82

FISHERIES RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Osamu BabaTokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

ABSTRACTIn the coastal areas around Indonesia, the local fishers are engaged in various traditional fishing

activities, in unregulated manners, without any consensus of sustainability for fisheries resource management. The living standard of local fi shers’ households is still at low level, due to the long-term trend of the coastal stock decline. In order to stabilize the fi sheries production level and to improve the fi shing activities for coastal communities, it is important to formulate a development model of fi shing communities for the sustainable resource management through the introduction of appropriate fi shing technologies and the organization of local fishers. In Japan, the set-net fishing has been traditionally controlled under the community-based management system; so that, this “community-based set-net” is expected to be effective on the economical empowerment of fi shing community and the environmental conservation of coastal fi shing ground.

Our project aims to introduce the Japanese-type of set-net fi shing system, which effectively maintains the fi sheries resources under the local fi shers’ consensus in coastal areas, to promote the cooperative works among individual fi shers, to reduce the total fi shing effort and to develop the optimal fi shing ground use in coastal communities. In addition, the formulation of group activities among local fi shers will effectively lead the fi shing communities to stabilize their fi shing incomes and revitalize their social and economic activities, through the improvement of marketing system and fi sh processing strategy. This project will be carried out at the designated fi shing communities in Pallette village, Bone District; however, it can be also expected to formulate an effective development model of coastal community for sustainable fi sheries and to disseminate such a “community-based set-net fi shing” into other coastal communities around Indonesia.

Implementing organaization of this project is composed of Japanese side: - Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology - IC Net Limited - Himi Cityand Indonesian side: - Pallette Fishers’ Association - Department of Fisheries & Marine Affairs in Bone District Gov. - National Bone Fisheries High School - Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University - National Steering Committee for Set-net, Ministry of Marine Affairs and FisheriesTechnical staff of Department of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Bone District Government and teaching staff of National Bone Fisheries High School can take the leading roles to supervise the Pallette Fishers’ Association, and to disseminate the community-based development model by the introduction of set-net fi shing, through their positive participation of this project’s activities, under the academic cooperation given by the Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, and the legislative supervision by the National Steering Committee of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology focuses on education and research in fi sheries and maritime fi elds and has accomplished many technical and research cooperation with universities or institutes in developing countries.

83

Through this project, the following outcomes are expected to be brought. 1) Local fi shers can establish the group activities to introduce the small-scale set-net at a proper fi shing

ground, for establishing the community-based sustainable fi sheries under the consensus of community.2) Local fi shers’ group can manage the set-net fi shing operation, through their cooperative works for

constructing and maintaining the gear under the co-management manner.3) Local fi shing community can establish the proper marketing channels for set-net catch, fresh or alive,

and can take initiatives for the fi sh processing products, in order to increase its profi tability through the value-adding and preservation.

4) The profi t of set-net can be managed by the local fi sher’s group, through the deposit management to establish the sustainable operation system, with the consideration of the profit sharing in the local community.

KEYWORDSset-net, community-based, cooperative work, sustainablity, fi sheries resource management

84

- JICA Grass-root Partnership Project -Set-net (Teichi-ami) from Japan,

via Thailand, to Bone in South Sulawesi Empowerment of Coastal Fishing Community in South Sulawesi,

through Technology Transfer of Community-based Set-netfor Sustainable Fisheries

T.Arimoto and O.Baba (Tokyo Univ.of Marine Sci.&Tech)in collaborations with Himi City, IC Net, SEAFDEC/TD

and UNHAS, SUPM Neg.Bone

Set-net of the fishers, by the fishers, and for the fishers

Fish Court(Surrounding net)

Entrance

Slope net Trap netFinalTrap netOtoshi-ami

Set-net (Teichi-ami)

Leader Net500-1000m

Depth 15-25m

Length 150-200m

Width40-60m

Nov. 2002

World Set-net Summit in Himi City, on Nov.2002

In Thailand, since 2003, with JICA project on 2005-2007

In Bone, for 2007-2010

85

Process of Technology Transfer in Thailand

• 2002 Nov. World Set-net Summit in Himi City• 2003 April SEAFDEC Project started• 2004 Sep First Technical Support from Himi City

&TUMSAT for Gear Installation• 2005 JICA Grass-root Project (2005－2007)• 2005 April Training Course in Himi City

– Sep. Gear Installation, Dec. JSPS Seminar• 2006 April Training Course in Himi City

– Sep. Gear Installation– Oct. International Seminar, – Dec. 2nd Unit installation

• 2007 April Training Course in Himi City– Sep. Gear Installation– Dec. Evaluation Seminar

