Fis_Ling_The History of Universe

8/14/2019 Fis_Ling_The History of Universe

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The story of the universe

Leo Sutrisno

Environmental physics

Physics education Program

Class 8th, 2009



1. The formation process of the

universethe "big bang" model,

was developed

around three major

pieces of

experimentalevidence:

1. The expansion of the

universe

2. The 3K background radiation

3. The

hydrogen-helium abundance

.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/bbang.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/hubble.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/bkg3k.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/hydhel.html


http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/bkg3k.html





The past history of the Universe is one of an early, energetic time. As the

Universe expanded and cooled, phenomenon became less violent and more

stable



Classification of Galaxies

• There are about 100 billiongalaxies in our universe. If we plotall the visible galaxies on a graph,we will see something like this.

• In this graph, the galactic plane ishorizontal and we ignore the

distances. Note that the gas anddust in our galaxy not only blockthe stars in our galaxy, but alsothe galaxies far away. Taking thisinto consideration, the distributionof the galaxies is fairly uniform.

• What do the other galaxies look

like? Galaxies come with manysizes and shapes. They areclassified into three types: theelliptical, the spiral and the "noneof the above" irregular



The Milky Way Galaxy

•Almost all the stars visible by naked eyes are in our galaxy, theMilky Way Galaxy. It contains about 200 billion stars. Most of themare on the disk, which we call the galactic disk. The diameter isabout 100,000 ly while the thickness is just 1,000 ly. Thus, the diskis very thin compared with the diameter.



1.1 The expansion of the universe





Doopler effect explanation



Redshift



Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation• In 1965, a great discovery was

made. Microwave radiation

was detected from alldirections in the sky. Later on,scientists realized that theorigin of this radiation iscosmological. The spectrummatches with that emitted by ablackbody of temperature 3K.

After making the appropriatecorrection, the radiation ishomogeneous and isotropic toa very high precision. Webelieve this backgroundradiation was generated when

the universe was very young.Thus, the cosmologicalprinciples were satisfied at thebeginning.

Courtesy STScI.

http://oposite.stsci.edu/





1.2 The

hydrogen-helium abundance





Formation of Atoms and Nuclei• Why is there so much Helium?

– Hydrogen - simplest atom

• proton and electron – Helium - second simplest

• 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons• Example: Sun

– 73% Hydrogen – 24% Helium

– 3% Heavier elements•In 1940's George Gamow realizedthehelium could have been produced just after the Big Bang due toextreme temperature in thePrimordial Fireball

Present abundances (like deuterium) tell us what wasgoing on very early in theevolution of the universe

•History of creation of elements in the

early universe – As universe cools the proton andneutrons begin to stick together

• when universe is 100seconds old

– cooled to 1 billion K-----> deuterium (p+n)forms

• as universe continues to coolHelium (2p +2n) forms

• after a few minutes – cools to 100 million K – now too cool for nuclear

reaction so we're stuckwith about 25% He (by

mass)• many heavier elements had

to await formation of starswhere elements are formed

http://physics.uoregon.edu/~courses/BrauImages/Chap04/FG04_008.jpg



http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/astr123/Notes/ch27/relabund.jpg



http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/astr123/Notes/ch27/relabund.jpg






CosmologyThe standard cosmological model is the "big bang", and while the evidence supporting that model

is enormous, it is not without problems. Trefil in The Moment of Creation does

a nice job of pointing out those problems.

1. The Antimatter Problem

2. The Galaxy Formation Problem

3. The Horizon Problem

4. The Flatness Problem





Anti-Matter – What is anti-matter (anti-particles)?

