Fishmeal and Fish Oil Replacements in Aquaculture · PDF fileFishmeal and Fish Oil...
Transcript of Fishmeal and Fish Oil Replacements in Aquaculture · PDF fileFishmeal and Fish Oil...
Fishmeal and Fish Oil
Replacements in
Aquaculture Feeds
Peter R. Ferket North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC 27695-7608
The Growing Demand For Aquaculture
Time Magazine (July 2011)
Who Grows the Fish?
Total Seafood Production (FAO 2010) M
illio
n M
T
Difference Supplied
by Aquaculture
Aquaculture Depends on Fishmeal?
Feed is one of the most
costly resources in fish
farming
65-80% of total cost of
production
Fishmeal is a major
constituent in production
of fish feed
Up to 45%
Yilmaz et al., (2004)
Fish Meal and Oil Production 2010 Estimates by IFFO
Aquaculture has become the Dominant
User of Fishmeal among Food Animals
Aquaculture has become the
Dominant User of Fish Oil
Omega-3 Demand Now Exceeds
Sustainable Production of Anchovy Oil
Global Fishmeal and Fish Oil Production
1964-2010 (Tonnes X 1,000)
www.iffo.net
Source: World Bank
World Fishmeal Price at All-Time High
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US
Do
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El Niňo
Feeding the Future
Aquaculture production
industries must consider
non-traditional feed
ingredients
Protein meals
Oil sources
Options for reducing
feed costs must focus on
formulation strategies to
optimize nutrient
utilization
Fishmeal Alternatives
Prime Considerations
• Fish spp – Herbivores or Carnivore
• Availability of Alternative protein
• Nutrient Composition and Density
• Protein and Amino Acids Digestibility
• Digestible Energy Value
• Anti-nutritional Factors
• Life Stage of the Fish
• Cost Effectiveness
Tacon, 1994
Rendered Animal Protein Meals
Mechanically deboned
meat Meat and bone meal
Yeast extract
Poultry by-product meal
Poultry By-Product Meal (PBM)
Typically contain 66% CP, 13% CF
and 10-18% ash
Proposed optimum replacement
rates of fishmeal by PBM is red
tilapia 30% (66% FM replacement)
Deficient in lysine, methionine and
histidine
Fasakin et al., (2005), Laporte et al.(2009)
Meat and Bone Meal
28% (40% FM replacement) in
Gilthead Seabream feed
Histological liver alterations
Reduced protein and lipid
digestibility
Feather Meal
9.9% (66% FM replacement) in
Nile Tilapia feed
Poor amino acid profile, poor
amino acid digestibility
Robaina et al. (1997), Bishop, et al., (1995)
Hydrolyzed Feather Meal
Either steam or enzyme treated
Proposed optimum replacement rates of
fishmeal by enzyme treated Hydrolized
Feather meal for red Tilapia is <66%
Steam treated is less digestible compared
with enzyme treated;
Deficient in lysine and methionine
(Laporte et al.,2007)
Blood Meal < 21.7% (66% FM replacement) for hybrid Tilapia
Rich in lysine
Deficient in methionine
High digestibility
Reduction of visible faeces
Highly sensitive to heat damage and drying
conditions with profound effect on protein
digestibility
(Fasakin et al., 2005 and Bureau et al., 2008)
Co-products Alternatives as a
Source of High Quality Nutrients
Rendered animal protein meals and
plant proteins meals can be effectively
combined supply the ideal amino acid
profile for farmed fish
Replacing fishmeal in Nile tilapia feed with
alternative protein by-product meals is feasible.
NCSU Study: Hypothesis
Yeast Extract Fermented MDM
Poultry Meal
Experimental Diet
Ingredients Fishmeal Yeast
Extract1
Poultry by-
product
meal
Mechanically
deboned
poultry meal
(fermented)
------------------ (% of Diet as is basis) ----------------
Soybean Meal 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.60
Corn 12.20 12.20 12.20 11.50
Wheat 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00
Fishmeal 6.00 -- -- --
Yeast Extract1 -- 6.00 -- --
PBM -- -- 6.00 --
MDM -- -- -- 6.00
Poultry fat 4.43 4.43 4.43 3.94
Experimental Diets
1NuProTM Yeast Extract, Alltech Biotechnology, Inc.
