AQUATIC RESOURCES-GOOD ANSWER FOR THE FOODPROBLEM

B.K. Kolita Kamal Jinadasa,Research Officer,Post Harvest Technology Division,NARA.

Edible aquatic resources-Animal

Plant

Edible aquatic resources-Fish

Marine fishFreshwater fishBrackish water fish.

Non fishVertebratesInvertebrates

EDIBLE FISH RESOURCESMarine fish-

BalayaKelawallaThoraParawaSalayaMora (Shark)Halmessa

Brackish water fishWekkayaGodayaAnguluwa

Freshwater fishTilapiaIndian carpChinese carp

EDIBLE NON FISH RESOURCES

VertebratesAmphibians

Turtles

BirdsDuckSeruDiyakawa

MammalsMora (shark)Thalmasa (Whales)Dolphin

InvertebratesMolluscan

Squids /cuttle fishOctopusBivalve

ArthropadiansShrimpLobstersCrabs

OthersBeach-de-MerEchinodermates

EDIBLE PLANT RESOURCESHigher plant

Lower plantRed algaeBrown algaeGreen algae

COMPOSITIONWater : 60 - 80 %

Protein : 12 - 24 %Highly digestible Protein, Essential amino acid

Lipids : 0.1- 20 %Essential & Omega –3 fatty acids.

Vitamins A,D, E

Minerals Na, K, Ca, P

Carbohydrates

Other

FISH PRODUCTION-SRI LANKA2004 2005 2006

Near shore fishing (MT)

154,470 63,690 85,860

Deep sea fishing (MT)

98,720 66,710 62,170

Total (MT) 253,190 130,400 148,030

Dorsal fin Caudal fin

Pectoral fin Pelvic fin Anal fin

Eye

Operculum

Mouth

Lateral line

EDIBLE MARINE FISH1. Big eye tuna- Es gedi kelawalla2. Yellow fin tuna- Kelawalla3. Skip jack tuna- Balaya4. Stripped bonito- Thora balaya5. Frigate tuna- Alagoduwa6. Mackerels- kumbalawa7. Shark- Mora8. Black Marlin- Koppara9. Barracuda- Jeela10. Sail fish- Thalapatha11.Spotted sardinella- Hurulla12.Goldstripe sardin- Matta salaya13. Malabar grouper- Gal kossa

14. Neddlefish- Moralla/Maranda.15. Silver sillago- Kalanda16. Anchovy- Halmessa17. Flying fish- Piyamessa18. Splendid pony fish- Karalla.19. Blue and gold fusilier- Bolla/Ahinbolla20. Ribbon fish- Sawalaya21. Giant cat fish- Anguluwa22. Mackerel fish-Thora23. Black tip trevally – Atanagul parava.24. Rays- Maduwa.

1. BIG EYE TUNA- ES GEDI KELAWALLA

o Scientific Name: Thunnus obesuso English Name : Big eye tunao Same to the yellow fin tuna.o Eye is larger than the yellow fin tuna.o Difficult to identify small big eye tuna with others.o Dorsal and anal fin small than other tuna.

2. YELLOW FIN TUNA- KELAWALLA, KENDA, KAHAWARAL KELAWALLA

Scientific Name: Thunnus albacares

English Name : Yellowfin tunaFish with very long second dorsal fin and anal fin, which in some may reach well over 20% of the FL. Color is black metallic dark blue changing through yellow to silver on the belly. The belly frequently has about 20 broken, nearly vertical lines. The dorsal and anal fins and fin lets are bright yellow. Importance: Fisheries: highly commercial.

3. SKIP JACK TUNA- BALAYA

Scientific Name: Katsuwonus pelamis

English Name : Skipjack tunaBody without scales except for the corselet and the lateral line. The back is dark purplish blue, lower sides and belly silvery, with 4 to six very conspicuous longitudinal dark bands which in live specimens may appear as continuous lines of dark blotches. Importance: fisheries, highly commercial.

4. STRIPPED BONITO- THORA BALAYA

Scientific name: Sarda orientalisEnglish name: Striped bonito Back with narrow oblique stripes. Mouth moderately large. Importance: fisheries: minor commercial.