• A type of matter whichhas the same mass as

normal matter, butopposite charge•

particle charge of particleanti-particle charge of anti-particle

• proton positive anti-protonnegativeneutron neutral anti-neutron neutralelectronnegative anti-electron or positron positive

• Matter and anti-matter can becreated in pairs from energy (or electromagnetic radiation)

• E = m c^2

E = energym = massc^2 = speed of light squared (here just a constant of proportionality)

For example• energy -------->proton + anti-proton

energy --------> electron + positron

• OR matter can annihilate in pairs• proton + anti-proton ---------->

energyelectron + positron (anti-electron)---------> energy

E l ti f M tt





Evolution of Matter

Radiation Era• (The radiation era lasted for about 1000 years)

– Planck Epoch• First 10^-43 seconds after the Big Bang• No current theory of physics (quantum gravity)

exists – GUT (Grand Unified Theory) Epoch

• After 10^-43 seconds, temperature fell to 10^32 K – Hadron Epoch

• Creation of protons and neutrons continued for about 10^-4 seconds

• Temperature drops below 10^13 K, and protonsand neutrons are no longer produced in pairs

– Lepton Epoch• Ends when the universe is about 100 seconds old• During this epoch, the leptons (electrons,

neutrinos, and other light particles) are still

produced in pairs, because they are light• Ends when temperature drops below 1 billion K – Nuclear Epoch

• Protons and neutrons fuse into nuclei• Last until the Universe is about 15 minutes old

• Matter Era

– Atomic Epoch

– Galactic Epoch – Stellar Epoch

• Vacuum-energy Era(Dark Energy Era)

– Today?

– You won't readabout this in the

textbook; it is toonew





http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_ig/030639/030639.wmv



The Geometry

of the

Universe

• General Relativity allows for three geometriesof Spacetime in the Universe depending on thedensity of the Universe and the Universal fate:

Hyperbolic (Open) GeometryParallel lines diverge.

• Vsphere > 4/3 R3.

• Universe is unbound (expands forever).• < 1 ( < 10-29g/cm3).

Flat (Euclidean) GeometryParallel lines remain at a constant distance. – Vsphere = 4/3 R3

– Universe continuously slows down. – = 1 ( = 10-29g/cm3).

Spherical (Closed) GeometryParallel lines converge. – Vsphere < 4/3 R3 – Universe is bound (will collapse back)

– > 1 ( > 10-29g/cm3).

• Diagram from Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial ©Edward L. Wright (UCLA), used with permission.

http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm

http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm



• Information cannot travelfaster than the speed of light, so the causal region(so-called horizon or Hubble radius) at the timeof photon decoupling couldnot be larger than about300,000 light-years across,or about one degreeprojected on the sky today.So why do regions that areseparated by more thanone degree in the sky havethe same temperature,when the photons thatcome from those twodistant regions could nothave been in causal contactwhen they were emitted?This constitutes the so-called horizon problem,which is spectacularlysolved by inflation



Bumi di 2012

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Yk6LqyG9X6w/SYjj5snfHyI/AAAAAAAACQs/2aZx9UuKmb0/s1600-h/meteorREX2603_468x551.jpg



• One thing fueling their end-of-the-world paranoiais the interestingcoincidence that on the

winter solstice (December 21st, 2012), the sun willactually line up prettyclose between Earth andthe center of the galaxy.

Check out my super-awesome graphic that I just doodled up:

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ysIUievI5h8/SrAaw86gkbI/AAAAAAAABpo/WZXf0d7PXKo/s1600-h/galaxy+alignment.bmp



End of the World in 2012

– The Doomsday

• The discussion and debate is all about “Will theworld come to an end by 2012?”. Most of theproofs say “YES”. Let me explain about thismore with proven writings.

• The researchers and scientists around theglobe predicted the life of human race on theearth would come to an end by the year 2012.If it is true how this end will happen.

• Some scientists say that this dooms day will beinitiated by the humans who indulge interrorism and illegal activities.

• And few others say that the final destruction willbe brought by the nature itself.

• But on the other hand the religious leaderspredict that this drastic change will be God’saction to begin the recycle of the world.

• Even though the human brains invented themost miraculous things the scientists and non-fictions forecasters agreed about the end of theworld in 2012. !!! Isn’t it a serious thing ?



What is the date of the World’s End?

• With respect to the

Mayan calendar the

end of the world is

predicted onDecember 21 2012.

After the occurrence

of Lunar moon their

calculations areconsidered seriously.

.



2012 End of world Theories

• 1. Equilateral Plane of theMilky Way Galaxy

• Mayans viewed the future withtheir advanced knowledge of space science and astronomy.

