FOR COLOURFAST'VESSAA'D TILAPIA SKIN (Tilapia nilotica) AS ...
FISH 336 Lect 7 Tilapia & Catfish Aquaculture
Transcript of FISH 336 Lect 7 Tilapia & Catfish Aquaculture
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Tilapia Aquaculture
Major Reference
El-Sayed, AFM. 2006. Tilapia Culture. CABIPublishing, Cambridge, MA. 277 pps.
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Tilapia Aquaculture
Known as Aquatic Chickenfor growth rates.
Later 20thCentury Common Introduced Species
in Tropical, Subtropical & Temperate Regions
Introductions Because: Farming as Food Fish,
Recreation, Aquatic Weed Control, Research
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Tilapia Aquaculture
Grow Well in Brackish or Salty WaterSome Species Grow in Hypersaline Water
Need Oxygen Density of 4 ppm or greater
Common Culture System - Earthen Ponds
Advantages with Monosex Culture
Co-Culture: Carp, Grey MulletRice Fields
Production Optimized with Seed Fry
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Tilapia Advantages for Aquaculture
Fast GrowthEnvironmentally Tolerant
Disease & Stress Resistant
Reproduces in Captivity
Short Generation Time
Feeds at Lower Trophic Levels
Starts Feeding Early - Few Losses
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Aquaculture Production Levels
2002 Silver Carp Production ~ 4,071,608 mt
2002 Grass Carp Production ~ 3,572,825 mt2002 Common Carp Production ~ 3,202,561 mt
2002 Bighead Carp production ~ 1,722,832 mt
2002 Crucian Carp Production ~ 1,702,778 mt2002 Atlantic Salmon Prodn ~ 1,084,740 mt
Tilapia Production 2002 ~ 1,217,055 mt
Tilapia Production 2010 ~ 3,200,000 mt
Tilapia Production 2011 ~ 3,700,000 mt
Tilapia Production China 2011 ~ 1,150,000 mt
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Main Aquacultured Species of Tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus - Nile Tilapia
Production 2002 ~ 1,217,055 mt
Oreochromis mossambicus- Mozambique Tilapia
Production 2002 ~ 54,146 mtOreochromis andersonii- 3 Spotted Tilapia
Production 2002 ~ 2,700 mt
Oreochromis aureus- Blue Tilapia
Production 2002 ~ 1,350 mt
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Major Producers of Tilapia 2002
China 706,600 mt 50%
Egypt, 167,700 mt 12%
Philippines 122,400 mt 9%
Indonesia 109,800 mt 8%
Thailand 100,600 mt 7%
Taiwan, 85,100 mt 6%
Brazil 42,300 mt 3%
Laos 26,900 mt 2%
Colombia 24,200 mt 2%
Malaysia 20,800 mt 1%
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Advantages of Monosex Tilapia Culture
Superior Growth RatesTolerance Environmental Fluctuations
Greater Uniformity of Size at Harvest
Better Flesh Quality & AppearanceResistance to Stress & Diseases
Higher Energy Conservation
Feed Utilization Efficiency
Reduced Aggressiveness
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Production of Monosex Tilapia
Manual Sorting
Hormonal Sex Reversalin Feed or Water
Interspecific Hybridization2 Species
Andro- & Gyno-genesisDenatured DNA
TriploidyPrevent Eggs 2ndMeiotic Division
with Heat, Cold, Drugs or Pressure ShockTransgenesisGene Transfer Technology
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Nile Tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus
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Mozambique Tilapia
Oreochromis mossambicus
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Blue or Israeli Tilapia
Oreochromis aureus
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Tilapia Taxonomy
All in the African Family Cichlidae (Cichlids)with 220 Genera & 1,300 described species.
