbucs`.40 Dut `g sggos tl usg t`lsg j`lrfs ehf t`g sustechgf,
fcochcs`chb tlhcj D ch t`g vlcjg tl rgchalrjg Pehbö–s ollf la pghscvg, gvgh ogmehj`lmy
fgvltclh.
40Teyolhf Olhgmmg. Mchbucstcjs ehf Zgocltcjs ch Ouscj. Jlhtgoplrery Ouscj Ztufcgs, v. 7. (Mlhflh9@erwllf Ejefgocj [udmcs`grs, 5334), 43:.
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Acburg 6. L– Nchcodå, oo. 45-47
Hltwct`stehfchb cts dgeuty, t`g jloplsgr–s chtgrprgtetclh la t`g tgxt cs chjlrrgjt.
Es pudmcs`gf dy Erbghtchg Tcjlrfc, t`cs slhb dgers t`g hltg, ”Oejuode–s slhb, -
rgmcbclus Earcjeh rctuem, - jlmmgjtgf ch [grheodujl stetg. Pehbö, e fgcty ch t`g Oejuode
seys t`et `g cs lh gert` ‚ nchcodå ‚ dut `g aggms hlstembce arlo `gevgh, huecé.‟43 V`cs
chalroetclh eppgers lh t`g acrst pebg la t`g sjlrg.
Acburg 7. L–Nchcodå ‚ Vctmg ehf Fgfcjetclh, rgprlfujtclh arlo prchtgf sjlrg
43 ‐Jehjcúh fg ”oejuode‟, - rctuem rgmcbclsl fg lrcbgo earcjehl, - rgjlbcfe gh [grheodujl. ‐Pehbö–,fcvchcfef prgsghtg gh me ‐oejuode–, fcjg qug gstå gh me tcgrre, - nchcodå– ‚ pgrl scghtg hlsmtembce fgm jcgml,‐huecé,– trehsmetgf dy t`cs eut`lr.
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V`g tctmg hltg cs ch grrlr. V`g jloplsgr oey `evg dggh tlmf t`et t`g wlrf Nchcodå
wlumf ogeh ”`g seys `g cs lh gert`‟, ehf huecé wlumf scbhcay ”aggms hlstembce la
`gevgh.‟ C `ef t`g bllf alrtuhg tl j`gjn t`g Slrude tgxt wct` e hetcvg spgengr, w`l cs
chtcoetgmy chvlmvgf wct` t`g vgry fgvltclh ch w`cj` Nchcodå eppgers, Dedemlrcs`e Ilrbg
Ncdehezeodc. E Dedemlrcs`e cs e prcgst aet`gr la t`g Slrudeh blfs. :; V`g ejtuem tgxt
s`lumf dg trehsmetgf chtl Ghbmcs` es ”Rg precsg t`g Nchb wct` spcrctuem strghbt`. Rg
precsg t`g Nchb Lde Ebehiù wct` spcrctuem strghbt`. Oey t`g Nchb dg wct` us.‟:5
Hltwct`stehfchb Drebe–s grrlhglus chtgrprgtetclh, wg oust jlhachg lursgmvgs tl Drebe–s
ouscj alr lur ehemyscs. Es hltgf edlvg, Drebe argqughtmy usgf euboghtgf alurt`chtgrvems, pgr`eps tl fgpcjt ch pertcjumer, Pehbö–s sef aggmchbs, ch ejjlrfehjg wct` t`g
ocschalroetclh Drebe `ef rgjgcvgf.
V`g slhb–s sgjlhf E sgjtclh sterts lh o. 41 ehf ghfs lh o. 65. V`g pcehl–s mgat
`ehf jlhtchugs pmeychb t`lsg seog trcpmgts t`et sggo tl rgsgodmg t`g 54/0 jlopluhf
r`yt`o fgrcvgf arlo t`g emuiå. V`g vlcjg rgpgets t`g w`lmg tgxt ebech, schbchb t`g seog
ogmlfy t`et wes prgsghtgf ch t`g acrst E sgjtclh. Ch t`cs sgjlhf ctgretclh, t̀ g jloplsgr
oefg fcaagrght ouscjem j`lcjgs ch t`g pcehl–s rcb`t `ehf. @grg, t`g pcehl prgsghts
chvgrtgf j`lrfs pmeygf ch trgdmg jmga, w`cj` recsgs t`g rehbg la t`g ejjlopehcoght emolst
twl ljtevgs `cb`gr (up tl G1).:4 V`g fyheocj oernchbs emsl rcsg arlo pcehl tl
ogzzlalrtg, ehf t`gh tl alrtg (oo. :5-:4). Ch t`cs sgjtclh, Drebe ducmfs t`g
ejjlopehcoght smlwmy, wct` jrgsjghfls lh gcb`t`-hltg acburgs ehf syhjlpetclh.
:; Zgg Eppghfcx E.:5 Cdcf.:4 Ejjlrfchb tl t`g huodgrchb dy V`g Ejlustcjem Zljcgty la Eogrcje.
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Acburg 1. L– Nchcodå, oo. 41-:;
V`g mest sgjtclh E sgjtclh dgbchs et o. 64 ehf mgefs t`g ouscj tl cts ghf ch o. 74.
@grg t`g jloplsgr usgs ebech t`g seog oetgrcem t`et wes prgsghtgf ch t`g chtrlfujtclh,
dut `g gxj`ehbgs t`g rlmgs la vlcjg ehf pcehl. Drebe frlps t`g vlcjg flwh lhg ljtevg
ehf pmejgs t`g stgefy trcpmgts ch t`g vljem mchg lh eh lstchetl D. Zchjg Drebe wrltg t`cs
wlrn alr e wloeh–s vlcjg, t`g schbgr wlumf hggf tl usg `gr j`gst vlcjg, w`cj` wlumf
bcvg eh uhusuemmy plwgraum, rgslheht sluhf. V`g tgxt `grg s`lumf dg fgjmecogf ch e
rgjctetcvg stymg, emweys rgspgjtchb t`g stejjetl oerns edlvg t`g symmedmgs, es wgmm es t`g
tghutl oerns et t`g ghf la gej` p`resg.
Ch jlhtrest tl t`g lstchetl vlcjg pert, t`g pcehl ch t`g achem sgjtclh pmeys t`g
ogmlfcj mchg, dut `cb`gr t`eh dgalrg, ch t̀ g trgdmg jmga. Dlt` `ehfs pmeychb ch ljtevgs
pmey t`g seog ouscjem mchg ehf j`lrfs. V`g pcehl emsl pmeys ch fcemlbug wct` t`g vlcjg et
t`g ghf la gej` p`resg, dy pmeychb lhg schbmg trcpmgt ch dess jmga tl gj`l t`g vlcjg. V`g
fyheocjs rgoech pcehl ehf pcehcsscol, eh ghfchb t`et gop`esczgs t`g preygr cfge, w`cj`
cs quctg fcaagrght arlo usuem epprlej`. Chstgef `evchb `cb` hltgs alr t`g vlcjg lr mlufgr
fyheocjs, Drebe chjrgesgs fgvltclhem chtghscty dy alrjchb t`g mcstghgr tl dg ettghtcvg tl
t`g slathgss la t`g hltgs.
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Acburg 2. L– Nchcodå, oo. :-7
Acburg 0. L– Nchcodå, oo. 64-66
V`cs ghfchb j`lsgh dy Drebe oengs `cs preygr jlhjgpt quctg ldvclus. V`g wer-mcng
ageturg la Pehbö–s ejtuem r`yt`o, `lwgvgr, cs hlt effrgssgf ch t̀ cs slhb. Hgvgrt`gmgss,
ejjlrfchb tl t`g Slrudeh trefctclh, gvgryt`chb t`et cs suhb ch Slrude auhjtclhs es e wey
tl wlrs`cp t`g blfs, sl Drebe–s ouscjem j`lcjgs aumacmm t`cs purplsg la wlrs`cp.
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[rlslfy
T`yog ehf ogtrcjem sj`gogs erg9
Ú Nchcodå, Nchcodå e
Fefe lné Nchcodå e
Zemö, eiö, huecé d
Vedmg 6. T`yog ehf ogtrcjem sj`gogs
V`g tgxt sgt dy Drebe `es lhmy t`rgg mchgs la sgvgh symmedmgs. Gej` mchg `es e
t`rgg-allt ogtgr (trcogtgr). V`g acrst mchg `es e fejtymcj trcogtgr (e strgssgf symmedmg
almmlwgf dy twl uhstrgssgf lhgs), w`cmg mchgs twl ehf t`rgg `evg e ocxturg la twl ceodcj
aggt (lhg uhstrgssgf symmedmg almmlwgf dy e strgssgf lhg) ehf e fejtymcj lhg, rgsumtchb ch e
ocxgf ceodcj ehf fejtymcj trcogtgr.:: Hgvgrt`gmgss, Drebe trgets t`g tgxt es ca ct `ef t`rgg
mchgs wct` fejtymcj trcogtgr, dy uschb quertgr hltgs alr t`g strgssgf symmedmgs ehf gcb`t
hltgs alr t`g uhstrgssgf lhgs. Lhmy t`g mest strgssgf symmedmg la gej` mchg cs sgt wct` e ̀ ema
hltg.
Acburg 3. [rlslfy es hltetgf ouscjemmy.
::V`g Ert La Ogtgr Ch [lgtry.... `ttp9//fernfrgeos.chal/er/t5:63.`to (ejjgssgf lh Zgptgodgr 40, 4;5;)
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V`g wlrf nchcodå cs fgrcvgf arlo t`g Slrude vgrd Nc, w`cj` ogehs tl
jlopmcoght, tl precsg, ehf jeh dg uhfgrstllf es ”t`g lhg w`l precsgs t`g Nchb.‟:6 V`cs
slhb tgxt sggos tl `evg dggh ocstrehsjrcdgf ehf mgat chjlopmgtg dy Drebe, ejjlrfchb tl
t`g Earcjeh-Drezcmceh Dedemlrcs`e (Aet`gr la Lrcs`e) Ilrbg Ncdehezeodc. Alr t`cs rgeslh,
C chjmufg `cs plgtcj trehsmetclh la t`g jlopmgtg ehf jlrrgjt tgxt ch mcgu la Drebe–s
grrlhglus vgrsclh.:7
Rg precsg t`g Nchb wct` spcrctuem strghbt`
Rg precsg t`g Nchb ”Ldå Ebehiù‟ (Nchb la t`uhfgrs)
wct` spcrctuem strghbt`
Oey t`g Nchb dg eolhb us!
Ejjlrfchb tl Ncdehezeodc, ch splngh Slrude w`gh t`g mgttgr ”n‟ cs almmlwgf dy
t`g vlwgm ”g‟, lhg oust eff t`g sgocvlwgm ”u‟ ch t`g ocffmg ch lrfgr tl oeng ct sluhf
wct` olrg ejjurejy. Ch effctclh, t`g jlhslheht ”I‟ oust dg prlhluhjgf es t`g Ghbmcs`
p`lhgog ”f!‟ ch t`g wlrf ”bgsturg,‟ ehf, uhmcng Drebe–s tgxt, Slrude flgs hlt chjmufg
t`g jcrjuoamgx ejjght. Ncdehezeodc dgmcgvgs t̀ g jcrjuoamgx ejjghts ch t`g tgxt la L–
Nchcodå wgrg effgf dy Drebe es eh chfcjetclh t`et t`lsg vlwgms s`lumf dg jmlsgf.
:6 Eppghfcx E.:7 CCé-Caã 9L Dgrâl Tgmcbclsl fls Slrudes, fg Lfófuwë e Zëhbú
`ttp9//eumlderrgttc.sctgs.ulm.jlo.dr/Ertcbls/Cmg\Cag/Cag.`to (Ejjgssgf lh Iuhg 7t`, 4;5;).
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Zlhb 4. JE[CO FC [TEHVE
”Lhmy lhg w`l `es mcvgf eolhb t`lsg t`et prejtcjg ilhbl cs edmg tl `ger ehf uhfgrstehf ct.‟:1
[lrtubugsg Vgxt Mctgrem Vrehsmetclh Gxpehfgf Vrehsmetclh
C[E Vrehsjrcptclh
Vå jepchehfl, tå! Cs wggfchb, cs! Rg erg wggfchb, e n e p c h ! ! f l t e
Jepco fg prehte, Rggfs, Rggfs, n e p f c p # ! = t $
Vå jepchehfl, Cs wggfchb, Rg erg wggfchb t e n e p c h ! ! f l
Vå hesjghfl. Cs brlwchb Dut t`gy erg brlwchb
dejn,
V e h e s % f l
Tech`e oehflu fczé Uuggh jlooehfgf
tl sey
V`g Uuggh `es
jlooehfgf t`et wg
& e ' $ o ! ! f l w
f c z g
[ru olfc perå jl–gssemevlure.
Vl stlp wct` t`csaerochb,
Ztlp wct` t`cs aerochb, [ # u o ( f c p e # e
n ( ! s $ m e v l w # $
Oehflu fczé, Jlooehfgf tl sey Z`g `es jlooehfgf
og tl sey
o
! ! f l w f c z g
Oehflu perå! Jlooehfgf tl stlp! Z`g jlooehfs, stlp! o ! ! f l w p e # e
Merå, mcmå. Memå, mcmå Memå, merå. m e # e m c m e
Vedmg 7 Vrehsmetclh ehf Chtgrhetclhem [`lhgtcj Emp`edgt (C[E) Vrehsjrcptclh
V`cs wlrn cs fgfcjetgf tl Os. Oerce Nergsne.