The have found that in theYear of 2012 the earth willenter the region of spacecalled as “Equilateral plane of the Milky Way galaxy” throughwhich it will have destruction.

Scientists too agree that as thesolar system and the Earthplunge into this highlyenergized plane of the galaxy.



Sunspots are formedby twisting lines of

magnetic force as the

sun's poles rotate

slower than the

equator



One sunspot can be larger than

Earth. It appears dark but it's just

not as bright as the surrounding

plasma



A coronal mass ejections

can be thousands of

miles long and travel at

speeds up to two millionmiles per hour



Solar flare 9393 was the

most violent on record. If

it had hit Earth, it would

have caused

catastrophic damage.



Past solar activity can be reconstructed from carbon 14

levels and the angular momentum of the large planets



During most of the 1400's,there was no solar activity.

This was the depths of the

Dark Ages. The peak

around 1600 was the only

bright spot, the

Renaissance



The was takenduring the solar

max of 2001. The

solar max of 2012

is predicted to be

more violent



• 2. Nuclear Devastation

• The end of the worldcan be due to world war and increasing usage of

nuclear weapons. Andmany of us are awarethat this nuclear destruction is alreadystarted by some super

powers of theworld.nuclear-devastation



• 3. Alien Contact• There is an argument that

Mayans had contact withextraterrestrial race(aliens).

• The implications of aliencontact during the year 2012will vary depending on animportant factor in regards totheir actions towards us. Hostileor benevolent. Good or evil.

• The end of the world in 2012

could be because of the hostilealien race. These race maycome under the followingcreatures, Reptilians, Greys,bio mechanicalAndroids,advanced Insectoids.

• If the destruction of the world isdue to the aliens, the reasonshould be logically connectedwith other World destructiontheories.

• 4. Asteroid Impact• History says that some giant

asteroids destroyed theDinosaurs race. So it ispossible that those asteroidscan destroy the human race.

• Scientists predict that thechances of a class 10 impact(zero indicating no impact an 8indicating a certain Earthimpact with severe global

damage and 10 indicating adoomsday impact) are one in1,000.

• Yet did they predict a date ?Some say that the Mayanspicked 2012 for a reason.



• 5. Solar Flares

• A flare is defined as a sudden,rapid, and intense variation inbrightness. A solar flare occurs

when magnetic energy thathas built up in the solar atmosphere is suddenlyreleased. Radiation is emittedacross virtually the entireelectromagnetic spectrum,

from radio waves at the longwavelength end, throughoptical emission to x-rays andgamma rays at the shortwavelength end.

• Even NASA has officially

indicated that solar flareactivity will be at peak duringthe year 2012.

.



6. Biological Warfare• A biological war may lead to the

destruction of the whole world. Asingle virus can ruin the humancommunity without any trace.

7. The Dooms Day• The end of the world 2012 by

Mayan calendar helps inunderstanding all the facts andfictions related to doomsday.

8. The Mayan Civilization

• The scientists and scholars

attempts to link the end of world in2012 with Mayan predictions.

• The Mayans were well-known for their advanced writing,mathematicsand astronomy. The Mayans livedin centuries of Mesoamerica,especially between A.D 300 and

900. The Long Count calendar,which was discontinued under Spanish colonization, tracks morethan 5,000 years, then resets atyear zero.



The future of universe(Looking into the Crystal Ball)

• Big Crunch: if the universe has enough matter in it (closed), thegravity wins and the universe collapses on itself.

• A critical, coasting, or accelerating universe will exist "forever". Theuniverse will continue to change: – more and more matter gets locked up into low mass stars, planets,

WDs, NSs, and BHs, and not recycled

– in one trillion years, even the longest-lives stars will burn out, and thegalaxies will fade into darkness - only cold WDs, NSs, and BHs remain

– in 10^20 years, these stellar remnants are either drifting in theintergalactic space or sink into the supermassive BHs formed in thecenters of galaxies

– in 10^40 years, all remaining atomic matter will have disintegrated intoradiation and subatomic particles

– in 10^100 years, the only remaining objects (BHs) would haveevaporated by Hawking radiation or quantum-tunneled into pure energy.