Systematics Confusing & Subject to Modification
Molecular Data Will Drive Generic Revisions
Found in S. America, Africa, Madagascar, India
Distribution Explained by Gondwanan Origins
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Tilapia Systematics
Currently 3 Genera called Tilapia
Oreochromisall Mouth Brooders
Tilapiaall Substrate Spawners
Sarotherodon or & Mouth Brood
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Tilapia Feeding Habits
Tilapias generally Herbivorous / OmnivorousLow Tiers of Aquatic Food Chain
Feeding Habits Depend on Species, Life History
Stage, Size, Time of Day, Photoperiod etc.Larval Stage: - Zooplankton Preferred but also
Phytoplankton
Juvenile (Transitional) Stage:Phytoplankton
Adults: Great VarietyAquatic Vegetation
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Tilapia Larval Feed - Zooplankton
Gravid Copepod
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Tilapia Juvenile Feed
Volvox
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Adult Feed
AlgaMelosira
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Tilapia Water Quality Parameters
(Oreochromis niloticus)
Optimal Temperature 28C
Optimal Salinity 5-10 ppm
Ammonia (NH3) LC503.4 ppm
Tolerate Wide Range pH 511
Dissolved OxygenHighly Variable Depends
On Multiple Factors Including Stress
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Fertilizing Ponds
Main ObjectiveStimulate Primary Productivity
Main Inputs: Nitrogen, Carbon & Phosphorus
Optimal Ratio: 45-50% C
8-10% N1% P
Organic Fertilizers:
Poultry Manure Domestic SewageCattle Manure Green Manure
Composted Agricultural Waste
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Tilapia
Mouth Brooder
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Tilapia Life Cycle
Unhatched
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Tilapia Life Cycle
Just Hatched
il i if l
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Tilapia Life Cycle
Til i A l
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Tilapia Aquaculture
Feeding on Pellets
C i il i A l
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Costa Rican Tilapia Aquaculture
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Tilapia Aquaculture
For Tilapia High Density Can Reduce Stress
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Egyptian Tilapia Aquaculture
Harvest
I li Til i A l
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Israeli Tilapia Aquaculture
Harvest
Til i
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Tilapia
Processing
Til i A l
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Tilapia Aquaculture
Kisumu (Lake Victoria Kenya) Fish Market
C fi h
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Catfish
Multiple Familiesterm Catfish best resolves
to the order Siluriformes
More than Half Catfish Species Live in the
Western Hemisphere
Bottom FeedersNegatively Buoyant
Species from 8 Families Live Underground
(hypogean) others Cave Dwellers (trogobitic)Walking Catfish Clarias batrachus can migrate
Overland to New Water Bodies.
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Catfish Aquaculture
Ictaluridae, Claridae, Pangasidae & Siluridae
Pond Culture in USBamboo Cage in Vietnam
US Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
US 160,000 to 170,000 mt/yrValue $480 M
Mississippi 100,000 acres, 400 km2
Vietnamese CatfishMust be Called Swai,Tra or Basanot Catfish.
Ch l C fi h
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Channel Catfish
4 Pair Barbels
C tfi h A lt
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Catfish Aquaculture
Channel CatfishIctalurus punctatus
Vi C fi h I
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Vietnam Catfish I
Swai or TraPangasius hypophthalamus
Vi t C tfi h II
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Vietnamese Catfish II
Basa CatfishPangasius bocouti
A i C tfi h
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Asian Catfish
Heron & Walking Catfish Clarias batrachus
C tfi h A lt
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Catfish Aquaculture
Barry with a Farmed Catfish
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Catfish Aquaculture
Important Aquacultured American Species
Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus: preferred by
consumers, economical to aquaculture, betterdisease resistance, handles stress better.
Blue Catfish,Ictalurus furcatus: grows larger and
more uniformly, handles environmental change
better, processes more easily.
C tfi h
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Catfish
Maximum Production 2003 at 300,000 mt
909 Catfish Farms in OperationFed Formulated Diets Based on Soy Protein.
Harvest at 1.0 - 1.5 lbs2011 Producers Received
Average of $.80 per lb.
When Skinned - dress out at 55-60% landed wgt
when Filleteddress out at 40-45%
Fillet Appealing: White Flesh & Neutral Flavor
Lacking Scales, Catfish neither Kosher nor Halal
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Channel CatfishIctalurus punctatus
Blue CatfishIctalurus furcatus
Catfish Life C cle
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Catfish Life Cycle
Juvenile Striped CatfishPlotosus lineatus
Catfish Farm
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Catfish Farm
Mississippi Delta Catfish Farm
Catfish Aquaculture
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Catfish Aquaculture
Harvested Mississippi Catfish
Catfish Recreational Fishing
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Catfish Recreational Fishing
Predatory Blue CatfishIctalurus furcatus
Catfish Aquaculture
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Catfish Aquaculture
Spray Pellet Feeding
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Catfish Life Cycle
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Catfish Life Cycle
Just Hatched
Catfish Aquaculture
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Catfish Aquaculture
Hungry for Bread
Catfish Aquaculture
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Catfish Aquaculture
Feeding Time
Catfish Farm
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Catfish Farm
Drained Pond Africa
Catfish Aquaculture
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Catfish Aquaculture
Another Predator
Catfish Life Cycle
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Catfish Life Cycle
Yolksac Fry
Catfish Aquaculture
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Catfish Aquaculture
Catfish Predators
Catfish Farm
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Catfish Farm
Juvenile Shed
Catfish Harvest
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Catfish Harvest
Transport
Catfish Harvest
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Catfish Harvest
Seine & Brail I
Catfish Harvest
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Catfish Harvest
Seine & Brail II
Catfish Life Cycle
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Catfish Life Cycle
Catfish Eggs
Catfish Farms I
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Catfish Farms I
Aeration
Catfish Farms II
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Catfish Farms II
10 Acre Ponds