[gralroehjg Ehemyscs la Jepco fc [rehte
Chtrlfujtclh9 oo. 5-7E9 oo. 1-54D9 oo. 5:-4:
Jlfe9 oo. 46-:5
Vedmg 1 Ouscjem Alro la Jepco fc [rehte
:1 Tcdgcrl, Oerce fg Mlurfgs Dlrbgs. L ilhbl. Tcl fg Iehgcrl9 (AWHETVG, 5306), 4:> Vrehs. ZãrbclOcrehfe.
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V`g jyjmg–s sgjlhf slhb Jepco fc prehte (Rggfs) cs fgsjrcdgf es e ilhbl,
e typg la almn fehjg slhb desgf lh e r`yt`o arlo Emebles Ztetg. Ct cs e medlrgr–s slhb
t`et tgmms la t`g smevgs acb`tchb tl nggp t`g wggfs arlo chvefchb t`g acgmf.:2
Ejjlrfchb tl t`g C[@EH, t`g Hetclhem @cstlrcj ehf Ertcstcj [etrcolhy Chstctutg ch
Drezcm (Chstctutl fl [etrcoöhcl @cstúrcjl g Ertïstcjl Hejclhem) (Hetclhem @cstlrcj ehf
Ertcstcj [etrcolhy Chstctutg ch Drezcm), ilhbl cs eh Earl-Drezcmceh alro la gxprgssclh,
w`cj` chtgbretgs fruos, jlmmgjtcvg fehjgs, ehf t`g prejtcjg la oebcj. Ilhbl `es cts rllts
ch Earcjeh pglpmg–s nhlwmgfbg, rctuems, ehf dgmcgas, oechmy t`lsg w`lsg hetcvg mehbuebg
cs Dehtu.
:0
Zlog eut`lrs, `lwgvgr, dgmcgvg t`et ilhbl cs eh Earcjeh fehjg la Ehblmehlrcbch.:3 Ejjlrfchb tl t`go, ilhbl oey `evg dggh drlub`t tl Drezcm wct` smevgry, dut
sj`lmers `evg hlt ygt dggh edmg tl jlrrldlretg t`cs.6;
Ch Drezcm, t`g lrcbch la t`cs fehjg blgs dejn tl t`g hchgtgght`-jghtury jlaagg ehf
suber jehg pmehtetclhs ch t`g slut`gestgrh pert la t`g jluhtry, w`grg ct fgvgmlpgf eolhb
t`g smevgs.65 V`g prejtcjg la ilhbl survcvgf olst strlhbmy ch t`g slut` jghtrem stetgs la
Drezcm, dgjeusg t`gy `ef t`g merbgst dmejn smevg plpumetclh.64
Ch ilhbl, es ch Jehflodmã, pgrjussclh chstruoghts `evg e vgry coplrteht rlmg.
V`g ilhbl ghsgodmg chjmufgs twl lr t`rgg fruos9 e puïte, w`cj` cs e nchf la arcjtclh
:2 [grgcre, Zlml Qljem Ouscj, 7:. :0 Tcdgcrl. L Ilhbl, 4:.:3 Bgrerf Dã`ebug. ”Earl-Drezcmceh almn ouscj trefctclhs9 Fehjgs ehf freoetcj fehjgs‟ ch V`g Hgw Brlvg
Fcjtclhery la Ouscj ehf Ouscjcehs . 4hf
gf., Gf. Ztehmgy Zefcg (Hgw Slrn9 Oejocmmeh [udmcs`grs Mcoctgf,4;;5), 69400.6; Tcdgcrl, L Ilhbl, :;.65 Drescm. Ochcstãrcl fe Jumture. Chstctutl fl [etrcoöhcl @cstúrcjl Hejclhem. Ilhbl hl sufgstg. Dresïmce, FA9C[@EH, 4;;7`ttp9//plrtem.cp`eh.blv.dr/plrtem/olhterFgtem`gJlhtgufl.fl<cf?5:50:&scbme?Chstctujclhem&rgtlrhl?fgtem`gChstctujclhem Vrehs. Zãrbcl Ocrehfe, (ejjgssgf lh Iumy :5st 4;5;).64 Dã`ebug. ”Earl-Drezcmceh almn ouscj trefctclhs9 Fehjgs ehf freoetcj fehjgs‟ ch V`g Hgw Brlvg9 400.
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chstruoght, ehf e buecå, w`cj` rgsgodmgs t`g j`ljem`l, e nchf la ichbmg stcjn usgf tl pmey
seode ouscj. Mcng t`g fruos ch Slrude rctuems, t`gsg chstruoghts sgrvg es e jlhhgjtclh
tl t`g spcrctuem wlrmf. V`gy hlt lhmy jlhhgjt pglpmg wct` t`gcr blfs, dut t`gy erg emsl
jlhscfgrgf tl dg p`yscjem scbhs la t`lsg fgctcgs.6:
V`g schbchb pert ch ilhbl cs jemmgf t`g plhtl ch [lrtubugsg. [lhtl jeh dg usgf es
e wey tl wlrs`cp sechts ehf ehjgstlrs, tl brggt pglpmg, lr es vg`cjmg tl oeng oebcj.
B`ehecehs ch Earcje fl ilhbl furchb `eppy ljjesclhs, suj` es wgffchb jgmgdretclhs,
`ervgst, lr auhgrems. V`g mest cs emsl jlhscfgrgf tl dg e `eppy gvght, dgjeusg sloglhg cs
blchb tl `gevgh.
66
Ilhbl tgxts, w`cj` slogtcogs ocx [lrtubugsg ehf Dehtu, wgrg emsl, etlhg tcog, usgf tl jerry jeoluamebgf ogssebgs wct` sgjrgt chalroetclh eolhb t`g
smevgs.67 Zmevgs arlo oehy fcaagrght pmehtetclhs wlumf sghf sgjrgt ogssebgs ch t`cs wey
arlo lhg pmehtetclh tl ehlt`gr, t`rlub` ogtep`lrs ch t`g slhbs.61
Lhg la plhtl–s oech j`erejtgrcstcjs sggos tl dg t`g prgsghjg la coprlvcsgf s`lrt
vgrsgs t`et erg suhb dy e slmlcst, ”slogtcogs `gmpgf dy e sgjlhf vlcjg ch peremmgm t`crfs,‟
ehf rgpgetgf dy e brlup la pglpmg.62
” [lhtls oey `evg lhg lr twl vlmtes (twl-mchg vgrsgs). V`g olst
jloolh trects la ilhbl slhbs chjmufg twl-der rgpgetgf cslogtrcj p`resgs,
prgvecmchb jlhiuhjt oltclh, peremmgm schbchb, ehf syhjlpetgf pgrjussclh
ejjlopehcoght.‟60
6: Tcdgcrl, L Ilhbl, 55.66 Igaa Vlff Vctlh. Rlrmfs la Ouscj9 Eh Chtrlfujtclh tl t`g Ouscj la t`g Rlrmf–s [glpmgs. (Mlhflh9 JlmmcgrOejocmmeh [udmcs`grs, 5306), 13.67 Dehtu mehbuebgs dgmlhb tl t`g Hcbgr-Jlhbl mehbuebg aeocmy, ehf t`grg erg olrg t`eh 6;; la t`go (wct`lvgr 5;; ocmmclh spgengrs), la w`cj` Zwe`cmc, P`lse, ehf Yumu erg t`g olst coplrteht. (Oejchtls`fcjtclhery)61 Tcdgcrl, L Ilhbl, 55.62 Dã`ebug. ”Earl-Drezcmceh almn ouscj trefctclhs9 Fehjgs ehf freoetcj fehjgs‟ ch V`g Hgw Brlvg9 403.
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Alr jghturcgs, t`grg wgrg oehy uhsujjgssaum ettgopts dy t`g eut`lrctcgs tl rgprgss
ilhbl. Gvgh eatgr t`g edlmctclh la smevgry ch Drezcm, prgiufcjg ebechst t`cs fehjg wes
jloolh dgjeusg ilhbl wes e rgochfgr la t`g fcstestgaum `cstlry la smevgry.63 @evchb
hlw dggh ejjmecogf ch 4;;7 es pert la t`g Drezcmceh Jumturem [etrcolhy, ilhbl, es
jlhjgcvgf dy Earcjeh Dehtu ehf trehsoutgf ch Drezcm, cs rgberfgf es eh gmgoght la
Earcjeh `grctebg wct`ch Drezcmceh jumturg.7; Rct` t`cs esscocmetclh, `lwgvgr, t`grg `es
emsl dggh e tghfghjy alr t`g fehjg tl mlsg cts gsltgrcj ehf plwgraum j`erejtgr ehf dgjlog
iust e scopmg ehf auh fehjg.75
Drebe–s ouscjem sgttchb la t`cs ilhbl prgsghts eh chtrlfujtclh ehf e jlfe t`et ergquctg scocmer ch t`g pcehl ehf vljem perts. Ch dlt` perts, t`g vljem mchg cs rgochcsjght la e
rgjctetcvg stymg, dgjeusg t`g ouscjem r`yt`o rgspgjts t`g prlslfy la t`g tgxt. Chfggf,
t`rlub`lut t`g ghtcrg wlrn, Drebe oefg bllf r`yt`ocj j`lcjgs alr t`g vljem mchg, w`cj`
acts t`g tgxt pgragjtmy. Ch t`g acrst pert (E), arlo o. 1 tl o. 3, t`g schbgr tgmms edlut t`g
jlhsteht brlwt` la wggfs, w`cj` uhflgs emm t`g smevgs– wlrn. Ch t`g sgjlhf pert, arlo o.
5; tl o. 52, `g rgslmvgs t`cs arustretclh dy ehhluhjchb t`g Uuggh–s jlooehf tl put eh
ghf tl aero medlr. [ert D jlhvgys t`g smevgs– jlhtghtoght ehf `es e olrg mcvgmy
j`erejtgr. Ct cs t`g olst fehjg-mcng pert la t`g slhb. Ejjlrfchb tl [grgcre, ? 5;0
sggos tl dg e aest ghlub` tgopl.74 Ch effctclh, t`grg erg fyheocj oernchbs ehf
60 Cdcf.63 Tcdgcrl, L Ilhbl, 55.7; Drescm. Ochcstãrcl fe Jumture. Chstctutl fl [etrcoöhcl @cstúrcjl Hejclhem. Ilhbl hl sufgstg. Dresïmce, FA9C[@EH, 4;;7 , Jgrtcfêl, 5.`ttp9//plrtem.cp`eh.blv.dr/plrtem/olhterFgtem`gJlhtgufl.fl<cf?5:50:&scbme?Chstctujclhem&rgtlrhl?fgtem`gChstctujclhem Vrehs. Zãrbcl Ocrehfe, (ejjgssgf lh Iumy :5st 4;5;).75 Tcdgcrl, L Ilhbl 13.74 [grgcre, Zlml Qljem Ouscj, 7:.
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chfcjetclhs la r`yt`ocj pumsg ehf ejjght t`rlub`lut t`g ouscj t`et s`lumf dg rgspgjtgf.
Ejjlrfchb tl [grgcre, ? 5;0 sggos tl dg e aest ghlub` tgopl.7:
R`cmg t`g ouscj almmlws t`g prlslfy la t`g tgxt, e schbgr w`lsg hetcvg mehbuebg cs
hlt [lrtubugsg s`lumf nggp ch ochf t`et t`cs tgxt flgs hlt rgamgjt stehferf usebg la t`g
mehbuebg. V`g acrst p`resg ”tä jepchehfl, tå,‟ ch olrg jlrrgjt [lrtubugsg, wlumf dgjlog
”Gstå jepchehfl, gstå!‟ Ch t`g seog wey, cslmetgf wlrfs suj` es prehte, fczé, pere,
wlumf dg wrcttgh es pmehte, fczgr, perer . V`g gxprgssclh pru oúfc ch Drebe–s fcrgjtclhs,
`lwgvgr, chfcjetgs t`et t`cs wey la spgenchb rgamgjts eh ehtcqug [lrtubugsg
prlhuhjcetclh. V`et jlumf gescmy `evg survcvgf ch rgbclhem ejjght> ch aejt, lhg jeh stcmm
achf oehy pglpmg t`et spgen ch t`cs wey ch huogrlus rgbclhs ch Drezcm.
Drebe ehf Fgdussy
Jeng-wemn9 ”V`g jengwemn fehjg, fgrcvgf arlo pmehtetclh fehjgs pgralrogf dy
dmejn smevgs, `ef dgjlog plpumer ch t`g germy 503;s es e t`getrcjem prgsghtetclhehf es e demmrllo fehjg. V`g ouscj es pudmcs`gf wes usuemmy uhsyhjlpetgf, dutarlo 5032 ct essuogf t`g syhjlpetclhs essljcetgf wct` rebtcog. Olrg t`eh 5;;jengwemns wgrg pudmcs`gf dgtwggh 5032 ehf 53;;, olst wct` fgsjrcptcvg medgmssuj` es ‐jeng wemn oerj`–, ‐twl-stgp–, ehf ‐rebtcog jeng wemn–.‟76
Ejjlrfchb tl Oercz, Drebe–s Jepco fg [rehte `es rcj` `erolhczetclh ehf
ettrejtcvg r`yt`o rgsgodmchb Fgdussy–s ”Jeng-wemn.‟77 ”Blmmcwlbb–s Jeng-wemn‟ cs t`g
mest olvgoght la Fgdussy–s J`cmfrgh's Jlrhgr Zuctg (53;0), w`cj` `g fgfcjetgf alr `cs
feub`tgr, Jmeufg-Gooe. V`g r`yt`o la gej` ogesurg cs t`g j`erejtgrcstcj jeng-wemn
7: [grgcre, Zlml Qljem Ouscj, 7:.76 @. Rcmgy @ctj`jljn ehf @ Gfwerf E. Dgrmch, ”Tebtcog,‟ Brlvg Ouscj Lhmchg.