5. FRIGATE TUNA- ALAGODUWA

Scientific Name: Auxis thazard

English Name : Frigate TunaBluish brown above with 15 irregular marking of blue or green back.Silvery or white bellow.At the market sales this fish as a small kelawalla or Balaya.

6. MACKERELS- KUMBALAWA, MAHA KARA BOLLA.

Scientific Name: Rastrelliger kanagurta

English Name : Indian mackerel

A black spot on body near lower margin of pectoral fin.

5 fin lets.

Two golden brown dot lines in upper part of the body.

Blacks dot near the pectoral fin.

Use the Jaddi production, because high fatty content.

Importance: fisheries: highly commercial.

7. SHARK- MORA

Several shark species use as food fish.1. Hammer head shark- Udalu mora.

Scientific Name: Sphyrna zygaenaHead has a hammer shape.

Silky shark-Jambura mora/ Honda moraScientific Name: Carcharhinus falciformisUpper part of body dark blue color, lower part of body light color.Mouth is in lower part of head.

Milk shark- Kiri Mora.Scientific name: Rhizoprionodon acutus

Shark fins- use of make soup, high price.Importance: fisheries: commercial.

9. BARRACUDA- JEELA/ULAWA

Scientific name- Sphyraena jello- JeelaEnglish name- Pick handle barracudaScientific name- Sphyraena barracuda- UlawaEnglish name- Great barracudaIn ulawa dark 5 blotches near anal fin and 18-22 blotches near the lateral line.In jeela dark line in upper part to lower part.Some Jeela sp not so good for food.

Ulawa

10. SAIL FISH- THALAPATHA

Scientific Name: Istiophorus platypterus

English Name : Indo- Pacific sail fishUpper jaw like spear.Sail-like first dorsal fin.Vertically nearly 20 Light blue dot lines in the body.Importance: fisheries: commercial.

11.SPOTTED SARDINELLA- HURULLATwo common type1. Hurulla- Amblygaster sirm.

English name- Spotted sardinella2. Gal Hurulla/Mapola massa- Amblygaster clupeoides

English name- Bleeker's smooth belly sardinellaHurulla-

Upper part of body bluish-green color and lower part silver color.Presence of a series of 10 to 20 gold (in life) or black (on preservation) spots down the flank (but sometimes missing).

Gal Hurulla-Comparatively large.

Use for the Jadhi production, because fatty acid content is high.Importance: Fisheries: commercial

12.GOLDSTRIPE SARDIN- MATTA SALAYA

Scientific name- Sardinella gibbosaEnglish name- Gold stripe sardinellaBody somewhat compressed but variable.A dark spot at dorsal fin origin. Max. size: 13.0 cm SL. Environment: Pelagic; marine ; depth range - 5 m. Importance: Fisheries: commercial.

13. MALABAR GROUPER- GAL KOSSA

Scientific name- Epinephelus sp.English name- Malabar grouper.Max. size: 31.0 cm TL. Environment: reef-associated; marine ; depth range 0 - 50 m. Global Importance: fisheries: commercial.Flesh is high taste- high price in locally.

14. NEDDLEFISH- MORALLA/MARANDA.Scientific name- Hemiramphus far.English name- Black barred halfbeak.Round in cross section. Greenish dorsally, grading to silvery white ventrally.Lower jaw longer than the upper jaw.Max. size: 40.0 cm SL. Environment: pelagic; brackish; marine ; depth range 10 - 13 m. Global Importance: Fisheries: commercial.

15. SILVER SILLAGO- KALANDA

Scientific name- Sillago sihamaEnglish name- Silver sillago.Body color- silver yellow.Max. size: 30.0 cm SL. Environment: Reef-associated; non-migratory; brackish; marine ; depth range 0 - 60 m. Importance: Fisheries: commercial.

16. ANCHOVY- HALMESSA

Scientific name- Stolephorus commersoniiEnglish name- Commerson's anchovy.Body light transparent fleshy brown with a pair of dark Bears a silver stripe on flanks. Max. size: 10.0 cm SL. Environment: pelagic; brackish; marine Global Importance: fisheries: commercial.High market price in locally also.

17. FLYING FISH- PIYAMESSA

Scientific name- Cheilopogon suttoniEnglish name- Sutton's flyingfish.Large pectoral fin help to flying.Upper part dark blue-green color and lower part light color.Body round is cross section.Use the dry fish production.