Nutrient
Analysis
Fishmeal
Yeast
Extract1
Poultry by-
product meal
Mechanically
deboned meal
----------------------- % Composition ------------------------
Dry matter 86.92 87.73 87.37 86.72
Crude Protein 28.9 28.29 30.67 27.03
Crude Fat 6.18 6.31 6.05 7.28
Starch 37.41 38.65 35.22 38.84
ADF 6.57 5.04 6.77 5.32
NDF 8.72 9.33 9.89 9.52
Ash 5.72 5.15 5.55 5.54
Experimental Diets
1NuProTM Yeast Extract, Alltech Biotechnology, Inc.
Methodology and Design
Four dietary treatments - Fishmeal (FM, $US1,375/ton);
NuPro yeast extract (YE, $US1,375/ton); fermented
mechanically deboned poultry meal (MDM; $700/ton);
Poultry meal (PM, $318/ton) (Feedstuff, 2010)
2 replicates tanks @ 37 fish per tank for each diet
Pelleted Sinking diets
Fed 3% body weight
Sampling day 15, 34, 72 and 105
------------ Days of Experimental Treatment ------------
Dietary
Treatment
1 15 34 72 105
--------------------------------- (g/fish) ---------------------------------
Fishmeal
92.25±0.84
133.15±8.34
194.54±6.78
305.28±3.67
448.35±1.32a
Mechanically
deboned
meat
92.82±2.64
136.18±11.5
181.76±7.79
282.69±7.58
411.18±11.29b
Yeast
extract
91.09±2.43
128.44±3.44
175.14±3.57
286.30±2.73
421.62±1.43ab
Poultry by-
product
meal
91.75±0.49
137.66±1.79
184.05±4.19
299.34±0.03
437.02±1.27ab
P-Value 0.9206 0.8215 0.2714 0.061 0.0355
SEM(5) 1.8564 7.3644 5.8489 4.4244 5.7627
Effect of Dietary Replacement on Body
Weight Gain of Juvenile Nile Tilapia1
1Values are means ± SEM; N= 2 tanks/treatment; 37 fish/tank
1 . 4 5
1 . 5
1 . 5 5
1 . 6
1 . 6 5
1 . 7
1 . 7 5
1 . 8
1 . 8 5
1 . 9
Effect of the Dietary Replacements on Feed
Conversion Ratio of Juvenile Nile Tilapia F
ee
d C
on
ve
rsio
n R
ati
o
(fe
ed
co
ns
um
ed
/bo
dy w
eig
ht
ga
in)
Dietary Treatments
a
b ab
ab
FM MDM YE PM
Effect of the Dietary Replacement on Protein
Efficiency Ratio of Juvenile Nile Tilapia
Dietary Treatments
Plant Protein Meals
Peanut meal
Canola meal
Cotton seed meal
Soybean meal
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
% o
f R
equ
irem
ent
AR
G
LY
S
TS
AA
TH
R
TR
P
Amino Acid
Soybean Meal
Advantages
Protein is well digested by monogastrics when properly processed
Fair amino acid balance
Complements corn
Common Problems
Trypsin inhibitor in under heat-processed SBM
Carbohydrate fraction not well digested
Raffinose, stachyose, galactomannans
Over heat processing reduces amino acid (esp. LYS) availability
Soybean Meal Could be used to replaced
fishmeal up to 100% in
Tilapia and Cat fish feed
43–47% (100% FM
replacement) (extruded
soybean meal/extruded full-fat
soybean) in Tilapia Feed
Limiting in DL-methionine
Limiting in L-lysine
Webster et al., (1992), McGoogan and
Gatlin (1995), Goda et al. (2007)
Species
% Maximum soy protein from
Heat Processed Full-
Fat Soybean meal
Solvent
Extracted
Soybean meal
Common carp 12 25
Blue tilapia 9.5 20
Channel catfish 9.5 25
Rainbow Trout 17 12
Coho Salmon 9.5 9.5
Atlantic salmon 5 5
Red Drum 6 9.5
Stripped bass 9.5 12
Red sea bream 6 12
Marine shrimp 4 14.5
Maximum Inclusion Rates of Soy Protein
in Feeds for Aquaculture Species
O’Keefe, http://www.soyaqua.org/pdf2/OKeefeFeedIngredientPaper.pdf)
Peanut Meal/ Concentrate
14.8% (30% FM replacement) in Tilapia feed