77 Oercz, @cstúrce fe Oùscje, 452.
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r`yt`o, w`cmg t`g `erolhy coctetgs t`g ”lpghchb ders la Tcj`erf Rebhgr's [rgmufg tl
Vrcsteh ehf Cslmfg.‟71
Dgmlw C jloperg Drebe–s ehf Fgdussy–s sjlrgs tl s`lw t`g scocmerctcgs dgtwggh
t`lsg twl wlrns, es ldsgrvgf dy Oercz.
Acburg 5;. Fgdussy–s ”Blmmcwlbb–s Jeng-Remn‟, oo. 5;-56.72
Acburg 55. Drebe–s Jepco fg [rehte, oo. 5-4.
V`gsg twl gxeopmgs oeng ct jmger t`et Drebe–s ouscj `es ouj` ch jloolh wct`
Fgdussy–s. Emt`lub` t`gy fl hlt prgsght seog pctj`gs lr tcog scbheturg, t`lsg twl
wlrns `evg scocmer r`yt`ocj jgmms ehf ertcjumetclh oernchbs. Ch dlt` wlrns t`g
71 Jmesscjem Ouscjem Z`lp wgdsctg. Jloplsgrs, Fgdussy, Ej`cmmg-Jmeufg`ttp9//www.jmesscjemo.jlo/gh/jloplsgr/42/Fgdussy-Ej`cmmg-Jmeufg- (ejjgssgf lh Eubust 57, 4;5;). 72 COZM[ / [gtrujjc Ouscj Rgd [ebg.`ttp9//cosmp.lrb/wcnc/J`cmfrgh%42s\Jlrhgr\%40Fgdussy,\Jmeufg%43 (ejjgssgf lh Eubust 56, 4;5;)
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ejjlopehcoght ch t`g pcehl–s mgat `ehf cs desgf lh brlups la twl gcb`t` hltgs pmeygf
stejjetl, t`g acrst lh mlw pctj`gs ehf t`g sgjlhf, ch e dess acburg metgr fgsjrcdgf es
”strcng.‟ Fgdussy–s pcgjg prgsghts e oech ogmlfy wct` t`g syhjlpetgf jeng-wemn acburg,
w`cj` jrgetgs ”e vgry rebtcog-mcng syhjlpetgf fehjg tuhg.‟70 V`cs seog r`yt`ocj pettgrh
emsl eppgers ch Drebe–s wlrn lh t`g acrst p`resg la t`g vljem mchg, ”Vå jepchehfl, tå!‟
Eh lutmchg la t`cs r`yt`ocj strujturg wlumf dg9
Acburg 54. V`g r`yt`ocj pettgrh t`et cs jloolh ch dlt` wlrns.
@ctj`jljn stetgs t`et, ”gvgh dgalrg 507;s, `lwgvgr, suj` pettgrhs wgrg wgmm
nhlwh ehf wgrg cfghtcacgf wct` dmejns . . .‟73 Jurclusmy, ch t`g seog wey t`et Ilhbl cs e
fehjg alro wct` eh Earcjeh lrcbch, t`g Jengwemn cs e fehjg alro wct` eh Earcjeh-
Eogrcjeh lrcbch.1;
Es e vcrtulscj pcehcst, Drebe wlumf `evg nhlwh Fgdussy–s mctgreturg alr t`g pcehl
wgmm. Ct wlumf `evg dggh scopmg alr Drebe tl rgamgjt Fgdussy–s stymg ch `cs lwh wlrn, es
wgmm es dgchb eppgemchb tl `co tl usg ehlt`gr Earl-Eogrcjeh ouscjem cfge.
70 Fevcf OjNey–s dmlb `ttp9//eusscgouscjceh.dmlbsplt.jlo/4;;3/;1/blmmcwlbs-jengwemn.`tom (ejjgssgf lhEubust 57, 4;5;).73 @. Rcmgy @ctj`jljn, Ouscj ch t`g Whctgf Ztetgs9 E @cstlrcjem Chtrlfujtclh, 6t` gf. ([rghtcjg @emm,5333), 5:4.1; Cdcf.
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Zlhb :. HCBWG-HCBWG-HCH@EZ
[lrtubugsg Vgxt Mctgrem Vrehsmetclh Gxpehfgf Vrehsmetclh
C[E Vrehsjrcptclh
Hcbug, hcbug, hch`es, Hchb`g, hchb`g, hch`es Mu, mme, mummedy h c ) g h c ) g h ' $ s
Vêl dlhctch`es Zl jutg Slu erg sl jutg t ! = w d u h c t ' $ s
Oejeode, vclme, Oejeode, bucter Agmmlw smevg, bucter o e n ! = d $ Q c ( m $
Fc percg behbuch`es Vl bcvg dcrt` behbuch`es Vl bcvg dcrt` tl behbuch`es f c pe # i g ) ! = ) ' $ s
Vedmg 2 Vrehsmetclhs ehf Chtgrhetclhem [`lhgtcj Emp`edgt (C[E) Vrehsjrcptclh C
V`g hgxt slhb, Hcbug-hcbug-hch`es, cs e smggpchb spgmm ch eh lmf Earcjeh fcemgjt,
w`cj` flgs hlt trehsmetg wgmm ct chtl [lrtubugsg lr Ghbmcs`915
[lrtubugsg Vgxt C[E Vrehsjrcptclh
É, codé, tuodgmå! g d g t * d g m e
Oussehblmå quche quché o u s ! = ) l m e n c h $ n c h g
Vedmg 0 Vrehsmetclh ehf Chtgrhetclhem [`lhgtcj Emp`edgt (C[E) Vrehsjrcptclh CC
[grgcre stetgs t`et t`cs s`lrt pcgjg (erluhf 59:; ochutgs), w`lsg ouscjem tgxturg cs t`et la
e ogmlfy wct` ejjlopehcoght, ”wes fgfcjetgf dy Drebe tl `cs feub`tgr.‟14
15 @. QCMMEMLDLZ. @gctlr QcmmeMldls Jlopmgtg Rlrns alr [cehl, Qlm 0, Vgxts ehf Vrehsmetclhs laslhbs lh w`cj` QcmmeMldls desgf `cs Buce [råtcjl, trehsmetgf dy Zlhce Tudchsny (Hexls ChtgrhetclhemMtfe, 4;;0), :. 14 [grgcre, Zlml Qljem Ouscj, 77.
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[gralroehjg Ehemyscs la Hcbug-Hcbug-Hch`es
Hcbug-hcbug-hch`es (Mummedy), t`g t`crf slhb, cs eh Earcjeh-Drezcmceh mummedy t`et
wes jlmmgjtgf ch [ereïde Ztetg. V`g wlrn `es e drcga twl-der chtrlfujtclh ehf e descj E-
D dchery alro, wct` twl epprlxcoetgmy gquem sgjtclhs.
Chtrlfujtclh9 oo. 5-4 Chtgrmufg9 oo. 46-47E9 oo. :-55 E–9 oo. 41-:6D9 oo. 54-4: D–9 oo. :7-62
Vedmg 3 Ouscjem Alro la Hcbug-hcbug-hch`es
Arlo o. 5 tl o. 4:, t`g `erolhy cs scopmg ehf prgsghts peremmgm jlhslheht j`lrfs
t`et rgoech wct`ch t`g ngy la E Oeilr. V`cs `erolhy jrgetgs e jemo eodcghjg. Ztertchb
arlo o. 46, t`g tgopl dgjlogs smlwgr ehf t`g pcehl mchg prgsghts e sgrcgs la
olfumetclhs, rgturhchb tl t`g ngy la E Oeilr et t`g ghf. Ch t`g mest alur ogesurgs, t`g
tgopl dgjlogs gvgh smlwgr, ehf t`g pcehl pmeys ch e mlwgr rehbg. V`g schbgr ghfs t`g
ouscj dy `uoochb e rgmetcvgmy `cb` hltg (G7), w`cmg dgchb ilchgf dy t`g pcehl lh o. 62.V`cs sggos tl subbgst slohlmghjg.
Acburg 5:. Hcbug-hcbug-hch`es, oo. 67-62
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Ct wes hlt plsscdmg tl jlhacro t`g usg la tgxt pechtchb ch t`cs slhb, schjg cts tgxt cs
e ocx la [lrtubugsg ehf Earcjeh, w`cj` cs hlt gescmy uhfgrstllf. V`cs scopmg ehf
rgpgtctcvg `erolhczetclh, `lwgvgr, prlvcfgs e ouscjem sgttchb t`et jrgetgs e pgragjt
mummedy etolsp`grg.
Zlhb 6. ZÊL ILÊL-FE-TE-TÊL
[lrtubugsg Vgxt Mctgrem Vrehsmetclh Gxpehfgf Vrehsmetclh C[E Vrehsjrcptclh
Zêl Ilêl fererêl Zt. Il`h (fererêl) Zt. Il`h s
! = ÷ l
! = ÷ f e # e #
! = ÷
Vgo uoe bectererecte, @es eh `erolhcje @g `es eh `erolhcje t % u o
$ ) e i t e # e
# e i t
$
Uuehfl tlj–lrlrlje R`gh pmey (jlrlrlje) R`gh `g pmeys ct n w
!
= f u t ( n ( # ( # ( n
$
Detg hgme> @ct ct @g `cts ct strlhbmy d e t
" c h
! m $
Vlfls ls ehiererehils Emm t`g ehbgms
(iererehils)
Emm ehbgms t l f u s u s
! = e # e
#
! = u s
Vljeo bectererecte, [mey `erolhcje
(tererecte)
V`gy emsl pmey
`erolhcjes
t ( n ! = ÷ ) e i t e # e # e i
t
$
Vljeo tehtererehtl [mey e mlt V`gy erg emweys
pmeychb
t ( n ! = ÷ t ! = t e # e # ! =
t u
Equc he tgrre. @grg lh Gert` @grg lh Gert` e n c h e t
! &
$
Me hl jghtgrgrghtl V`grg ch t`g jghtgr
(tgrgrghtl)
V`grg ch t`g jghtgr m e h u s % t
! #
! # % t u
Fe evghcfcrcrcfe La t`g evghug (fcrcrcfe) La t`g evghug f e e v g h c f c # c # c f
$
Vgo xerlplrlrlpg @es syrup (plrlrlpg) C dlub`t slog syrup t %
" e # ( p ( # ( # ( p c
Gsjlrrgblu> Zmcppgrgf Dut ct frcppgf g s n l & g ) l w
Eberrlusöröröusg Bmugf Ehf blt stcjny e ) e & l w s l # l # l w s c
Go ogu vgstcfcrcrcfl, Lh oy frgss (fcrcfcfl) Lh oy frgss % o g w v g s t " c f c # c
# c f u
Fgu uoe prãbuãrãrãbe Bevg e frepg Jrgetchb e tgoplrery
frepg
f g u u o $ p #
! )
! #
!
#
! )
$
G og fgcxlu. Ehf og mgat. Dut ct jeog laa sllh
eatgr.
c o c f g c
" l w
Oerce, Oery Oery o e # c $
Vu vec el decmg, Slu bl tl t`g demm Slu erg blchb tl t`g
demm
t u v e i e w d e i m c
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Vu mgve l j`emg, Slu teng e oehtcmme Zl, ylu s`lumf put
e oehtcmme lh
t u m
! v $ u
" e m c
Uug vec j`lvé Dgjeusg bl rech Dgjeusg ct cs blchb tl
rech
n c v e i
" l v g
G fgplcs fgoefrubefe> ec!
Ehf eatgr la t`g fewh>l`!
Lt`grwcsg, eatgrfewh, l`!
c f g p l i s f c
o e f # u ) e f $ e i
Vlfe olm`efe, ec! Emm wgt, l`! Jlopmgtgmy wgt, l`! t l f $ o l + e f $ e i
Vu vec olrré. Slu bl fcg Slu jlumf fcg. t u v e i o l & g
Oerce, Oery Oery o e # c $
Vu vec jesergs, Slu bl oerry Slu erg blchb tl bgt
oerrcgf
t u v e i n e z e # c s
Gu vlu tg fergs C bl tl ylu bcvg C wcmm bcvg ylu g w v l w t
" c f e # c s
Ls peredãhs V`g jlhbretumetclhs Oy jlopmcoghts u s p e # e d % s
Qlu tg fergs uoe prghfe9 ec!
Rcmm tl ylu bcvg e prgsght9 l`!
Ehf e wgffchb bcat9
l`!
v l w t
" c f e # c s
* o $ p # % f $ e i
Zece fg rghfe, ec! Zncrt la t`g mejg, l`! E mejg sncrt, l`! s e i
$ f c & % f
$ e i
G flcs vchtãhs. Ehf twl vchtãhs. 1: Ehf slog jes`. c f l i s v t % s
Ec! Ec! L`! L`! L`! L`! e i e i
Me me me me me Me me me me me Me me me me me m e m e m e m e m e
Vedmg 5; Vrehsmetclh ehf Chtgrhetclhem [`lhgtcj Emp`edgt (C[E) Vrehsjrcptclh
[gralroehjg Ehemyscs la Zêl Ilêl-fe-re-rêl
Zêl Ilêl-fe-re-rêl (Zecht Il`h–s slhb), t`g dgst nhlwh slhb la t`cs jyjmg, cs e
rluhf-beog slhb t`et wes jlmmgjtgf ch [ceuï Ztetg. V`cs wlrn cs fgfcjetgf tl Os. Gmse
Bchgr. [grgcre seys t`et, ”furchb rgmcbclus `lmcfeys ch Drezcm ct cs jloolh tl `evg e
ochceturg ‐jerhcvem–-mcng agstcvctcgs ehf t`g j`cmfrgh–s rluhf cs e wey la nggpchb t`g
j`cmfrgh ghtgrtechgf w`cmg t`g efumts erg pmeychb beogs tl wch prczgs.‟ 16
1: Lmf [lrtubugsg jlch wlrt` twl jghtevls. Chalpãfce, Ghjcjmlpãfce g Fcjclhårcls [lrtl Gfctlre.`ttp9//www.chalpgfce.pt/plrtubugs-chbmgs/vcht%J:%E3o (Ejjgssgf lh Iuhg 5 4;5;).16 [grgcre, Zlml Qljem Ouscj, 77.