18. SPLENDID PONY FISH- KARALLA/ PENNA

Three coomon pony fish sp.1. Gazza minuta – Tooth pony- Mas Karalla.2. Leiognathus equulus- Common pony fish- Hotu Karalla3. Leiognathus splendens- Splendid pony- Katu. Karalla.

Max. size: 28.0 cm TL. Environment: reef-associated; freshwater; brackish; marine ; depth range 10 - 110 m. Importance: fisheries: minor commercial.Deep-bodied with short rounded snout and large eyes. Body silvery; caudal peduncle with a small brown saddle. Strongly arched back. Protracted mouth pointing downward.

Hotu Karalla

Mas karalla

Katu karalla

19. BLUE AND GOLD FUSILIER-BOLLA/AHINBOLLA

Scientific name- Caesio caerulaureaEnglish name-Blue and gold fusilierMax. size: 35.0 cm TL. Environment: Reef-associated; non-migratory; marin depth range 5 - 50 m. Importance: Fisheries: commercial and bait.Color: Upper body bluish, lower body white to pale bluish. Golden band from above the eye, running straight along the body to upper caudal peduncle and continuing on the caudal fin to the tip of the upper lobe, becoming near black on the fin. A second similar streak in lower lobe.

20. RIBBON FISH- SAWALAYA

Scientific name- Lepturacanthus savalaEnglish name- Savalani hairtail.Depress long body.Dorsal fin is around all upper body margin.Body color- Metallic blue.Teeth very prominent and strong.

21. GIANT CAT FISH- ANGULUWA

Scientific name- Arius sp.English name- Cat fish.Max. size: 65.0 cm TL. Environment: Demersal; brackish; marine. Importance: Fisheries: commercial.Dorsal and pectoral fins with very strong, thick, and coarsely granulated spine.Body with metallic blue luster.

22. MACKERAL-THORAEnglish name: Indo-Pacific mackerel. Several mackerel sp.

1. Scomberomorus guttatus-Alu thora/ Anjilawa.2. Scomberomorus commerson- Ahin Thora.3. Acanthocybium solandri- Sawara

Environment: Pelagic;brackish; marine ; depth range 20 - 90 m. Importance: Fisheries: highly commercial. High market value in locally, because protein presentation is high.

Alu thora

Ahin thora

Sawaraya

23. BLACK TIP TREVALLY – ATANAGUL PARAVA.

Scientific name- Caranx heberi Max. size: 85.0 cm TL. Max. published weight: 12.5 kg Environment: Reef-associated; non-migratory; brackish; marine.Dark bronze to yellow-green above, silvery bronze to yellowish below. Identified by black-tipped caudal fin Importance: fisheries: minor commercial.

24. RAYS- MADUWA.Several number's rays sp use as a food fish.

1. Mobula kuhlii- Laser devil rays-Anga maduwa.2. Himantura uarnak – Honey comb sting rays- Koti maduwa

Rays a live ground of the sea, body flattened.Long tail present lower part body.

HONEYCOMB STINGRAYLASER DEVIL RAY

FRESHWATER AQUACULTUREWater mass type Quantity/ he

Large irrigation reservoir 70,850

Medium irrigation reservoir 17,004

Minor irrigation reservoir 39,271

Seasonal tanks 10,000

Flood lakes 8,097

Mahaweli basin 22,670

Brackish water deep lagoon 80,000

Brackish water shallow lagoon 40,000

Total 381,941

EDIBLE FRESHWATER FISHThere are two category.

1. Introduced freshwater species.I. Chinese carp.

1. Big head carp2. Silver carp3. Grass carp

II. Indian carp1. Catla2. Rohu3. Mrigal

III. Other1. Common carp2. Tilapia

2. Inland freshwater species.1. Clarias – Magura2. Stinging catfish- Hunga3. Scribbled goby- Weligouwa.4. Butter cat fish- Walapotta5. Hong-whiskered cat fish- Anguluwa

1. BIG HEAD CARP (HISA LOKU CARPAYA)Scientific name- Aristichthys nobilis.Introduced from china, 1975.Head is prominent.Max. size: 112 cm TL (male/unsexed).Max. published weight: 21.3 kg. Environment: Benthopelagic; freshwater ; depth range - 5 m.Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years. Introduced to numerous countries and has achieved a near global distribution. Occurs in rivers and lakes. Feeds mainly on zooplankton. Bottom feeding fish.