First Version Design on 2003

Final version design since 2004

4. 漁具材料の提供

6. 氷見市からの技術支援1. 技術アドバイザーの訪問

2. 氷見市への技術視察と研修

86

Yearly / Monthly Catch T rends

0

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2,000

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7,000

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Mon

thly

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ch A

mou

nt (

Kg)

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2004

2005

2006

Operation can be only from October-April, due to Monsoon Season from May

0

200

400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2

Oct-03 Nov -03 Dec -03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 M

ay-

0

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1000

1200

1400

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2

Oct-04 Nov -04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 M

ay-

0

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2

Oct-05 Nov -05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 M

ay-AprilFebruaryJanuaryOctober November December March

2nd year2004-2005

3rd year2005-2006

1st year2003-2004

Cat

ch a

mou

nt (k

g)Daily Catch

Yea r ly / Month ly Ca tch Se l l

0

20,000

40,000

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80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

Catc

h S

ell (Baht)

2003

2004

2005

2006

Yea r ly / Month ly CPUE

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

CPUE

2003

2004

2005

2006

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

15-20 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45-

Average Unit Price (Kg)

Fre

quency

y = 25.2 x

R2 = 0.7

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Daily Catch (Kg)

Dai

ly P

rofit

(Bah

t)

y = 30.5 x

R2 = 0.9

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Catch (Kg)

Ba

hts

1st net

2nd Net

線形 (1st net)

2005－2006

2006－2007

87

-1000000

-500000

0

500000

1000000

1500000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Average Daily Catch

Year

ly P

rofit

50 days

100 days

150 days

200 days

Operation 50days

100days

150days

200days

Catch Sell＝ Average Daily Catch（kg）× Unit Price（25 Baht）× Operation Days

Operation Cost ＝【No.of Fishers× Daily Salary× Operation Days】 ＋【Ice】 ＋【Fuel/Oil】

Prof

it =

Cat

ch S

ale

–O

pera

tion

Cos

t

Purse Seine

Trawl

CONFLICTS

Over-fishing byCommercial Fisheries

Community-based Co-Managementby Coastal Fishers group

Unregulated and intensivesmall-scale Coastal Fisheries

Needs for Resource Conservation & Coastal Management

Processing & Marketing Initiatives

Technical Developmentthrough linkages withResearch Institute & Education/Training Centers

Monitoring of Management & Self-development

Technology Transfer of Japanese-type Set-net

Model Project Promotion for Technology Extension

RENGGE, GAE

TRAWL

KONFLIK

Tangkapan BerlebihOleh Perikanan komersial

Pengelolaan Bersama dlm masy. Lokal o/Klp Nelayan Pesisir

Perikanan Pantai Skala Kecilyg intensif & tdk teratur

Dibutuhkan konservasi sumberdaya dan Pengelolaan Pantai

Inisiatif Pengolahan & Pemasaran

Peningkatan Teknis melalui kerjasama Universitas

& Sekolah Perikanan

Evaluasi pengelolaan &Pengembangan scr Mandiri

TRANSFER TEKNOLOGI SET NET - TIPE JEPANG

Model Promosi Proyek sebagai Perluasan teknologi

２００７ April Training Courseboth for

Thailand and Indonesia

Possible project sites in IndonesiaTechnology Transfer ofSET NET (Japanese-type)

at Pallette Waters, Bone Bay-INDONESIA

Sulawesi Island

88

Pallette Area, Bone Regency

Fishermen community

SUPM NEGERI BONE

Why in Bone?• Fisheries High School can supply the

technical supports and space/facilities• Graduates got the Training Course on

Fishing Technology in Japan.• Every year, 3 Ex-Trainees on 3-years Set-net

course will return back to Bone.• Both Local Government and UNHAS is

willing to support the Project.• Less conflicts in local community, due to the

intensive activities on sea weed farming

Needs of Pre-Survey

• Fishing Ground – Depth Contour, Current Speed / Direction– Fish Seasonal Migration

• Fishing Gear / Boat Designing• Setting Site identification• Socio-Economics

– Fishing activities and Income Analysis– Marketing/Processing Analysis

TANJUNG PALLETTE, KABUPATEN BONE, PROPINSI SULAWESI SELATAN

9.7

8.4

10.3

9.7

9.1

8.6

7.69.4

13.0 15.3

8.5

11.112.7

14.3

14.5

12.5

21.85.7

12.0

10.76.5

12.210.6

6.0

12.1

10.5

10.5

10.010.0

10.0

9.4

> 25

HASIL PENGAMATAN PENENTUAN KEDALAMAN PERAIRAN TANJUNG PALLETTE, KAB. BONE

89

Pallette Area, Bone RegencyFisheries

High School

Fishermen community

Site Area for Set Net Project

RENCANA LOKASI PENEMPATAN SET NET DI TANJUNG PALLETTE, KAB. BONE

Bamboo stick trap(D:1- 3m)

