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Fission and Fusion.notebook 1 April 16, 2012 Aug 310:37 AM Fission and Fusion Goals Define nuclear fission, chain reaction, and nuclear fusion and distinguish between them Explain how a fission reaction is used to generate power Discuss the possible benefits and the current difficulty of controlling fusion reactions Aug 310:39 AM Nuclear Fission In fission you start with a heavy atomic nucleus like U235 Bombard with smaller particles like neutrons or or lighter nuclei Larger atom splits apart into smaller stable atoms Less nuclear binding energy is needed to hold the smaller atoms together Remaining energy is released from the split nucleus Aug 310:51 AM Chain Reactions Chain reactions are fusion reactions that run continuously Particles emitted from the initial reaction trigger the continuation throughout the sample Particles are usually neutrons Need a critical mass of the heavy element Need more neutrons to continue the chain reaction Those extra neutrons come from the heavy initial element Control of a chain reaction depends on the speed of the neutrons Aug 311:01 AM Aug 311:04 AM Nuclear Reactors Nuclear reactors employ a controlled chain reaction. Control here refers to the speed of the reaction Too fast = meltdown Methods of control Control rods: used to absorb extra neutrons Moderators: used to slow the speed of emitted neutrons Most commonly used moderator is water which also serves as a coolant Sometimes "heavy" water (D2 O deuterium oxide) Other safety features Shielding: absorbs radiation from the reaction, especially gamma rays Aug 311:14 AM

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Page 1: Fission and Fusion.notebook - WordPress.com · 2013. 4. 29. · Fission and Fusion.notebook Subject: SMART Board Interactive Whiteboard Notes Keywords: Notes,Whiteboard,Whiteboard

Fission and Fusion.notebook

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April 16, 2012

Aug 3­10:37 AM

Fission and Fusion

Goals

­ Define nuclear fission, chain reaction, and nuclear fusion and distinguish between them

­ Explain how a fission reaction is used to generate power­ Discuss the possible benefits and the current difficulty of 

controlling fusion reactions

Aug 3­10:39 AM

Nuclear Fission

In fission you start with a heavy atomic nucleus like U­235­ Bombard with smaller particles like neutrons or

or lighter nuclei­ Larger atom splits apart into smaller stable atoms­ Less nuclear binding energy is needed to hold the smaller

atoms together­ Remaining energy is released from the split nucleus

Aug 3­10:51 AM

Chain Reactions

Chain reactions are fusion reactions that run continuously­ Particles emitted from the initial reaction trigger the

continuation throughout the sample­ Particles are usually neutrons

­ Need a critical mass of the heavy element­ Need more neutrons to continue the chain 

reaction­ Those extra neutrons come from the heavy

initial element­ Control of a chain reaction depends on the speed of the

neutrons

Aug 3­11:01 AM

Aug 3­11:04 AM

Nuclear Reactors

Nuclear reactors employ a controlled chain reaction.­ Control here refers to the speed of the reaction

­ Too fast = meltdown­ Methods of control

­ Control rods: used to absorb extra neutrons­ Moderators: used to slow the speed of emitted

neutrons­ Most commonly used moderator is water

which also serves as a coolant­ Sometimes "heavy" water (D2O ­ deuterium

oxide)­ Other safety features

­ Shielding: absorbs radiation from the reaction,especially gamma rays

Aug 3­11:14 AM

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April 16, 2012

Aug 3­11:19 AM

Major Nuclear Reactor Accidents

Three Mile Island ­ Harrisburg, PA 1979­ Partial meltdown of a reactor core­ Caused by loss of coolant due to a relief valve that was stuck open­ Occurred 12 days after the release of the film The China Syndrome,

which was about a nuclear accident in California­ In the movie one physicist mentions that the China Syndrome

would render "an area the size of Pennsylvania" uninhabitable!­ The unaffected reactor at TMI is still operating today.

Aug 3­11:33 AM

Major Nuclear Reactor Accidents

Chernobyl ­ Soviet Union (now Ukraine) 1986

­ Reactor exploded during anexperiment

­ Worst reactor accident in history ­ Caused by a combination of human

error and lack of safety features­ Human error: most of the

control rods were removed during the test

­ Safety: lack of operatinginstructions and poor design

Aug 3­11:51 AM

Major Nuclear Reactor Accidents

Fukushima Daichii ­ Japan March 11, 2011­ Earthquake and tsunami caused the accident

­ Cooling pumps were damaged on 4 different reactors­ 3 of the 4 reactors went into meltdown

­ Second only to Chernobyl in terms scope of disaster ­ Both accidents have the highest rating on the International

Nuclear Event Scale at Level 7 (TMI is at Level 5) 

Aug 3­12:46 PM

Fusion

The opposite process of fission­ Start with light nuclei­ Combine to form a heavier nucleus that is stable­ Releases more energy that fission­ Hydrogen bonds­ Stars are essentially great big fusion reactors

Aug 3­12:49 PM

Fusion

What's the problem?­ Currently uncontrollable­ High temperature needed to start the reaction

­ About 108 K­ We're working on it

Aug 3­12:57 PM

Fusion in Stars ­ Nucleosynthesis

Start with hydrogen­ Hydrogen fuses to make helium

­ Small stars can only do this­ Covers most of the lives of all stars

­ Helium fuses to make carbon and oxygen­ The largest stars can further fuse elements to make metals

­ Include Ca, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu­ The heaviest elements are formed when a star undergoes

supernova

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Fission and Fusion.notebook

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April 16, 2012

Aug 3­1:09 PM