Up to 35% replacement
• The palatability needs to be improved
Protease inhibitors, lectins, tannins
Poor amino acid profile
Cyanogens, phytic acid, saponins amy limit
use
Schultz et al., (2007), lim et al., (1997)
Cotton Seed Meal
Up to 100% in Tilapia feed as fishmeal
alternative
Gossypol reduces growth and result in
mortality
Phytic acid, Phytoestrogens, Antivitamins,
Cyclopropenoic acid may limit use
Canola Meal
42.5% (60% FM replacement) in Gilthead
Seabream feed
Relatively low protein and high fibre content
Glucosinate, Protease inhibitors, Phytic acid,
tannins may limit use El Sayed et al., (1990), Kissil et al. (2000)
Wheat Gluten
Can be up to 16.7%
(36% FM replacement)
in Salmon feed
High protein content and
highly digestible
Improve water quality
Usually too costly
Storebakken et al., (2000)
Corn Gluten Meal
Can be use ≤ 30% (100%
dietary CP) in Tilapia feed
Poor arginine, histidine and
threonine content
Lower protein than SBM
Water instability
Presence of cartenoids can
turn the flesh of fish to a
yellowish color
Goda et al., (2007)
Potential Alternatives to Fish Oil Krill
Antarctic Krill est. 200-400 million MT
Current TAC 200,000 MT of of 5 million limit
Aker Biomarine harvests 50% of krill
Algae
Heterotrophic fermentation
Alltech.com
Photobioreactors
OriginOil.com, Algae Biosciences Corp., AZ
GMO Oilseeds
Monsanto Soymega, high SDA
Cargill and BASF, EPA+DHA rich Canola oil?
Copyright, ©, 2011, Alltech. All rights reserved
Alltech Algae SP1 (All-G-Rich)
• 60 % fat
• 14% protein
• 28% DHA by weight
• 36% unsaturated fatty acids by weight
• 66% triglycerides
• Schizochytrium limacinum
Fatty acid profile of major oils in aquafeeds (as % of total FA)
Fis
h O
ils
Oil Profiles HUFA SAFA MUFA PUFA
AVG Atlantic Oil
36 34 23 3
Menhaden Oil
32 35 26 3
Salmon Oil 31 22 37 6
Palm Oil 0 49 41 10
Rapeseed Oil
0 5 72 22
Soybean Oil
0 15 22 63
Alltech SP1
32 63 3 2
Veg
eta
ble
Oil
s
Alg
ae
Fatty acid profile of major oils in aquafeeds (as % of total FA)
Fis
h O
ils
But what are you REALLY getting…
HUFA EPA DHA Difference
AVG Atlantic Oil
36 15 10 11
Menhaden Oil
32 13 6 13
Salmon Oil 31 9.5 9 12.5
Palm Oil 0 0 0 0
Rapeseed Oil
0 0 0 0
Soybean Oil
0 0 0 0
Alltech SP1
32 0.5 28.5 3
Veg
eta
ble
Oil
s
Alg
ae
Enhancing DHA in Nile tilapia
• Nile tilapia has an ω-6 requirement
• Research is unclear on an ω-3 requirement
• ω-6:ω-3 ratio in fillet has led to questions about the health benefits of eating tilapia
Fillet comparison
Source: Colorado State University Extension Fact Sheet #9.382
Effect of SP1 on growth performance
and DHA levels of Nile tilapia
Orechromis niloticus
• 240 fish (10 grams) were divided into four treatment groups with 4 reps per treatment
• 37% protein, 5% fat
• 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% SP1
• 100 gallon RAS
• 13 week feeding trial
• Weight gain, FCR, fillet DHA levels
Effect of Alltech SP1 on Tilapia
Treatment Avg
Weight (g) Weight Gain (g)
FCR DHA (mg/g)
No Algae 33.1 224 2.23 1.76c
0.2% 36.7 237 2.01 1.78c
0.4% 34.3 230 2.18 2.27b
0.8% 35.9 240 2.10 2.93a
Four Diets (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8% Alltech SP1)
Fish oil replacement • Hybrid striped bass have an ω-3 requirement.