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V`g tgxt `es twl emtgrhetchb sgjtclhs9 t`g acrst lhg `es twl alur-mchg stehzes wct` e
sgqughjg la emmctgretclhs et t`g ghf la t`g wlrfs. V`g r`yog sj`gog `es j`erejtgrcstcjs
la e Z`engspgerceh ljtgt, gxjgptchb alr t`g t`crf vgrsg la t`g sgjlhf stehze. Ca lhg
jlhscfgrs, `lwgvgr, t`g emmctgretclh ”fc-rc-rc‟ es t`g ejtuem r`yog la t`g mchgs 5 ehf 4
(ochus bghfgr suaacxgs), wg wlumf `evg e pgragjt Z`engspgerceh ljtgt.17
V`g r`yog sj`gog cs9
Zêl Ilêl-fe-re-rêl tgo uoe becte-re-rec-te eUuehfl tú-jl-rl-rú-je, detg hgme> d
Vlfls ls eh-ie-re-rehils tljeo bec-te-re-rec-te, eVljeo teh-te-re-reh-tl equc he tgrre. d
Me hl jgh-tg-rg-rgh-tl fe evghc-fc-rc-rc-fe j
Vgo xerú-pl-rl-rú-pg gsjlrrgblu> f
Eberlu-sö-rö-rlu-sg go ogu vgstc-fc-rc-rc-fl g (lr j)Fgu uoe prã-bã-rã-rã-be g og fgcxlu f
E olrg epprlprcetg tgopl alr t`cs pert wlumf dg ? 5;6.11
Ch jlhtrest, t`g sgjlhf pert jlhscsts la alur t`rgg-mchg stehzes wct` t`g r`yog
sj`gog eed, jjd, ffg, aag. Ct flgs hlt prgsght emmctgretclhs dut r`yogs et t`g ghf la t`g
vgrsgs.
Oerce, tu vec el decmg, etu mgve l xemg, eUug vec j`lvgr d
G fgplcs, fg oefrubefe> ec ! ec ! jtlfe olm`efe, ec! ec! jVu vec olrrgr d
17 BTEHF OEZVGT MCZV LA ZLHHGV T@SOG ZJ@GOGZ, EOLHB LV@GT V@CHBZ
`ttp9//bm-gs.aejgdlln.jlo/tlpcj.p`p<ucf?4646117;3:5&tlpcj?1447 (ejjgssgf lh Eubust 46, 4;5;)11 [grgcre, Zlml Qljem Ouscj, 71.
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Oerce, tu vec jesergs, fgu vlu tg fergs fLs peredãhs, g
vlu tg fergs uoe prghfe9 ec! ec! asece fg rghfe, ec! ec! ag flcs vchtãhs, ec! ec! ec! g
V`cs sgjlhf pert `es e fcaagrght j`erejtgr dgjeusg ”Oerce‟ cs t`g rgprgsghtetcvg
”la mlst mlvg ehf dcttgrhgss.‟12 V`cs ocb`t dg t`g rgeslh w`y Drebe j`lsg e smlwgr tgopl.
[grgcre subbgsts t`et ? 24 wlumf dg e pgragjt tgopl alr t`cs sgjlhf pert.10
Ch schbchb t`cs slhb, e pgralrogr s`lumf pey ettghtclh tl t`g emmctgretclhs, dgjeusg
Drebe usgf flttgf hltgs alr gvgry tcog t`gy eppger ch t`g ouscj. Ch t`g acrst sgjtclh, t`g
vljem mchg emtgrhetgs mgbetl hltgs wct` stejjetl lhgs. V`g fyheocj oernchbs emsl
emtgrhetg. V`g mgbetl hltgs rgqucrg e ogzzlalrtg alr t`g vlcjg, w`cmg t`g stejjetl lhgs
s`lumf dg suhb slatgr. V`cs emtgrhetclh jrgetgs e nchf la fcemlbug wct`ch t̀ g tgxt, ch
w`cj` dlt` jlhslhehts ehf vlwgms sggo tl coctetg t`g sluhf la pgrjusscvg ehf pmujngf
chstruoghts. V`g sgjlhf sgjtclh cs olrg mgbetl ehf `es strlhbgr fyheocj oernchbs. V`g
tgopl emsl emtgrhetgs dgtwggh t`g tgopl prcol ehf e smlwgr tgopl alr t`g gxprgssclh
”Ec, ec!‟ Achemmy, t`g mest sgjtclh, arlo o. 77 tl o. 14, rgprlfujgs t`g seog ouscj la t`g
acrst sgjtclh. V`g tgxt, `lwgvgr, j`ehbgs chtl e scopmg ”må, må, må.‟ V`g tgopl dgjlogs
gvgh smlwgr et t`g dgbchhchb, dut t`g ouscj pejg chjrgesgs suffghmy lh o. 73, rgmexchb
ebech lh o. 15. V`g ouscj ghfs slatmy. Drebe–s uhpudmcs`gf uhejjlopehcgf t`rgg-pert
j`lrem errehbgoght la t`cs slhb cs chjmufgf es eppghfcx A, gxeopmg E.
12 [grgcre, Zlml Qljem Ouscj, 77-71. 10 Cdcf.
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Zlhb 7. GHBGH@L HLQL
[lrtubugsg Vgxt Mctgrem Vrehsmetclh Gxpehfgf Vrehsmetclh
C[E Vrehsjrcptclh
Ghbgh`l hlvl! Zuber ocmm hgw! Hgw Zuber ocmm! % % ' u h l v u
Dlte e rlfe pre rlfå! [ut t`g w`ggm tl w`ggm! [ut t`et w`ggm tl
rltetg!
d ( t
$ e & ( f
$ p # e
& ( f e
Gu fgc uo puml, C bevg lhg iuop, C iuopgf lhjg, g w f g i * p u m u
Fgc flcs puml Bevg twl iuop, C iuopgf twcjg, f g i f l i s p u m u
Fgc trgs puml Bevg t`rgg iuop C iuopgf t`rgg tcogs f g i t # g s p u m u
Fgste vãs pumgc l ourl Et t`cs tcog iuopgf t`g
wemm
Ehf hlw C iuopgf
lvgr t`g wemm
f g s t
$ v g s p u m g i
u o u # u
Uueic olrrl fc pumå! Emolst fcgf la iuop! Ehf C emolst fcgf
dgjeusg la ct!
n w e c o l & u f c
p u m e
Jepco fc prehte, Rggfs Rggfs n e p f c p # ! = t $
xcqug, xcqug, ogme,
ogme,
(Almn gxprgssclhs
wct`lut ehy ogehchb,
dut r`yog)
(Almn gxprgssclhs
wct`lut ehy ogehchb,
dut r`yog)
" c n c
" c n c o
! m $
o ! m $
Gu pessgc pgme jepgme C pessgf dy j`epgm C pessgf dy t`g j`epgm g w p e s g i p g m
$
n e p
! m
$
Qc flcs pefrc hu emtå! Zew twl prcgsts et t`g
emter!
C sew twl prcgsts et t`g
emter!
v c f l i s p e f # c
h u e m t e
Vedmg 55 Vrehsmetclh ehf Chtgrhetclhem [`lhgtcj Emp`edgt (C[E) Vrehsjrcptclh
[gralroehjg Ehemyscs la Ghbgh`l Hlvl
V`g mest slhb, Ghbgh`l Hlvl (Hgw Zuber Ocmm), cs e wlrn slhb t`et wes jlmmgjtgf
ch Tcl Brehfg fl Hlrtg Ztetg. Ct cs rgmetgf tl ”t`g ily la smevgs lh t`g errcvem la e hgw
oej`chg alr brchfchb suber jehg tl gxtrejt cts iucjg tl oeng suber.‟13 Drebe fgfcjetgf t`cs
slhb tl Os. Jmere Zluvcrlh, t`g slprehl w`l acrst suhb t`g slhbs tlbgt`gr es e jlopmgtg
13 [grgcre, Zlml vljem Ouscj, 73.
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jyjmg ch lrfgr tl prloltg t`gcr pudmcjetclh. E bllf tgopl alr t`cs ouscj wlumf dg ?
554 lr 551.2;
Ouscjem Alro9 EDEDEJ
Vedmg 54 Ouscjem Alro la Ghbgh`l Hlvl
V`g ouscj sterts ch t`g ngy la A Oeilr ehf cts chtrlfujtclh `es lhmy twl ogesurgs.
V`g scxtgght` hltgs ch t`g dlt` `ehfs la t`g pcehl olvg repcfmy ch jlhtrery oltclh lh eh
A oeilr j`lrf. V`gy sggo tl dg pert la e seog j`lrf, A1. V`cs jlhtrery oltclh jrgetgs e
r`yt`ocj pettgrh t`et sggos tl fgpcjt t`g olvgoght la e suber ocmm–s w`ggm, sl C rgagr tl
t`cs r`yt`ocj pettgrh es ”t`g w`ggm acburg.‟
Acburg 56. Ghbgh`l Hlvl oo. 5-4
2; Cdcf.
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Ch t`g slhb–s E sgjtclh, w`cj` blgs arlo o. : tl o. 52, t`g w`ggm acburg eppgers
lvgr ehf lvgr. V`g j`lrfs lh w`cj` t`cs olfgm cs desgf, `lwgvgr, sggo tl gxpehf olrg
ehf olrg es t`g ouscj blgs `cb`gr. Zuffghmy, t`cs sgqughjg la j`lrfs iuops tl eh
uhgxpgjtgf jlhjmusclh> t`g jloplsgr olfumetgs `cs wlrn tl t`g ngy la E Oeilr, w`cj` cs
e ret`gr fcsteht ngy.
Acburg 57. Ghbgh`l Hlvl, oo. 52-53
[ert D blgs arlo o. 50 tl o. :7, w`cj` `es e rgpget scbh. Dgjeusg la cts strlp`cj
ouscjem sgttchb, t`cs rgpget scbh drchbs t`g ouscj dejn tl t`g E sgjtclh, t`gh tl D, wct`
t`g seog ouscj dut fcaagrght tgxt. V`grg cs stcmm jlhtrery oltclh ch t̀ cs pert, dut t̀ g
”w`ggm acburg‟ cs edsght. Achemmy, E cs rgpgetgf lhg olrg tcog ehf t`g ouscj jlhtchugs tl
cts ghf wct` e soemm jlfe arlo o. 66 tl o. 63. V`g vlcjg esjghfs tl e sustechgf `cb` A
(A7), w`cmg t`g suber ocmm–s w`ggm nggps spchhchb ch t`g pcehl mchg. V`g ouscj ghfs wct`
e salrzetl oernchb alr dlt` vljem ehf pcehl mchgs.
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%)
V`grg erg ejjght oerns ch t`g tgxt, w`cj` plcht lut slog symmedmgs t`et s`lumf dg
gop`esczgf. V`gsg ejjghts jrgetg t`g aggmchb la e Decêl, w`cj` cs e syhjlpetgf r`yt`o
lrcbchetchb ch hlrt`gestgrh Drezcm t`et cs latgh aluhf ch Drezcmceh rgbclhem ouscj.25
25 Eh gcb`t-pert j`lrem errehbgoght la t`cs tuhg dy Drebe cs chjmufgf ch eppghfcx A, gxeopmg D. V`g twlwlrns erg vgry fcaagrght - gssghtcemmy uhrgmetgf - gxjgpt t`et t`gy dlt` sgt t`g seog tgxt ehf ogmlfy arloDrezcmceh almnmlrg.
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JLHJMWZCLH
Almnmlrg cs eh chtrchscj pert la jumturg t`et bcvgs ogehchb tl pglpmg's mcvgs. Ct cs
desgf lh trefctclhem dgmcgas, mgbghfs ehf justlos la e brlup, w`cj` erg pessgf t`rlub`
bghgretclhs, oechmy dy lrem trefctclh. Drezcmceh almnmlrg cs desgf lh t`g `grctebgs la dlt`
chfcbghlus ehf hlh-chfcbghlus pglpmgs. V`g t`rgg oeilr jlhtrcdutlrs erg t`g Hetcvg
Chfceh pglpmg, almmlwgf dy t`g [lrtubugsg, ehf t`gh dy t`g Earcjehs w`l wgrg dlub`t tlDrezcm es smevgs. Zchjg Drezcmceh almn ouscj `es dggh pessgf flwh t`rlub` bghgretclhs
dy lrem trefctclh, pglpmg tghf tl jlodchg ghfurchb trefctclhem gmgoghts wct`
jlhtgoplrery mljem vercehts. Es e rgsumt la t̀ cs fyheocj prljgss, almn ouscj cs hlt lhmy
trehsocttgf dut emsl rgjrgetgf jlhtchulusmy. Eolhb t`cs Drezcmceh ouscjem almn lutput,
lhg achfs slhbs t`et erg suhb dy efumts tl j`cmfrgh (mummedcgs, gtj), slhbs t`et erg suhb
lhmy dy j`cmfrgh (j`cmfrgh–s rluhfs, beogs, gtj), ehf emsl slhbs t`et erg suhb dy dlt`
efumts ehf j`cmfrgh, suj` es t`lsg suhb furchb rgmcbclus jgrgolhcgs. Chtgrgstchbmy, t`g
seog ouscj jeh dg aluhf ehyw`grg ch Drezcm, rgberfmgss la rejg, rgbclhemcso, lr ehjgstry,
dgjeusg t`cs almn oetgrcem flgs hlt dgmlhb tl eh gxjmuscvg gt`hcj brlup.