Windows of Creation



• Time Reversal:• If the Universe is closed, then

we might expect the arrow of time, as defined by entropy to

reverse. There appears to be anatural connection betweenthe expanding Universe andthe fact that heat moves fromhot areas (like stars) to coldareas (like outer space). So if the expansion of space were

to reverse, then would entropyrun the other way?• This kind of Universe has no

real beginning or end, and isrefered to as an oscillatingUniverse. Notice that it'simpossible to determine which

side you currently are on sincetime reverses and all appearsnormal to the observer.



• This ruling law of Natureduring the evolution of the Universe has beenentropy, the fact thatobjects go from order todisorder. There are local

regions of high order,such as our planet, butonly at the cost of greater disorder somewherenearby.

• If the Universe is open or flat (as our currentmeasurements and

theories suggest) thenthe march of entropy willcontinue and the fate of our Universe is confinedto the principle of heatdeath, the flow of energyfrom high regions to lowregions.

• With this principle inmind, we predict thefuture of the Universe willpass through four stagesas it continues to expand



1. Stellar Era

• The Stellar Era is the time wecurrently live in, where most of theenergy of the Universe comes fromthermonuclear fusion in the cores of stars. The lifetime of the era is setby the time it takes for the smallest,lowest mass stars to use up their

hydrogen fuel.• The lower mass a star is, the cooler its core and the slower it burns itshydrogen fuel (also the dimmer thestar is). The slower it burns its fuel,the longer it lives (where `live' isdefined as still shining). The longestlifetime of stars less than 1/10 asolar mass (the mass of our Sun) is10^14 years. .

•

2 D t



2. Degenerate

Era

• Once all the matter has beenconverted into stars, and the hydrogenfuel in the center of those stars hasbeen exhausted, the Universe entersits second era, the Degenerate Era.The use of the word degenerate hereis not a comment on the moral valuesof the Universe, rather degenerate is aphysical word to describe the state of matter that has cooled to densitieswhere all the electron shell orbits arefilled and in their lowest states.

• During this phase all stars are in theform of white or brown dwarfs, or neutron stars and black holes fromprevious explosions. White and browndwarfs are degenerate in their matter,slowly cooling and turning into blackdwarfs.

D i thi l i di l

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/degenerate.html

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/degenerate.html



• During this era, galaxies dissolve asstars go through two-body relaxation.Two-body relaxation is when two starspass close to one another, one is kickedto high velocity and leaves the galaxy,the other is slowed down and mergers

with the Galactic black hole in the center of the galaxy's core. In the end, theUniverse becomes filled with free starsand giant black holes, leftover from thegalaxy cores.

• The Universe would evolve towards avast soup of black dwarf stars except for process known as proton decay. Theproton is one of the most stable

elementary particles, yet even theproton decays into a positron and ameson on the order of once per 10^32years. Thus, the very protons that makeup black dwarf stars and planets willdecay and the stars and planets willdissolve into free leptons. This all takesabout 10^37 years.

•



3 Bl k H l



3. Black Hole

Era

• Once all the protons in theUniverse have decayed intoleptons, the only organized unitsare black holes. From Hawkingradiation, we know that even blackholes are unstable and evaporateinto electrons and positrons

• This process is extremely slow,varying inversely as the mass of the black hole. For Galactic massblack holes the time to dissolvecan last up to 10^100 years. Theresult is a bunch of photons,slowly cooling in the expandingUniverse.

The Black Hole Age



The Black Hole Age

Mass of black hole Time to evaporate

• 7 x 10^(22) kg (Moon) 10^(43) years

• 6 x 10^(24) kg (Earth) 10^(49) years

• 2 x 10^(30) kg (Sun) 10^(66) years

• 2 x 10^(36) kg (million Sun) 10^(84) years

• 2 x 10^(42) kg (galaxy) 10^(102) years

After about 10^(100) years, all the blackholes are gone



4. Dark Era

• After all the black holeshave evaporated, theUniverse consists of anexpanding sea of verylong wavelength photons

and neutrinos. This is asystem of maximumdisorder, no coherentstructures or objects. Nosources of energy, andno sinks as well. The restof time is simply acontinual lower of energyuntil the state of quantumvacuum is reached

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