Stationery Lift Net

(D:6- 9m) Set Net Project area(D:15- 20m) Sand & stone

Pallette Area

0.34 miles1.27 miles

Data collection for Temperature, Depth, t

Speed & Current Direction

by: TD & EM measurement

Floating Lift NetBamboo Stick Trap (Sero)

Local Fishing Community

Hand line

Gill Net

Fishermen Activity in Pallette Waters, Bone Bay - INDONESIA

Purse Seine+ Rumpon

Crab Bottom Gill Net

Stationary Lift Net

Bottom Long line

TEMPAT PENDARATAN IKAN PELABUHAN BAJOE, KAB. BONE

Sea Weed Cultures in Pallette Area

90

Counterpart of Technology Transfer of Japanese-type SET NET (Teichi ami)

in Pallette Sea - Bone Bay, INDONESIA

Head of FisheriesHigh School, BONE

Head of fisheriesDepartment,BONE

Dean of Fisheries & Marine sci. Faculty -UNHAS

Leader of LocalFishermenGroup Expert of

FishingTechnology JAPAN

Expert of Set Net Technology THAILAND

Head of Pallette subdistric,BONE

Fieldassistancefor Set Net Project

Tanjung Pallette KETUABENDAHARASEKRETARIS

ANGGOTA KELOMPOK NELAYAN SET NET

Kelompok Nelayan SET NET Needs for Precautionary Consideration

• What is Super Goal for Community Empowerment?• What is the Success of ODA Project?

– End of Project means End of Success…?• Optimum level of Technology and Materials• Initial cost optimization for Local fish price• Negative Impact Analysis• Special aspects for set-net tech.transfer

– Preventing the conflicts, for fishing ground occupation– Any chance for higher price to fresh and live fish

marketing– Big variation of catch amount….needs of marketing and

processing for accidental big-catch cases

Needs for Technology Transfer of Set-net

• Social Acceptance and Fishing Licensing• Acceptance and Willingness of Local Fishers• Capability on Net works and Rope works• Capability of Leadership and Team Working for Group

Operation & Cost-Profit Management• Technical Supports from Set-net Experts/Ex-Trainees• Scientific Supports from Universities/Research

Centers• Extension Services from Local Government

Steps for Technology Transfer

• Fishing Ground Survey• Gear Construction• Gear Installation• Fishing Operation• Daily Gear Maintenance / Cleaning• Periodical Gear Cleaning / Changing• Marketing / Processing• Financing for Profit Sharing & Money saving

91

Simulation of Profit Analysis in Bone Set-net ２００７－２０１０

年間操業収益試算

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

百万Rp

日平均漁獲量(Kg)

Minimum Required Profit as 50 Juta Rp.→ 5 years Saving for New 1 Unit

10 fishersFish price; 10000Rp/Kg20 fishersFish price; 10000Rp/Kg

Juta Rp.

Profit = Catch Sale – Operation Cost

10 fishersFish price; 5000Rp/Kg20 fishersFish price; 5000Rp/Kg

Daily Average Catch (Kg)

Best Pilot Model Approachfor Set-net Technology Transfer

• Concentrated On-site Efforts• Operational Cost Analysis• Profit Analysis with Catch/Marketing• Self- or Governmental-Regulation System• Extension Activities in the region and to

other regions• Comparative study among regions with

Profit analysis and Impact Analysis

Risk Analysis and Possible Solution

Gear Installation

Daily Operation

Catch

Marketing

Process

Profit

Community Benefit

Gear Damage

Whole through year?

Not enough Catch

Processing Difficulties

Marketing Difficulties

Not Profitable

Less Benefit

Re-Installation

Profit analysis for seasonal operation

Adjustment for Location / gear design

Direction Adjustment

Direction Adjustment

Adjustment of Profit Sharing System

Adjustment of Profit Sharing System

Research Needsfor Monitoring and Evaluation

• Catch Trends by Current/Temperature• Seasonal Trends of Catch Species/Sizes• Current Speed/Direction and Gear Geometry• Daily Catch Analysis• Catch and Marketing according to Species/Size• Profit Sharing System and Analysis, including

Community Benefit• Regulation System for minimizing conflicts

Sunrise or Sunset…?