– 0.5 to 1.0% of the diet.
• Industry continues to seek fish oil alternative
• Combination of algae and vegetable oil?
Replacing fish oil in hybrid
striped bass diets
Diet Fish Oil (%) Soybean Oil (%) SP1 (%)
1 5 0 0
2 0 4.3 1.4
3 0 3.6 2.8
4 0 2.2 5.6
Protein 45%
Fat 11%
6 fish per tank/ 6 reps per treatments
Fish were fed three times a day to satiation
Effect of Algae (All-G-Rich) on
Growth Performance and DHA
content of Hybrid Stripped Bass
Diet Final weight (g)
Feed Intake(g)
FCR DHA (mg/g)
Control 96b 96b 1.29 7.78
1.4% algae 97ab 101ab 1.34 6.08
2.8% algae 105a 107a 1.29 7.68
5.6% algae 99ab 103ab 1.32 6.08
Effect of SP1 on the growth
performance and DHA levels of
Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
• 90 fish (6 grams) were divided into two treatment groups with 3 reps per treatment
• 44% protein, 20% fat
• 0%, 15% SP1
• 15% SP1 had no fish oil
• 100 gallon RAS
• 14 week feeding trial
• Weight gain, FCR, fillet DHA levels
Effect of 15% Algae on Rainbow Trout
Treatment Average Weight of Trout (g)
Week 0 Week 5 Week 7 Week 10 Week 14
0% algae 6.0 20 29 52 97
15% algae 6.0 21 30 53 111
P value 0.820 0.150 0.300 0.250 0.018
Treatment Average Weight Gain of Trout (g)
Week 5 Week 7 Week 10 Week 14 DHA
0% algae 14 22 45 91 17mg/g
15% algae 15 23 47 105 30mg/g
P value 0.140 0.310 0.260 0.018 .002
Two diets (0, 15% Alltech SP1) for 14 weeks
F.O.= Fish Oil; F.M.= Fish Meal Filer, 2012
All-G-Rich as a source of energy and DHA in catfish diets
Design • All-G-Rich is formulated into a catfish grower diet in
combination with soy bean oil to replace fish oil.
• Treatments: 0% alga (fish oil), 0% alga (soy bean oil), 1.4% alga, 2.8% alga, 5.6% alga
• Alga along with soy bean oil is formulated in to replace fish oil and provide an equal level of fat.
• 144 fish (avg 5 grams) were divided into 24 tanks with six fish per tank and four tanks per treatment
All-G-Rich as a source of energy and DHA in catfish diets
Results
Diet
Total fish
weight (g)
AMT-FED (g)
FINAL AVG WT
(g)
% WEIGHT
GAIN SGR FCR
DHA (mg/g)
1 (2.8 FO) 843 B 1200 B 105.42 B 463 B 3.02 B 1.77 A 4.378B
2 (2.8 VO) 1140 A 1489 A 142.6 A 685 A 3.62 A 1.5 A 2.338C
3 (1.4 SP1) 1049 AB 1498 A 131.23 AB 639 A 3.5 A 1.68 A 5.283B
4 (2.8 SP1) 1111 A 1551 A 138.91 A 624 A 3.47 A 1.63 A 6.945A
5 (5.6 SP1) 1104 A 1551 A 138.1 A 662 A 3.56 A 1.64 A 7.613A
AMean values in columns with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05)
Performance and DHA level of catfish fed different levels of All-G-Rich
Replacement of Fish Oil by All-G-Rich
• All-G-Rich can be used to enhance DHA content in Nile tilapia fillet.
• All-g Rich can be used to replace fish oil in combination with soybean oil in hybrid striped bass.
• All-G-Rich can replace fish oil (and fish meal) in rainbow trout and enrich DHA content
• All-G-Rich can enrich DHA content of Catfish
Questions?