Furchb `cs oehy tlurs t`rlub`lut Drezcm, Grhehc Drebe jeog ejrlss t`g slhbs t`et
wlumf metgr dg pert la `cs jyjmg ”V`g Acvg Zlhbs la Hlrt`gestgrh Drezcmceh Almnmlrg.‟
Dg`chf t`cs wlrn mcgs eh gxpgjtetclh tl prgsght t`g brget rcj`hgss ehf vercgty la ouscjem
stymgs aluhf wct`ch Drezcmceh–s almn ouscj trefctclh. Drebe–s ouscjem j`lcjgs dlt` plrtrey
t`cs fcvgrscty ehf bcvg erfght tgstcolhy la t`g jloplsgr–s ertcstry.
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E[[GHFCP E
Dedemlrcs`å Ilrbg Ncdehezeodc chtgrvcgw trehsjrcpt.
24
Acburg 51.Dedemlrcs`å Ilrbg Ncdehezeodc es e ogfcuo alr Pehbö.Furchb rgmcbclus jgrgolhcgs et `cs Jehflodmã `lusg, Or. Ilrbg Ncdehezeodc ghtgrs etrehjg ehf j`ehhgms t`g Slrude V`uhfgr blf Pehbö, la w`lo `g cs e prcgst. Ch t`cs pgrslhe, `g fcstrcdutgs dmgsschbs tl `cs fgvltggs.
24Z`ehbl–s fehjg jeh dg aluhf et `ttp9//www.ilrhemncdehezeodcexggjce.jlo/bpebg:.`tom (Ejjgssgf lhIumy 52t`, 4;5;).
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Jlhtgxt
V`cs oggtchb tlln pmejg et t`g `lusg la Or. Ilrbg Ncdehezeodc, Dedemlrcs`e
(prcgst-aet`gr la t`g blfs), w`cj` sgrvgs es e Jehflodmã `lusg la wlrs`cp. V`g sudigjt
wes Pehbö, t`g Lrcs`e tl w`lo t`g slhb L–Nchcodå cs fgfcjetgf.2:
Lhg fey, et e jlaagg `lusg ch Jurctcde, C ogt oy arcghf Emverl Jlmeâl, w`l cs e
jumturem ebght t`grg. R`gh C oghtclhgf t`g fcaacjumtcgs rgberfchb oy rgsgerj` lh
L–Nchcodå, ehf `lw arustretgf C wes et dgchb uhedmg tl achf e pgrslh w`l nhgw Slrude,
`g tlmf og t`et `cs sgjrgtery jlumf `gmp og. Z`lrtmy t`grgeatgr, eh gmgbeht Earcjeh-
Drezcmceh mefy jeog tl oggt us, ehf wg gxj`ehbgf chtrlfujtclhs. R`gh esngf edlut oy prldmgo s`g socmgf ehf secf9 ”C nhlw sloglhg w`l nhlws t`cs mehbuebg. @g cs oy
Dedemlrcs`e. @g jeog arlo Earcje, `g mcvgs `grg ch Jurctcde, ehf `g cs e prcgst la
Pehbö.‟ Z`g bevg og `cs huodgr. @g wes lut la tlwh w`gh C jemmgf, dut C splng tl
Aedcehe, `cs wcag, ehf lh `cs rgturh, s`g errehbgf e oggtchb wct` `co. V`g oggtchb wes
sgt up alr t`et jlochb V`ursfey, e `lmcfey, w`gh `g `ef eh `lur argg, dgalrg `g `ef slog
pglpmg sj`gfumgf alr spcrctuem bucfehjg.
V`g chtgrvcgw tlln pmejg et 5; e.o., ;1/;:/4;5;, ch Jurctcde ([T), slut`grh
Drezcm, ehf wes jlhfujtgf ch [lrtubugsg. Ct `es dggh gfctgf ehf trehsmetgf chtl Ghbmcs`
dy t`cs eut`lr. C errcvgf et t`g Dedemlrcs`e–s `lusg et 5; e.o., es sj`gfumgf. Aedcehe, `cs
wcag, rgjgcvgf og, socmchb, et t`g jlurtyerf betg. Z`g wes vgry wgmjlochb. R`cmg wg
wgrg t`grg, e wloeh jeog tl t`g betg tl esn alr allf (jgste dåscje). V`cs bevg Aedcehe
ljjesclh tl temn edlut t`gcr sljcem sgrvcjgs alr t`g pllr. V`gh, dgalrg emmlwchb og tl
($ Hltg9 ”Nchcdå‟ cs emsl spgmmgf ”Nchcodå‟.
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ghtgr t`g jlurtyerf, s`g tlln slog jmgeh wetgr ch e rluhf wllfgh dlwm, ehf sprgef ct lh
t`g amllr ch arlht la oy aggt, ch lrfgr tl purcay oy ghtrehjg. R`gh C ghtgrgf, C sew e
hlvcjg, w`l wes dgchb trechgf tl dgjlog eh ”Cyåmlrcs`e‟ (Olt`gr la Lrcs`e). C wes hlt
ghjlurebgf tl chtgrejt wct` `gr. V`gh Aedcehe chvctgf og chscfg.
R`cmg wectchb alr Or. Ilrbg Ncdehezeodc, Aedcehe sgrvgf us slog `logoefg
jlaagg. Furchb t`cs tcog, C wes slogw`et fcstrejtgf dy t`g dg`evclr la t`g hlvcjg, w`l
wes grretcjemmy olvchb erluhf t`g erge lutscfg t`g lpgh fllrs, ehf solnchb slog nchf la
spgjcem `grd ch e wllfgh pcpg. Z`g sggogf tl dg tltemmy coogrsgf ch `gr lwh wlrmf. Or.
Ncdehezeodc, t`gh, jeog ehf ilchgf us et t`g tedmg> wg gxj`ehbgf chtrlfujtclhs ehf t`gchtgrvcgw stertgf.
Ocrehfe9 R`l cs Pehbö<
Ncdehezeodc9 Pehbö cs t`g Lrcs`e la Iustcjg. @g cs t`g lmfgst slh la Lrehcê, w`l
cs t`g aluhfgr la Cmé-Caã, e jcty ch Hcbgrce. Ch t`g pest, Hcbgrce wes e
pmejg la t`g Slrude pglpmg. V`gh, w`gh Lrehcê oefg `cs wey
Hlrt`, `g drlub`t `cs slh Pehbö, w`l dgjeog t`g blvgrhlr la
Slyú jcty. V`gh Pehbö dgjeog t`g sgjlhf Nchb la Slyú jcty.
Ejjlrfchb tl t`g mgbghf, Pehbö wes e olrtem w`l wes oerrcgf tl
Lyú, e fgcty. Zl w`gh `g fcgf, `cs wcag usgf `gr Lrcxå plwgr tl
teng `co tl t`g prgsghjg la t`g emocb`ty Lrcxå, Lmlfuoerã (lr
Lmlruo). Zl, ch rgsplhsg tl `gr ghtrgetcgs, Lmlruo drlub`t Pehbö
dejn arlo t`g fgef ehf trehsalrogf `co chtl e fgcty. Pehbö `ef
emrgefy mgerhgf arlo Lyú slog la `gr lwh Lrcxå sgjrgts, mcng `lwtl jlhtrlm acrg. Oehy ygers metgr, Pehbö wes drlub`t tl Drezcm
furchb t`g tcog w`gh Drezcm wes e [lrtubugsg jlmlhy. @g ̂Pehbö_
dgjeog gxtrgogmy strlhb ch [grheodujl Ztetg. Emlhb wct` `co,
oehy Slyú pglpmg wgrg drlub`t ^es smevgs_ es wgmm. Ch
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[grheodujl, t`grg cs stcmm e jumt la Pehbö, dut t`gy `ef slog
fcaacjumtcgs> es e rgsumt, ct ^t`g jumt prejtcjg_ `es mlst slog la cts
Earcjeh ageturgs ehf chjlrplretgf slog Drezcmceh justlos.
V`grgalrg, ct `es dgjlog olrg Drezcmceh-Earcjeh (syhjrgtcso).
V`g oeilrcty la t`g pglpmg drlub`t es smevgs tl Drezcm wgrg dlub`t
arlo t`g Slyú ehf Ngtu ^trcdgs_. Vlbgt`gr, t`gy dgjeog t`g oech
rgprgsghtetcvgs la t`g Slrude pglpmg ch Drezcm, oechmy ch De`ce
Ztetg. Ch t`g seog wey t`et t`g Slyú bevg us t`g Lrcs`e Pehbö, t`g
Ngtu bevg us Lfã ^ehlt`gr lrcs`å_. Es e rgsumt, wg `ef lur acrst
jehflodmã `lusg, w`cj` cs jemmgf ”Jese Drehje fl Ghbgh`l
Qgm`l‟ ^R`ctg @lusg la t`g Lmf Ocmm_ ehf cs mljetgf lh Qesjl fe
Beoe Ztrggt, ch Zemveflr, De`ce. V`grg ct wes fgtgrochgf t`et Lfã wlumf lwh t`g mehf, ehf Pehbö wlumf lwh t`g ducmfchbs. Zl, t`g
jghtrem `lusg dgmlhbs tl Pehbö.26 V`et cs w`y wg `evg t`cs
fgvltclh tl Pehbö. Zchjg `g cs ch t`g `cb`gst plcht la t`g `lusg, `g
cs emweys lvgr lur `gefs dgjeusg `g rgprgsghts lur nchb, lur
rlyemty.
Ocrehfe9 C `evg sggh lh t`g wgd, es wgmm es lh Vgmgvcsclh, slog chalroetclh
edlut Jehflodmã. C rgjemm t`gy secf t`et pgrjussclh chstruoghts erg
usgf t`rlub`lut t`g jgrgolhcgs, ehf t`et t`grg cs e fcaagrght
r`yt`o alr gej` Lrcs`e.
Ncdehezeodc9 Edslmutgmy rcb`t.
Ocrehfe9 Ehf e spgjcacj fehjg es wgmm, rcb`t< C wes temnchb tl Aedcehe, ehf
s`g tlmf og t`cs ouscj sgts lhmy pert la t`g ejtuem Nchcodå tgxt. Zl,
Drebe jlmmgjtgf e slhb, w`cj` cs suhb dy Jehflodmã pglpmg, tlln
26 [lcht la trehsmetclh ‚ V`g wlrf `grg trehsmetgf es `lusg cs derrejêl, w`cj` tengs cts lrcbch arlo Earcje.Descjemmy, ct cs e vgry scopmg dut spejclus rllo, w`grg t`g pudmcj jgrgolhcgs erg `gmf, ehf ct cs rgberfgf essejrgf alr t`g Jehflodmã pglpmg> sgg Tldgrt Qlgjns, Zejrgf Mgevgs la Jehflodmã9 Earcjeh oebcj,ogfcjchg, ehf rgmcbclh ch Drezcm , 12. V`cs wlrf cs emsl usgf tl fgsjrcdg seode sj`llm–s stlrebg pmejgs.
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pert la cts tgxt, ehf fcf `cs lwh `erolhczetclh la ct, alr vlcjg ehf
pcehl. C eo gebgr tl nhlw ca `g oefg `cs ouscjem j`lcjgs desgf lh
t`g rgmcbclh. Alr chstehjg9 fcf `g chjlrplretg Pehbö–s r`yt`o lh
`cs wlrn ‚ w`cj` r`yt`o wlumf dg Pehbö–s<
Ncdehezeodc9 V`g r`yt`o t`et rgprgsghts Pehbö cs t`g Emuiå, w`cj` cs e aest
r`yt`o wct` e wer-mcng j`erejtgr. Gej` Lrcs`å `es e prlpgr
r`yt`o t`et rgagrs tl `cs lr `gr pgrslhemcty ehf oyt`cj plwgr. Dy
t`g wey, Nchcdå cs oy Es`ã heog. Ejtuemmy, lur `lusg ehf emsl
oy heog erg Ecre-Nchcde. Ct cs t`g heog la t`g Es`ã t`et wes
bcvgh tl og w`gh C wes chctcetgf chtl Jehflodmã. Ncdehezeodc cs
oy hcjnheog. Oy aet`gr wes eh Earcjeh oeh arlo Muehfe.@lwgvgr, `g fcf hlt rgbcstgr og es `cs slh. V`g oeh w`l bevg og
e dcrt` rgbcstretclh wes oy stgpaet`gr, Muïs fe Zcmve Blogs. @g
wes vgry ouj` efocrgf dy t`g Jehflodmã pglpmg, w`l usgf tl
jemm `co Mufcezeodc, e Dehtu heog t`et `es cts lrcbch ch Earcjeh
jluhtrcgs mcng Ehblme ehf Olzeodcqug. V`grgalrg, C blt t`cs
hcjnheog ^Ncdehezeodc_. Dut oy rgmcbclus heog cs Ecre-Nchcde,
es wgmm es oy Es`ã.
Ocrehfe9 V`g acrst tcog C `gerf t`cs wlrf Es`ã wes emsl lh e Vgmgvcsclh
prlbreo. Ca C eo hlt wrlhb, t`gy wgrg temnchb edlut jerhcvem ch
De`ce. Dut t`gy fcf hlt gxpmech w`et t`cs wlrf ogehs. Zl, w`et
flgs Es`ã ogeh<
Ncdehezeodc9 V`g wlrf Es`ã ogehs ”sl dg ct.‟ Ct cs iust mcng seychb Eogh.
Ocrehfe9 Ehf w`et flgs nchcodå ogeh<Ncdehezeodc9 Nchcodå ogehs ”t`g lhg w`l jlopmcoghts t`g Nchb.‟ Ct cs fgrcvgf
arlo t`g vgrd Nc t`et ogehs tl jlopmcoght.