2. Silver carp (Ridi carpaya)

Scientific name- Hypophthalmichthys molitrix .Introduced from china, 1975 & 1978.Body olivaceous to silvery. Max. size: 105 cm TL (male/unsexed).Max. published weight: 50.0 kg .Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years.Environment: Benthopelagic, freshwater ; depth range - 5 m.Distribution: Asia: China and Eastern Siberia. Introduced around the world for aquaculture.Feeds on phytoplankton and micro zooplankton.

3. Grass carp (Thanakola carpaya)Scientific name- Ctenopharyngodon idella .Introduced by China, 1978 & 1980.Max. size: 150 cm TL (male/unsexed).Max. published weight: 50.0 kg Resilience: Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years.Environment: Demersal; freshwater ; depth range - 5 m .Feeds on higher aquatic plants and submerged grasses; takes also detritus, insects and other invertebrates. Mouth is very small, scales large.

4. CATLAScientific name- Catla catla.Introduced from India, 1981.Max. size: 182 cm TL (male/unsexed).Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years.Environment: Benthopelagic; freshwater; brackish ; depth range - 5 m. Body deep, with depth 2.5 to 3 times in standard length, has a large, upturned mouth , with a prominent protruding lower jaw. Pectoral fins long, extending to pelvic fins; scales conspicuously large .

5. ROHUScientific name- Labeo rohita .Introduced from India, 1981.Max. size: 200 cm TL (male/unsexed).Max. published weight: 45.0 kg.Max. reported age: 10 years.Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years.Environment: Benthopelagic; freshwater; depth range - 5 m.Feeds on plants. Body red or pink color, scales large.

6. MRIGALScientific name- Cirrhinus cirrhosus .Introduced from India, 1981.Max. size: 100.0 cm SL (male/unsexed).Max. published weight: 12.7 kg.Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years.Environment: Benthopelagic; freshwater; brackish ;depth range - 5 m.Feeds on plankton, but also grazes on algae.

7. COMMON CARPScientific name- Cyprinus carpio carpio. Introduced from Singapoer, 1975.Max. size: 120 cm SL (male/unsexed).Max. published weight: 37.3 kg.Max. reported age: 47 years.Resilience: Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 –14 years.Scales large and thick.Body grey to bronze. They are omnivorous, feeding mainly on aquatic insects, crustaceans, annelids, mollusks, weed and tree seeds, wild rice, aquatic plants and algae; mainly by grubbing in sediments.

8. TILAPIA (KORALI) Scientific name- Oreochromis mossambicus.Introduced from South Africa, 1951.Max. size: 39.0 cm SL (male/unsexed).Max. published weight: 1,130 g.Resilience: High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months.Environment: Benthopelagic; freshwater; brackish ; depth range - 10 m.Female and non-breeding male silvery with 2-5 mid- lateral blotches and some of a more dorsal series. Breeding male black with white lower parts of head and red margins to dorsal and caudal fins. Omnivorous, feeds on almost anything from algae to insects.

9. CLARIAS – MAGURAScientific name- Clarias brachysoma .Common names – Magura, Walking catfish.Max. size - 50.0 cm TL (male/unsexed).Max. published weight - 3,630 g .Environment - Demersal; freshwater.Abundance - Common (usually seen) .Climate – Tropical.Distribution - Endemic to Sri Lanka. Biology - Inhabits rain forest streams and lowland rivers. Feeds at night on fish, worms, frogs, tadpoles and crustaceans. Comments - Occurs throughout the wet zone lowlands and the central hill region of the Mahaweli River basin.

10. STINGING CATFISH- HUNGAScientific name- Heteropneustes fossilis.Max. size - 30.0 cm TL (male/unsexed).Environment - Demersal; freshwater; brackish; pH range: 6.0 - 8.0.Abundance - Common (usually seen).Distribution - Asia: Pakistan and Sri Lanka to Myanmar.Found mainly in ponds, ditches, swamps and marshes, but sometimes occurs in muddy rivers. Can tolerate slightly brackish water. Omnivorous. In great demand due to its medicinal value.

