Fish Biology - Juniata Collegejcsites.juniata.edu/faculty/merovich/ichthyology_files/...How common...
Transcript of Fish Biology - Juniata Collegejcsites.juniata.edu/faculty/merovich/ichthyology_files/...How common...
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Fish Biology
Life Cycle
Reproductive BiologyChapter 9
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Fish Life Cycle
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How common is parental
care in fishes?
1. Ubiquitous
2. Very common
3. Uncommon
4. Absent
Why?
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Reproductive ‘Units’
Dioecious
Gonochoristic
Lepomis megalotis
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Eggs & Milt
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Embryo
Water hardening (0-48 hrs)
Tender stage
Eyed stage (a little more hardy)
Ends with hatching
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Where does the embryo get energy
(food) if not inside female?
1. Absorption
2. Chemosynthesis
3. Yolk
4. Phytoplankton
5. Zooplankton
6. Photosynthesis
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Embryo 3 days
Embryo 6 days
removed from
egg membrane
Embryo 8 days
Larva 17 days
6 mm
7 mm
10 mm
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Larval Period
Begin exogenous feeding
Yolk sac (sac fry; alevin; pro-larvae)
Swim up phase
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Larval feeding
opportunity
Plankton availability
Larval
predation risk
Win
do
w
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Where does a larval
fish get its food?
1. Egg
2. Plankton
3. Yolk
4. Doesn’t need any
5. Plankton and / or Yolk
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Juvenile Stage
YOY
Fry
Fingerling
Parr
Smolts
End at gonad development
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Adult Stage
Gonads
Reproductive
Behaviors
Senescent Stage
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Cohort
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What is “trophic ontogeny”?
1. Change in size
2. Change in sex
3. Transformation from larvae to juveniles
4. Change in feeding with development
5. Shift in prey species present
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Egg Fertilization and Incubation
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous
Evolutionary Continuum
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Gonopodium
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Parity
Semelparity
Iteroparity
Single vs. Multiple Batch
Most spawn once in spring
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Factors that Induce Spawning
A good example – paddle fish
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Spawning—how to pass on genes
Mass Spawning
Pair Mating
Polyandry / Polygyny
Parent vs. cuckoldry in bluegills
Sequential hermaphroditism
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Bluegills – alternate strategies
Parental (dominant) nest guarding males
Parental (dominant) females
Parasitizing (functional male) cuckolders
– Sneakers
– Satellites
Neff 2013
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Eggs Types
Adhesive
Non-adhesive
Floating
Demersal
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Fecundity: indicative of…
…parental care, egg
size, spawning habit
Fish, frogs, toads
– r-selected species
– K-selected species
Relative Fecundity
Why measure it?
Is there a link between
fecundity and harvest?
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Life Cycle and
Reproductive Requirements
Habitat and spatial arrangement of its
critical components
– Food
– Water (temp)
– Cover
– Reproduction
Diadromy
– Anadromous
– Catadromous
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Sculpins attach eggs to
underside of cobbles.
Nests are defended by
solitary males until
young disperse as
juveniles.
Examples
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Darters
Egg mimics I’m good at
this; mate with me…”
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Sunfishes and basses excavate small
depressions and defend nests from predators.
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Salmonids construct
redds, broadcast spawn
over them, and leave
eggs to the vagaries of
life.
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Cyprinid Spawning Mounds
(probably constructed by a
central stoneroller, Campostoma
anamolum)
Used by a mixed species
assemblage
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Chain Pickerel
Randomly scatter eggs over vegetation
Don’t really protect them
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Splash tetra
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Complementary vs.
Supplementary Habitats
Complementary Habitat: necessary
Supplementary Habitat: unnecessary
Example