Ocrehfe9 Rlhfgraum! Slur nhlwmgfbg la Slrude cs blchb tl emmlw og tl
uhjlvgr olrg chalroetclh edlut t`cs ouscj, w`cj` wcmm oeng t`cs
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rgsgerj` olrg chtgrgstchb alr og es wgmm es alr lt`grs. Hlw, C
wlhfgr9 cs t`et jloolh< C ogeh, flgs gvgry schbmg Dedemlrcs`å
nhlw Slrude<
Ncdehezeodc9 V`gy s`lumf, dut ct cs hlt mcng t`et. Acrst la emm, w`gh Jehflodmãstertgf ch Drezcm, ct wes jlhscfgrgf eh gvcm smevg t`chb.27 V`grgalrg,
t`cs prejtcjg dgjeog e alrdcffgh t`chb dy sljcgty. Zchjg dmejn
pglpmg jeog tl t`cs jluhtry es smevgs, gvgh eatgr t`g edlmctclh la
smevgry, w`ctg pglpmg fcf hlt ejjgpt t`g Jehflodmã jumt, ehf t`g
plmcjg pgrsgjutgf oehy dgmcgvgrs. V`lsg gvghts `gmpgf tl wgengh
t`g aluhfetclhs la t`g Jehflodmã jumt. Dut C dgmcgvg t`et
hlwefeys t`grg cs e brlup la pglpmg t`et cs trychb tl rgvcvg ct^Jehflodmã_. Ch lrfgr tl ”rg-Earcjehczg‟ lur jumt, wg hggf tl
mgerh t`g mehbuebg. Dut lhmy e agw Jehflodmã `lusgs `evg pglpmg
wct` slog Slrude.
Ocrehfe9 @lw edlut spgmmchb< Ch t`cs tgxt tl w`cj` Drebe sgt `cs ouscj, cs
t`grg ehy spgmmchb ocsteng< Alr chstehjg, slog wlrfs prgsght
jcrjuoamgx strgss oerns. Cs t`et rcb`t<
Ncdehezeodc9 (mllnchb et t`g sjlrg) Hl, ct cs hlt. Rg fl hlt `evg t`cs nchf la
ertcjumetclh, dut lhmy brevg ehf ejutg ejjghts. Mlln, t`grg cs e flt
dgmlw t`cs jlhslheht ”Z,‟ w`cj` j`ehbgs ct. Zl, chstgef la `evchb
e ^vlcjgmgss emvglmer arcjetcvg_ ”Z‟ ^sluhf, es ch ”sgg‟_ t`cs flt
j`ehbgs t`cs ^p`lhgog_ ”Z‟ chtl e ^vlcjgmgss plstemvglmer arcjetcvg_
” ! ‟ ^sluhf mcng ch ”s`g‟_. Zl t`et cs w`y wg prlhluhjg Z`ehbö,
chstgef la Zehbö.
Ocrehfe9 @lw edlut t`g sgjlhf p`resg Fefå lné< @lw s`lumf C sey ct<
27 [lcht la trehsmetclh ‚ V`g gxprgssclh usgf ”Jlcse fg hgbrl gsjrevl‟ cs e vgry hgbetcvg gxprgssclh alrEarcjehs ”Jlcse fg hgbrl gsjrevl‟ cs, ca plsscdmg, gvgh olrg hgbetcvg ehf fgrlbetlry t`eh cts Ghbmcs`jlbhetg, wct` eh effgf jlhhltetclh la gvcm flchb.
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Ncdehezeodc9 Fefå cs ehlt`gr wlrf t`et cs usgf tl jlopmcoght. Iust sey ct es
ylu rgef ct. Lh t`g lt`gr `ehf, t`grg cs slogt`chb chtgrgstchb `grg
rgberfchb t`g wlrf lné. C t`chn t`et t`g jloplsgr ocb`t `evg
pmejgf t`cs jcrjuoamgx ejjght lvgr t`g vlwgm ”g‟ tl oeng surg
pglpmg wlumf prlhluhjg ct prlpgrmy> ^t`et cs_ t`gy s`lumf usg e
jmlsgf ”g‟ vlwgm. [glpmg arlo Hlrt`gestgrh Drezcm `evg e vgry
fcstchjtcvg ejjght. V`gcr vlwgms tghf tl dg wcfgmy lpgh. Emsl,
”né‟ s`lumf dg prlhluhjgf es ca wg `ef e ^sgocvlwgm_ ”w‟ ch
dgtwggh, w`cj` wlumf oeng ct sluhf ”nwg.‟
Emsl, ch t`cs mest pert la t`g tgxt, Zemö eiö, huecé, t`g ”i‟ s`lumf dg
prlhluhjgf gxejtmy mcng t`g Hgw Rlrmf Zpehcs` vgrsclh la t`g
pgrslhem prlhluh ”C‟, w`cj` cs ”Sl‟ ^Ilg_. Zl, fl ct mcng Zpehcs`ehf ylu wcmm dg achg!21 Alr chstehjg9
(Or. Ncdehezeodc rgefs t`g tgxt tl og)
Ocrehfe9 Slrude cs suj` e ouscjem mehbuebg! Ehf arlo oy plcht la vcgw,
Drebe–s ouscj rgochfs og la e preygr.
Ncdehezeodc9 C wlumf sey t`et `g cs rcb`t! Gvgryt`chb wg schb ch Slrude, gvgh e plpumer slhb, ct jerrcgs aggmchbs, dgjeusg ejjlrfchb tl lur Earcjeh
vcgw, schbchb cs preychb tl Blf. Zl, w`ghgvgr ylu schb, ylu
s`lumf emweys `evg ylur `gert lpghgf, sl t`et Blf cs blchb tl `ger
ylu. Ehf nggp ch ochf9 ch Slrude wg spgen es wg schb.
Ocrehfe9 Iust lhg mest qugstclh9 jlumf ylu, pmgesg, trehsmetg t`cs tgxt tl og<
Ncdehezeodc9 Zurg9 ”Rg jlopmcoght t`g Nchb wct` spcrctuem strghbt`. Rgjlopmcoght t`g Nchb Lde Ebehiù wct` spcrctuem strghbt`. Oey t`g
Nchb dg wct` us.‟
Ocrehfe9 V`ehn ylu sl ouj`!
21 @g usgf slog gxeopmgs wct` t`g [lrtubugsg ”I‟, w`cj` wlumf hlt oeng ehy sghsg alr Ghbmcs` spgengrs.
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E[[GHFCP D
V`g Bghgscs la Nchcodå
Acburg 52. V`g Lrcs`å Pehbö22
Ejjlrfchb tl Slrude lrem trefctclh, t`g ehjcght jcty la Cmé-Caã ch slut`wgstgrh
Hcbgrce wes t`g jrefmg la jcvcmczetclh alr t`g Slrude pglpmg. V`cs sejrgf pmejg wes
jrgetgf dy t`g Slrude blfs ehf wes t`g lrcbch la t`gcr acrst trcdgs. Ch t`et jcty, t`g blfs
usgf tl mcvg eolhb t`g oehnchf ehf teub`t t`go `lw tl wlrs`cp prlpgrmy. Olrglvgr,
furchb t`g ocffmg ebgs, Cmé-Caã wes t`g oech rgmcbclus ehf ertcstcj jcty la t`g Slrude
tgrrctlry.20 Alr aurt`gr ehf olrg pgrslhem chalroetclh edlut t`cs rgmcbclus trefctclh, C
(( 22@gmclZehte–s Qcrtuem Ztlrg Rgdsctg .`ttp9//www.`gmclsehte.gu/jetemlb/fgaeumt.p`p<j[et`?51:\26&lsJscf?fd3g45:g77:d4jd;4164012g:2d:32 d2 (ejjgssgf lh Iumy 52t`, 4;5;)20 CCé-Caã 9L Dgrâl Tgmcbclsl fls Slrudes, fg Lfófuwë e Zëhbú`ttp9//eumlderrgttc.sctgs.ulm.jlo.dr/Ertcbls/Cmg\Cag/Cag.`to (Ejjgssgf lh Iuhg 7t`, 4;5;).
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slub`t lut e Drezcmceh prcgst la Jehflodmã, t`g metch Eogrcjeh laas`llt la t`g Slrude
rgmcbclh.23
Ch t`cs chtgrvcgw jlhfujtgf lh Iuhg :rf, 4;5;, t`g Dedemlrcs`e (Aet`gr la Lrcs`e)
Ilrbg Ncdehezeodc stetgf t`et Pehbö (Z`ehbl) cs t`g Lrcxå (Lrcs`å) la Iustcjg ehf t`g
aluhfgr la Cmé-Caã.0; Pehbö wes t`g sgjlhf slh la Lrehcê (Lrehceh), t`g nchb la Lyú, e
jcty aluhfgf erluhf t`g yger 56;;.05 @cs syodlm cs e fludmg-`gefgf exg, ehf w`gh
prcgsts rgewengh t`cs lrcxå ch t`g Jehflodmã jgrgolhcgs, t`g prcgst tl dg t`g blf–s
j`ehhgm latgh wgers e jrlwh tl rgamgjt Pehbö–s rlyemty.04
Dedemlrcs`e Ilrbg Ncdehezeodc–s aet`gr cs arlo Ehblme, Earcje. Or.Ncdehezeodc `cosgma wes dlrh ch Drezcm, dut `g mgerhgf `cs aet`gr–s hetcvg mehbuebg,
Slrude. Chtgrgstchbmy, t`g wlrf ncdehezeodc ogehs ”t`g Nchb–s slh.‟ Effctclhemmy, Or.
Ncdehezeodc–s rgmcbclus heog cs Srenchcodå, ehf `cs es`ã (spcrctuem ghgrby) cs nhlwh es
nchc(o)då.
@g gxpmechs t`et t`g Jehflodmã `es hlt dggh merbgmy ejjgptgf dy t`g sljcgty ygt,
dgjeusg la cts `cstlrcjem dejnbrluhf. V`g oeilrcty la Earcjeh smevgs drlub`t tl Drezcm
wgrg aluhf eolhb t`g Lyú (Hcbgrceh) ehf Ngtu (B`eheceh) pglpmg. V`g Ngtu drlub`t
t`gcr dgmcga ch Lfã, t`g @uhtchb Lrcxå, ehf t`g Lyú drlub`t t`gcr fgvltclh tl Pehbö, t`g
Lrcs`e la Iustcjg. Vlbgt`gr, t`gsg twl pglpmg rgprgsghtgf t`g Slrude hetclh ch
Hlrt`gestgrh Drezcm, prgflochehtmy ch De`ce Zetg. Ch Zemveflr, t`g jepctem jcty la De`ce
23 Tgagr tl epp. E0; Ch Jehflodmã, eh lrcxå cs eh ghtcty ‚ t`g spcrct la e brget pgrslh w`l mcvgs ch e spcrctuem wlrmf, ehfrgturhs tl t`cs wlrmf dy tenchb plssgssclh la e prcgstmy chtgrogfcery ch epprlprcetg jgrgolhcgs la fruoouscj ‚ (chtgrvcgw wct` Ilrbg Ncdehezeodc, :-Iuhg-4;5;)05 CCé-Caã 9L Dgrâl Tgmcbclsl fls Slrudes, fg Lfófuwë e Zëhbú
`ttp9//eumlderrgttc.sctgs.ulm.jlo.dr/Ertcbls/Cmg\Cag/Cag.`to (Ejjgssgf lh Iuhg 7t`, 4;5;).04 Qebhgr Blhâemvgs fe Zcmve. Jehflodmã g Wodehfe9 Jeoch`ls fe Fgvlâêl Drescmgcre (Zêl [euml9 Gf.Åtcje, 5336), 21, trehs. Zãrbcl Ocrehfe.
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Ztetg, t`gsg twl pglpmg tlbgt`gr aluhfgf Jehflodmã, fgsjrcdgf dy lhg ldsgrvgr es ”e
dmejn rgmcbclus jumt prejtcjgf ch Drezcm, uschb slrjgry, rctuem fehjgs, ehf agtcs`gs.‟0:
V`grg, t`gy lrbehczgf ilchtmy t`g acrst Jese fg Jehflodmã (@lusg la Jehflodmã
fgvltclh), wct` Lfã lwhchb t`g mehf, ehf Pehbö, w`l rgprgsghts t`g nchb, lwhchb t`g
ducmfchbs.
Or. Ncdehezeodc stetgs t`et t`g fgcty Pehbö errcvgf ch Drezcm furchb t`g pgrclf la
smevgry (arlo germy 57;;s tl 5000).06 V`g jumt la t`cs blf, qucjnmy dgjeog wcfgsprgef
ehf vgry plpumer ch hlrt`gestgrh Drezcm, oechmy ch [grheodujl Ztetg, w`grg t`grg cs stcmm
e Pehbö. Dut lvgr t`g ygers, t`cs [grheodujl jumt `es eflptgf oehy Drezcmcehchamughjgs. V`cs syhjrgtcso `es j`ehbgf cts rctuems chtl e olrg Drezcmceh-Earcjeh rgmcbclh
t`eh e trumy Earcjeh lhg. Ejjlrfchb tl Or. Ncdehezeodc, t`lsg chamughjgs `evg wgenghgf
Jehflodmã–s Earcjeh desg. Vl rgvcvg Jehflodmã ch cts purg alro, slog prcgsts `evg
dgbeh tgej`chb pglpmg edlut t`gcr jumt ehf cts Earcjeh rllts. V`gcr oech blem cs tl chstrujt
es oehy pglpmg es t`gy jeh, ch lrfgr tl `evg olrg pglpmg wct` spgjcacj rgqucsctg
nhlwmgfbg, alr e dgttgr uhfgrstehfchb ehf ejjgptehjg la Jehflodmã es e rgmcbclh.