11. SCRIBBLED GOBY- WELIGOUWA.Scientific name- Glossogobius giuris.Common names – Bar eyed goby, Weligouva.Max. size - 50.0 cm SL (male/unsexed).Environment - Demersal; amphidromous; freshwater; brackish; marine .Abundance - Common (usually seen).Distribution – Wide distribution. Feeds on small insects, crustaceans and small fish. Grows to a much larger size in brackish water than in fresh water. Cannibalism is relatively common for this species. The body is brownish yellow with 5 to 6 dark and rounded spots on its sides.

12. BUTTER CAT FISH- WALAPOTTAScientific name- Ompok bimaculatus.Max. size - 45.0 cm SL (male/unsexed).Environment - Demersal; freshwater; brackish.Depth range 0 - 2 m.Abundance - Common (usually seen) .Feeds on vegetable matter, fish, crustaceans and mollusks . Two pairs of barbells.Eyes small, covered by skin.

EDIBLE ARTHROPODS1. Shrimps and prawns species.

2. Lobster species.

3. Crabs species.

1. SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS SPECIES.1. Penaeus semisulcatus- Kola koti issa.2. Metapenaeus affinis.3. Metapenaeus dobsoni- Nala kaluwa.4. Penaeus monodon- Kara andu issa.5. Macrobacium rosenbergii- Bandi issa.6. Metapenaeus ensis- Gal issa.7. Penaeus latisculatus- Kiri issa.8. Penaeus indicus- Elissa

1. PENAEUS SEMISULCATUS-KOLA KOTI ISSA/ KURUTU ISSA.

Maximum length 350mm, commonly 120 - 200mm, comparatively large species.Habitat: Found on sandy or muddy bottoms up to 150m in depth in lagoon.

2. METAPENAEUS AFFINIS.Body is grey-green to grey-blue.Size: Maximum length 220mm, commonly 60 - 80mm.Comparatively small in size.Found on muddy bottom of less than 90m depth.

3. METAPENAEUS DOBSONI- NALA KALUWA.

Size: Maximum length 300mm,muddy and sandy bottom.Comparatively small in size.

4. PENAEUS MONODON- KARA ANDU ISSA.

Color: Body green-brown to dark green with 1 yellow and dark-brown transverse band across each abdominal segment.Common name- Giant tiger prawn.Maximum about 270 mm in male and 350 mm in female.Largest Penaeid species in the world.Major interest to aquaculture.

5. MACROBACIUM ROSENBERGII BANDI ISSA.

Common name- giant river prawns.In adults 2nd pair of legs very large.Maximum 340 mm in males and 260 mm in female.Habitat- freshwater, spawns in brackish water.

6. METAPENAEUS ENSIS- GAL ISSA.Body color varies with size from pale brown to bright pink. Juveniles (smaller than 60mm) are grey-green to dark green, while adults (larger than 60mm) are pale brown-yellow.Maximum length of females 160mm and males 130mm, commonly 70 - 140mm. Habitat: Found on sandy-mud or muddy bottoms up to 95m in depth.

7. PENAEUS LATISCULATUS- KIRI ISSA.Body generally light yellow to pale green. Each abdominal segment has conspicuous dark red lateral blotches. Rostrum and carina dark brown. Maximum length 190mm, commonly 100 - 160mm.Found on sandy or gravel bottoms up to 90m in depth.

8. PENAEUS INDICUS- ELISSAEnglish name- Indian white shrimps.Maximum about 180 mm in males and 230 mm in females.Major interest to aquaculture.

2. LOBSTER SPECIES. (POKIRISSA)

Major 6 lobster species present in Sri Lanka.1. Panulirus homarus-

Sand lobster- Weli Issa2. Panulirus longipes.

Duburu bathik Issa3. Panulirus ornatus.

Tiger lobster- divi issa.4. Panulirus versicolor.

Kola bathik issa.5. Panulirus penicillatus.

Gal issa.6. Panulirus polyphagus.

Mud lobster- Mada issa.

Panulirus homarus- sand lobster

Panulirus longipes- Dumburu bathik issa

Panulirus ornatus- Divi issa.