Vgj`hcjemmy, Jehflodmã cs e olhlt`gcstcj rgmcbclh t`et wlrs`cps t`g brget blf
Lmlfuoerg (jrgetlr), emsl jemmgf Lmlruo (t`g mlrf la gvgryt`chb). Zchjg `g cs suj` e
plwgraum blf, `g `ef tl oeng `cosgma olrg ejjgsscdmg tl oehnchf dy prgsghtchb `cosgma
0: Oejchtls` Fcjtclhery Qgrsclh 4.5.4 (0;.:).06 ”R`gh t`g acrst Earcjeh smevgs errcvgf ch Drezcm cs uhnhlwh> … Dy t`g germy 576;s ct cs jmger t`et t`grgwgrg e sczgedmg huodgrs la t`go> sgg Dgt`gmm, Mgsmcg, Jlmlhcem Drezcm (Jeodrcfbg Whcvgrscty [rgss,Jeodrcfbg9 5302), p. 41.V`g Edlmctclh Dcmm ( Mgc Åurge) wes scbhgf ch 5000 dy t`g [lrtubugsg [rchjgss, Czedgm. Lhg yger metgr,Drezcm wlumf fgjmerg cts chfgpghfghjg arlo [lrtubem> sgg Argyrg, Bcmdgrtl. Lrfgr ehf [rlbrgss. Drezcm arloOlherj`y tl Tgpudmcj. Gfctgf ehf trehsmetgf arlo t`g [lrtubugsg dy Tlf. R. @lrtlh (Mls Ehbgmgs9Whcvgrscty la Jemcalrhce [rgss, 5301), xcv.
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ch oehy fcaagrght spcrctuem alros ‚ t`g Lrcxås. Hlhgt`gmgss, ”ch Drezcm, ^sl aer_ lhmy e
agw la t`g olrg t`eh twl `uhfrgf Earcjeh Lrcxås erg wlrs`cppgf.‟07
Lhg rgeslh alr t`g rgfujgf huodgr la Lrcxås nhlwh ch Drezcm cs t`et, furchb t`g
smevg pgrclf, t`g [lrtubugsg lvgrmlrfs dehhgf t`g wlrs`cp la Earcjeh blfs dy t`g smevgs
es lhg ogehs la jlhtrlm lvgr t`go. Ch lrfgr tl rgtech t`gcr rgmcbclus rllts, justlos,
rctuems, ehf sechts, `lwgvgr, t`g smevgs wgrg alrjgf tl fgvcsg e wey tl jlhjgem t`gcr
Earcjeh Jehflodmã wct` ejjgptedmg ?0-4828<:< +K-/:4/,; prejtcjgs. Dy flchb t`cs, t̀ gy
jrgetgf e syhjrgtcstcj rgmcbclh wct` gmgoghts la dlt` Jehflodmã ehf Jet`lmcjcso. Alr
chstehjg, Pehbö hl mlhbgr rgprgsghtgf lhmy t`gcr Earcjeh Lrcxå, dut emsl t`g Jet`lmcjZecht Igrlog.
Or. Ncdehezeodc jlhjmufgf dy tgmmchb t`g almmlwchb Slrude mgbghf9 Pehbö wes e
olrtem w`l wes oerrcgf tl Lyú, e fgcty. Zl w`gh `g fcgf, `cs wcag usgf `gr Lrcxå plwgr
tl teng `co tl t`g prgsghjg la t`g emocb`ty Lrcxå, Lmlfuoerã (lr Lmlruo). Zl, ch
rgsplhsg tl `gr ghtrgetcgs, Lmlruo drlub`t Pehbö dejn arlo t`g fgef ehf trehsalrogf
`co chtl e fgcty. Pehbö `ef emrgefy mgerhgf arlo Lyú slog la `gr lwh Lrcxå sgjrgts,
mcng `lw tl jlhtrlm acrg.01
07 Rgdsctg Drezcm Vrevgm, De`ce Zyhjrgtcso. `ttp9//www.v-drezcm.jlo/tlurcso/de`ce/rgmcbclh-syhjrgtcso.`tom (Ejjgssgf lh Iuhg 1t`, 4;5;).01 CCé-Caã 9L Dgrâl Tgmcbclsl fls Slrudes, fg Lfófuwë e Zëhbú`ttp9//eumlderrgttc.sctgs.ulm.jlo.dr/Ertcbls/Cmg\Cag/Cag.`to (Ejjgssgf lh Iuhg 7t`, 4;5;).
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V`g Ouscj la Nchcodå
[meychb ouscj, lr pmeychb Jehflodmã (es secf dy cts almmlwgrs) `es e jrctcjem
auhjtclh wct`ch t`g jumt. V`g ouscj prlvcfgs e wey tl lrbehczg t`g rgmcbclus jgrgolhy,
schjg emm rctuems erg strujturgf ejjlrfchb tl ct. Dgjeusg ouscj cs sejrgf wct`ch t`cs
jlhtgxt, chstruoghts ehf chstruoghtemcsts dgjlog sejrgf es wgmm ehf t`gy erg trgetgf wct`
brget rgspgjt dy emm fgvltggs. Alr chstehjg, t̀ g etedequgs (fruos) t`et erg usgf tl gvlng
t`g fgctcgs erg jlhscfgrgf tl dg mcvchb dgchbs t`gosgmvgs, ehf jeh lhmy dg pmeygf dy t`g
lbêhs, fruoogrs w`l erg ch j`erbg la t`et pmeychb. Ch lrfgr tl dgjlog eh lbêh, lhg
hggfs tl dg chctcetgf dy e dedemlrcs`e ehf dg tltemmy fgvltgf tl t`g prejtcjg, chjmufchbnhlwchb emm r`yt`os ehf myrcjs dy `gert.02
V`g Jehflodmã rgmcbclus lrj`gstre cs jloplsgf la t`rgg oech pgrjussclh
chstruoghts. V`gsg chstruoghts erg jemmgf etedequgs ehf t`gcr sluhfs prlvcfg `uoehs
wct` e j`ehhgm tl t`g spcrctuem wlrmf. V`gsg t`rgg etedequgs erg heogf9 Tuo, t`g dcbbgst
ehf olst coplrteht lhg, Tuopc lr [c, t`g ocffmg lhg, ehf Mé, t`g soemmgst.00 Dgjeusg
t`gy erg sejrgf, pgrclfcj ehcoem sejrcacjgs erg oefg tl t`lsg fruos. V`gy jehhlt dg
rgolvgf arlo t`g `lusg (e derrejêl) w`grg t`gy fwgmm, ehf t`gy oust dg jlvgrgf dy e
w`ctg aedrcj w`gh hlt ch usg. Lt`gr chstruoghts suj` es t`g eblbö (jlwdgmm) erg latgh
usgf tl rgpmcjetg t`g r`yt`o pmeygf dy t`g etedequgs Mé ehf Tuopc, dut t`gsg effgf
02 Tcte g Blhâemvgs fe Zcmve Eoerem, Qebhgr. Jehter pere sudcr - uo gstufl ehtrlplmúbcjl fe oùscje rctuemhl jehflodmã peumcste. Tgmcbcêl & Zljcgfefg, v. 51, hl. 5/4, (Tcl fg Iehgcrl9 CZGT, 5334e, 6-7), trehs.Zãrbcl Ocrehfe.00 V`g jlhbe fruo cs chfcbghlus tl Jehflodmã ouscj, dut t`g heog jlhbe cs usgf ch Drezcm> sgg Gf Wrcdg,V`g Gssghjg la Drezcmceh [grjussclh ehf Fruo Zgt, 564. V`g etedequg cs e temm `ehf fruo. V`g dlfy cstypcjemmy oefg la iejerehfe wllf ehf t`g `gef, aestghgf tl t`g dlfy dy rlpgs, la jemasnch. (JeplgcreJlhgjtclh `ttp9//www.jeplgcre-jlhhgjtclh.jlo/oech/jlhtght/vcgw/546/5;7/ (Ejjgssgf lh Zgptgodgr 51,4;5;)
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chstruoghts erg hlt jlhscfgrgf sejrgf.03 Mcoe stetgs t`et twl la t`go ( Mé ehf Tuopc)
rgctgretg e rgbumer r`yt`ocj pettgrh, w`cmg t`g dcbbgst lhg ( Tuo) coprlvcsgs.3; ”V`g
merbgst fruo, jemmgf ruo, cs pmeygf wct` e stcjn ehf e derg `ehf dy t`g oestgr fruoogr
w`l, t`rlub` `cs coprlvcsetclhs, jlhtrlms t`g rctuem fehjg.‟35
34
Acburg 50. V`g t`rgg oech etedequgs, Tuo, Tuopc, ehf Mé (rgprlfujgf dy pgrocssclh).
Ct cs coplrteht tl hltg t`et, ch Jehflodmã, gej` Lrcxå `es cts lwh ouscjem r`yt`o,
w`cj` gxprgssgs t`g Lrcs`e–s stlry, pgrslhemcty, ehf oyt`cj plwgr. Emsl, ”tl gej`
03 Eoerem g fe Zcmve, Jehter pere sudcr , 6-7.3; [euml Jlste Mcoe. Chvghâêl g Ogoúrce. Hevgbeâêl ch Jröhcjes g Ghsecls sldrg Oùscje g Efiejéhjces.(Zemveflr9 GFWADE, 4;;7), 5;6, trehs. Zãrbcl Ocrehfe.35 Bgrerf Dã`ebug ch Brlvg Ouscj Lh-mchg. 34 Eachslp`ce ‚ L Dmlb fe [ltéhjce/ Jlouhcfefg Chtgopgstcve. `ttp9//eachslp`ce.dmlb.jlo/4;;0/;6/5;/e-agste-fls-lrcxes-hl-cmg-esg-fl-pec-bglvehl-fg-eiebuhh%G5%DD%0Fh/ (ejjgssgf lh Zgptgodgr 52t`,4;5;).
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r`yt`o jlrrgsplhfs e bcvgh j`lrglbrep`y emsl essljcetgf wct` e spgjcacj blf6E*$
Pehbö–s r`yt`o cs t`g Emuiå, ehf, ejjlrfchb tl Or. Ncdehezeodc, ct `es e aest tgopl,
wct` e wer-mcng j`erejtgr. Emuiå cs pmeygf furchb t`g Jehflodmãs rctgs la Pehbö. V`cs
r`yt`o cs ch 54/0 ogtgr, wct` eh crrgbumer fcvcsclh. V`g pert t`et cs pmeygf dy t̀ g
etedequgs Mé ehf Tuopc jlhtechs essyogtrcjem dgets. V`g gcb`t` hltgs erg brlupgf chtl
7 ehf 2 hltg ogtgrs ch gej` ogesurg. Mcoe seys t`et ct `eppghs heturemmy es e rgsumt la
t`g pmeychb, w`cj` jrgetgs t`cs crrgbumer dget. 36
37
Acburg 53. Z`ehbl–s Emuxå descj r`yt`ocj jgmms (arlo Zgcxes, p. 521)
[gralroehjg la t`cs ouscj emsl chvlmvgs spgjcacj bghfgr rlmgs> lhmy ogh erg emmlwgf tl
pmey t`g oeilrcty la t`g pgrjussclh chstruoghts, dut schbchb jeh dg flhg dy dlt` ogh ehf
wlogh.31
Ejjlrfchb tl Fr. Lrfgp Zgrre, e prlagsslr ch t`g Eht`rlplmlby Fgpertoght et
Agfgrem Whcvgrscty la De`ce, Drezcm, e r`yt`o t`et jlumf wgmm rgprgsght Pehbö cs t`g
3: Cdcf. 36 Mcoe, Chvghâêl g Ogoúrce, 4;;.37 Muïs Jmåufcl [crgs Zgcxes. Lxemuaê, Wo Gstufl e [ertcr fe Tgmeâêl ghtrg Octl g Oùscje / Ogoúrce fgWoe Jloplscâêl Ouscjem [rlbreoåtcje. Fcssgrteâêl Eprgsghtefe el Jursl fg Ogstrefl fe Gsjlme fgOùscje fe Whcvgrscfefg Agfgrem fe De`ce, jlol rgqucsctl perjcem pere e ldtghâêl fl breu fg Ogstrg ‚Jloplscâêl. Zemveflr9 4;;1, Eppghfcx 4, p.11, trehs. Zãrbcl Ocrehfe. 31 Eoerem g fe Zcmve, Jehter pere sudcr, 6-7.