Panulirus versicolor- Kola bathik issa

Panulirus penicillatus-Gal issa

3. CRABS SPECIES.Major 3 species are economically important.

Scylla serrata- kalapu kakuluwa.Scylla oceaniaNil phinum kakuluwa.

Distribute in all lagoons and estuaries in Sri Lanka.Caught by using crab trap.In Sri Lanka not common in crab culture, only wild caught and crab fattening practices.Water crabs put in cages and feed till fleshy crabs, within this time weight increase 100-200 g.Use for making fish feed died one, freshly have high price locally.

Portunus pelagicus.

Scylla serrata

EDIBLE MOLLUSCAN SPECIES.Mainly important squids, cuttle fish, octopus and some muscles species.High price in locally as well as internationally.

OTHER EDIBLE SPECIESSea cucumber- Muhudu kekiriVery populer in the coastal waters of the North west, North and North east.It is not consumed in locally, the entire production is exported.Harvesting is mainly by skin diverse at depth of 2-16 m.

EDIBLE PLANT SPECIES.Freshwater species.

Nelum sp.Manel sp.Diya beraliya.Kankun.Kekatiya.Kohila

Marine and brackish water species.Red algae- Glacilaria sp.,Porphyra sp., Gelidium sp.,Brown algae- Undaria sp.Green algae- Ulva sp.

High nutrition value in aquatic plants.Use to extract some food additives and chemicals.

Agar- use Gelidium and Glasilaria sp.Alginic acid- use Kombu and Undaria sp.Carrageen- use Eucheema sp.

Porphyra sp.Glassilaria sp.

Gelidium sp.

Undaria sp

Ulva sp

TURTLES (KESBEWA).Dermochelys coriacea (Leatherback turtle)Eretmochelys imbricata (Hawksbill turtle)Chelonia mydas (Green turtle)Caretta caretta (Loggerhead turtle)Lepidochelys olivaceae ( Mud turtle)

DERMOCHELYS CORIACEA (LEATHERBACK TURTLE)

Sinhala name- Dara kebewa, Wawul Kesbewa, Thel Kesbewa.The leatherback is the largest turtle and the largest living reptile in the world.Mature males and females can be as long as six and a half feet (2 m) and weigh almost 900 kg.The leatherback is the only sea turtle that lacks a hard, bony shell. A leatherback's carapace is approximately 1.5 inches (4 cm) thick and consists of leathery, oil saturated connective tissue overlaying loosely interlocking dermal bones.

ERETMOCHELYS IMBRICATA (HAWKSBILL TURTLE)

Sinhala name- Pothu kesbewa, Leli kesbewa, Pana Kesbewa.The hawksbill turtle is small to medium-sized compared to other sea turtle species. Adults weigh 45 to 68 kg on average, but can grow as large as 91 kg.The carapace has a "tortoiseshell" coloring, ranging from dark to golden brown, with streaks of orange, red, and/or black.

CHELONIA MYDAS (GREEN TURTLE)

Sinhala name- Gal kesbewa, Weli kesbewa, Mas kesbewa.Green turtles are the largest of all the hard-shelled sea turtles, but have a comparatively small head.Adults can grow to more than 3 feet (0.91 m) long and weigh 136-159 kg.Adult green turtles are unique among sea turtles in that they are herbivorous, feeding primarily on sea grasses and algae. This diet is thought to give them greenish colored fat, from which they take their name.

CARETTA CARETTA (LOGGERHEAD TURTLE)

Loggerheads were named for their relatively large heads.Mean straight carapace length of adults in the approximately

36 in (92 cm); corresponding weight is about 113 kg.

LEPIDOCHELYS OLIVACEAE ( MUD TURTLE)

Sinhala name- Batu kesbewa, Mada kesbewa.Comparatively smaller turtle.The adult carapace is olive-green color.The head is triangular shapes.

Turtles are protected species in Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka sign international convenient to protect turtles, nearly 1990 Bonn bills, and 2002 ISOCA bills.Gazette notification- 1993 wild animal and forest protection notification.Two organization have to protect turtles with wild animal protection department TCP (Tuttle conversation project), IUCN. THANK YOU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!