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Erbghtchceh tehbl. @g oghtclhs e t`glry t`et t`g wlrf tehbl cs fgrcvgf arlo t`g wlrf
Pehbö.32 Gvgh t`lub` t`cs t`glry oey hgvgr dg jlhacrogf, Zgrre s`lws slog aevlr
tlwerfs ct. @g seys t`et t`g tehbl cs e nchf la fehjg wct` strlhb ehf sgfujtcvg olvgs,
iust mcng e pessclhetg fugm, w`cmg dgchb et t`g seog tcog sghsuem ehf ebbrgsscvg. Zuj` e
fehjg wlumf jgrtechmy suct Pehbö–s testg.30
32 Zgcxes, Lxemuaê, 521.30 Cdcf.
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E[[GHFCP J
[lrtubugsg Vgopl ehf Fyheocj Vgros
Emgbrgoghtg ‚ `eppcmy
Ehcoefl g jrgsj. ‚ gxjctgf ehf wct` chjrgeschb vlmuog (jrgsjghfl)
Eprgssehfl ‚ ejjgmgretchb
Dgo rctcoefl ‚ r`yt`ocjemmy ejjuretg
Drchjehfl ‚ pmeyaummy
Jehtehfl ‚ schbchb
Jehtehfl gsprgss^cvl_ ‚ schbchb pessclhetgmyJgfghfl ‚ smlwchb flwh
Jrgsj^ghfl_ ehcoehfl ‚ jrgsjghfl wct` e rghgwgf vcblr
Fgveber ‚ smlw
Gsprgs^scvl_ ‚ gxprgsscvg
brejclsl ‚ brejgaum
Mgvg - slat
Mcbefl gsprgss. ‚ jlhhgjtgf ehf gxprgsscvg
Oghls ‚ mgss (oghl olssl)
Olfgrefl ‚ mgss chtghsg
Olvcfl, emgbrg ‚ olvchb fgmcb`taummy
Olvcfl sgoprg ‚ olvchb stgefcmy
Hêl fgprgsse ‚ hlt aest
Tgmcbclsl ‚ rgmcbclusmy
Tctoefl ‚ gh`ehjchb t`g r`yt`o
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''
Zeuflsl - ocssedmg
Zgbuchfl ‚ almmlwchb
Zlmtl - argg
Zlturhl ‚ slodgr
Wo plujl oecs ‚ e mcttmg dct olrg (pljl pcù olssl)
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E[[GHFCP F
Chtgrhetclhem [`lhgtcj Emp`edgt (C[E) alr bghgrem Drezcmceh [lrtubugsg 33
Ch Drezcmceh [lrtubugsg t`g acvg mgttgrs (e, g, c, l u) rgprgsght gcb`t vlwgms9 e, $, g,
!, c, l, (, u, dut ”t`g uhstrgssgf vlwgm $ lhmy ljjurs ch wlrf-achem plsctclh‟. 5;; Emsl, t`g
vlwgms (g) ehf (l) `evg fcaagrght prlhuhjcetclhs9
g ? !9 dgml (d ! m u) ‐ dgeutcaum–
g ? g9 sgjl (s g n u) ‐fry–
g ? c9 hlvg (h ( v c ) ‐hchg–
l ? (9 dlme (d ( m $) ‐demm–
l ? l9 jlogr (n l o g r) ‐tl get–
l ? u9 petl (p e t u) ‐fujn–
Bmcfgs (i) ehf (w) erg rgprgsghtgf dy (c), ehf (u)9
c ? c9 vc (v c) ‐C sew– c ? i9 pec (p e i) ‐aet`gr–
u ? u9 tufl (t u f u) ‐gvgryt`chb– u ? w9 peu (p e w) ‐stcjn–
Hesem vlwgms jeh ljjur ch strgssgf, achem strgss, ehf prg-strgssgf plsctclhs, dut
fcp`t`lhbs, wct` rerg gxjgptclhs, erg gxjmuscvg tl t`g achem strgssgf plsctclh9 5;5
33 Oerce @gmghe Ocre Oetgus, ehf Grhgstl f'Ehfrefg [erfem. V`g [`lhlmlby la [lrtubugsg. ”V`g
p`lhlmlby la t`g wlrmf's mehbuebgs,‟ Lxalrf9 Lxalrf Whcvgrscty [rgss, 4;;;, 50.5;; Cdcf.5;5 Cfgo 5:;.
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Ztrgssgf Achem strgssgf [rg-strgssgf
($ ") ehtgs ‐dgalrg– ($ ") rloê ‐plogbrehetg– ($ ") ehfer ‐tl wemn–
(") jghtrl ‐jghtrg– (") eoão ‐eogh– (") rgoghfer ‐tl petj`–
( # ) jchjl ‐acvg– ( # ) aco ‐ghf– ( # ) achfer ‐tl achcs`–
(÷) eplhte ‐`g/s`g plchts– (÷) tlo ‐tlhg– (÷) plhtch`l ‐soemm plcht–
($) eauhfe ‐`g/s`g schns– ($) jlouo ‐jloolh– ($) eauhfer ‐tl schn–
Jlhslhehts Gxeopmgs Ghbmcs` Gqucvemght Qlwgms Gxeopmgs
d dgste, sådefl dgf, muodgr e jesl (jesg)f
fgfl, repefure flb $
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fcbl, jcfefg bgsturg, ghbchg ! = jehtl (C schb)a
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Zjlrgs la Jchjl Jehâ÷gs Hlrfgstches fl Almnmlrg Drescmgcrl, `erolhczefes pere jehtl g pcehl (Acvg Zlhbs la Hlrt`gestgrh Drezcmceh Almnmlrg, @erolhczgf alr Qlcjg ehf[cehl).5;4
5;4 Zgg hltcjg rgberfchb jlpyrcb`t, p. cc.
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E[[GHFCP A ‚ J`lrem Zuppmgoght
Gxeopmg E - Grhehc Jlste Drebe–s ”Zêl Ilêl Fe-re-rêl‟9 t`rgg-pert alr wlogh–s vlcjgse jepgmme j`lrus, uhpudmcs`gf.5;:
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Gxeopmg D - Grhehc Jlste Drebe's "Ghbgh`l Hlvl"9 gcb`t-pert alr ocxgf vlcjgs ejepgmme j`lrus ehf tghlr slml, uhpudmcs`gf.5;6
5;6 Cdcf.
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TGAGTGHJGZ
Edre`eo, Tly Jmcvg. Fcjtclhery la Olfgrh Slrude. Mlhflh9 Whcvgrscty la Mlhflh
[rgss, 5370.Eoerem, Tcte g Blhâemvgs fe Zcmve, Qebhgr. Jehter pere sudcr - uo gstufl ehtrlplmúbcjl
fe oùscje rctuem hl jehflodmã peumcste Ch9 ”Tgmcbcêl & Zljcgfefg‟ v. 51, hl. 5/4,CZGT, Tcl fg Iehgcrl, 5334e.
Derzuh, Iejqugs. V`g Ogehchb la Ogehchb ch Ouscj9 Dgrmclz lhjg olrg. ”V`g OuscjemUuertgrmy.‟ Hgw Slrn9 530;, v. 11, h.5.
Dã`ebug, Bgrerf. ”Earl-Eogrcjeh Ouscj, Zlut` Eogrcje‟ ch V`g Hgw Brlvg Fcjtclheryla Ouscj ehf Ouscjcehs, gf. Ztehmgy Zefcg, 4hf gf. Hgw Slrn9 Oejocmmeh
[udmcs`grs Mcoctgf, 4;;59 Q 6, 522.Dgt`gmm, Mgsmcg. Jlmlhcem Drezcm . Jeodrcfbg9 Jeodrcfbg Whcvgrscty [rgss, 5302.
Dlwgh, V`loes Igaagrslh. Breooer ehf Fcjtclhery la t`g Slrude Mehbuebg9 Rct` eh Chtrlfujtlry Fgsjrcptclh la t`g Jluhtry ehf [glpmg la Slrude. Res`chbtlh Jcty9Zoct`slhceh Chstctutclh, 5070.
Drebe, Grhehc. Jchjl Jehâ÷gs Hlrfgstches fl Almjmlrg Drescmgcrl @erolhcsefes pereJehtl g [cehl. Dughls Ecrgs9 Tcjlrfc, 5364.
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\\\\\\\\\\\. ”Zêl Ilêl Fe-re-rêl‟9 t`rgg-pert alr wlogh–s vlcjgs e jepgmme j`lrus,OZ, Oerjls Iùmcl Zgrbm pgrslhem jlmmgjtclh.
Fl Hesjcoghtl, Edfces. ”Earcjeh Jumturg ch Drezcmceh Ert‟, Ilurhem la Dmejn Ztufcgs,Qlm. 0, Hl. 6 (Iuh., 5320), V`lusehf Lens9 Zebg [udmcjetclhs, Chj., pp. :03-644V`g Ouscj Chfgx Lhmchg, Istlr (ejjgssgf Hlvgodgr ;6, 4;;3).
Gfcâ÷gs Ogm`lreoghtls, ehf Mehbghsj`gcft (Acro). Mehbghsj`gcft's [ljngt [lrtubugsg Fcjtclhery9 Ghbmcs`-[lrtubugsg, [lrtubugsg-Ghbmcs`. Hgw Slrn9 Mehbghsj`gcft,5303.
Argyrg, Bcmdgrtl. Lrfgr ehf [rlbrgss. Drezcm arlo Olherj`y tl Tgpudmcj. Gfctgf ehftrehsmetgf arlo t`g [lrtubugsg dy Tlf. R. @lrtlh. Dgrngmgy9 Whcvgrscty laJemcalrhce [rgss, 5301.
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@cmtlh, Tlhemf. R`l's R`l ch Metch Eogrcje9 [ert QC, Drezcm . Jemcalrhce9 ZtehalrfWhcvgrscty, 5360, 65.
@ctj`jljn, @. Rcmgy. Ouscj ch t`g Whctgf Ztetgs9 E @cstlrcjem Chtrlfujtclh, 6t` gf.[rghtcjg @emm, 5333.
Ncodemm, Jerlm. Zlhb, E Bucfg tl Ert Zlhb Ztymg ehf Mctgreturg. Tgv. gf. Ocmweungg9 @emMglherf Jlrplretclh, 4;;19 742-740.
Nu`h, Meure. Dengr–s Dclbrep`cjem Fcjtclhery la Vwghtcgt`-Jghtury Jmesscjem Ouscjcehs. Jghtghhcem gf. Q 5. Hgw Slrn9 Zj`crogr Dllns, 4;;59 573.
Mcoe, [euml Jlste. Chvghâêl g Ogoúrce. Hevgbeâêl ch Jröhcjes g Ghsecls sldrg Oùscjeg Efiejéhjces. Zemveflr9 GFWADE, 4;;7.
Oercz, Qesjl. @cstúrce fe Oùscje hl Drescm . 7t` gf. Tgv. g Eopmcefe. Tcl fg Iehgcrl9
Hlve Arlhtgcre, 4;;;9 451-452.Oetgus, Oerce @gmghe Ocre, ehf Grhgstl f'Ehfrefg [erfem. V`g [`lhlmlby la
[lrtubugsg. V`g p`lhlmlby la t`g wlrmf's mehbuebgs. Lxalrf9 Lxalrf Whcvgrscty[rgss, 4;;;.
Olhgmmg, Teyolhf. Mchbucstcjs ehf Zgocltcjs ch Ouscj. Jlhtgoplrery Ouscj Ztufcgs,v.7. Mlhflh9 @erwllf Ejefgocj [udmcs`grs, 5334.
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[grgcre, Bcsgtg Ebucer Jlgm`l. Grhehc Drebe vcfe g ldre. Tgjcag9 Zgjrgterce fg Gfujeâêlfl Gstefl fg [grheodujl, 5301.
[grgcre, Ilsã Tcjerfl Mlpgs. "V`g slml vljem ouscj la Grhehc Drebe (F.O.E., Whcv. laJemcalrhce, Zehte Derdere, 4;;2)." FCZZGTVEVCLH EDZVTEJVZCHVGTHEVCLHEM, Zgjtclh E, 4;;0. V`g Ouscj Chfgx Lhmchg, GDZJL`lst(ejjgssgf Hlvgodgr 6, 4;;3).
Tehfgm, Flh Ocj`egm. V`g @erverf Dclbrep`cjem Fcjtclhery la Ouscj. Oessej`usgtts9V`g Dgmnhep [rgss la @erverf Whcvgrscty [rgss, 53319 5;5.
Tcdgcrl, Oerce fg Mlurfgs Dlrbgs. L ilhbl. Tcl fg Iehgcrl9 AWHETVG, 5306.
Zj`hgcfgr, Il`h V. Fcjtclhery la Earcjeh Dlrrlwchbs ch Drezcmceh [lrtubugsg. @eodurb9@. Dusng, 5335.
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Zgcxes, Muïs Jmåufcl [crgs. Lxemuaê, Wo Gstufl e [ertcr fe Tgmeâêl ghtrg Octl g Oùscje / Ogoúrce fg Woe Jloplscâêl Ouscjem [rlbreoåtcje. FcssgrteâêlEprgsghtefe el Jursl fg Ogstrefl fe Gsjlme fg Oùscje fe Whcvgrscfefg Agfgremfe De`ce, jlol rgqucsctl perjcem pere e ldtghâêl fl breu fg Ogstrg ‚Jloplscâêl.Zemveflr9 4;;1.
Zcmve, Qebhgr Blhâemvgs fe. Jehflodmã g Wodehfe9 Jeoch`ls fe Fgvlâêl Drescmgcre.Zêl [euml9 Gf. Åtcje, 5336.
Vctlh, Igaa Vlff. Rlrmfs la Ouscj. Eh Chtrlfujtclh tl t`g Ouscj la t`g Rlrmf–s [glpmgs.Mlhflh9 Jlmmcgr Oejocmmeh [udmcs`grs, 5306.
Wmrcj`, Lttl @., Ir. "Mgttgrs." AEHAETG, V`g Oebezchg alr Zgrclus Tgjlrf Jlmmgjtlrs 0,hl. 1 (5307)9 54. V`g Ouscj Chfgx Lhmchg, GDZJL`lst (ejjgssgf Hlvgodgr 6,4;;3).
QcmmeMldls, @. @gctlr Qcmme-Mldls Jlopmgtg Rlrns alr [cehl, Qlm 0. Vgxts ehfVrehsmetclhs la slhbs lh w`cj` Qcmme-Mldls desgf `cs Buce [råtcjl, trehsmetgf dyZlhce Tudchsny. Hexls Chtgrhetclhem Mtfe, 4;;0, 5-3.
Qlgns, Tldgrt E. Zejrgf mgevgs la Jehflodmã9 Earcjeh oebcj, ogfcjchg, ehf rgmcbclh ch Drezcm. Eustch9 D;/J<-:/4F 0G A<B,: ?-<::5 "**(6