15.1 FishPages 400-405

By: Jesus Bueno

Traits of all Chordates

• Notochord: a flexible, rod-like structure along the dorsal side or back of the animal

• Dorsal hallow nerve cord: a tubular bundle of nerves that lies just above the notochord. In most vertebrate it develops into the spinal cord with the brain at the front end.

• Gill Slits: paired openings located behind the mouth in the throat. They develop into gills on a fish.

What is a Vertebrate?

• Vertebrates are named for the column of bones called vertebrae that enclose the dorsal nerve cord.

• Endoskeleton: the vertebrae, skull and the internal skeleton.

• Ectotherm: An animal who’s internal body temperature changes with it’s environment. (i.e. fish, amphibians, reptiles)

• Endotherm: Animals who have a consistent internal body temperature. (i.e. birds, mammals)

What is a fish?

• There are more differences among fish than any other vertebrate class.

• There are more than 30,000 different species of fish.

• Fish are broken up into 3 separate classes.

Fish Adaptations

• Gills: Consist of fleshy filaments filled with tiny blood vessels, thus the gills look bright red in color. Fish take water in the mouth and pass it out over the gills. The blood vessels take in the oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

• Fins: are fan like structures used for steering, balancing, and moving.

• Scales: Hard, thin overlapping plates that cover and protect the fish’s body.

Origins of Fish

• Most scientists agree that fish evolved from small, soft-bodied, filter feeding organisms similar to present day lancelets.

• The earliest fish fossils are of jawless fish that lived 450 million years ago and have generally been found in streams that emptied into the sea.

• 390 million years ago, this new group of fish appeared placoderms appeared; 60 million years ago they disappeared from fossil records.

• The first modern boney fish first appeared about 190 million years ago. Today there are over 400 families of boney fish.

• Boney fish are the most successful class of fish today.

Jawless fish

• Belong to the class of fish called Agnatha

• Agnatha is a Greek word meaning “Jawless”

• Example: Lamprays

Characteristics of Agnatha

• Round mouths• Long tube like bodies• Covered with a slimy skin and no

scales• Flexible bodies made of cartilage• Cartilage: a tough, flexible tissue that

is not as hard as bone. (Your ears and tip of your nose are made of cartilage!)

Cartilaginous Fish

• Sharks, skates, and rays are members of this class Chondrichthyes.

• Chondros is Greek for cartilage and ichthyes is Greek for fish.

• Example: Skates

Characteristics of cartilaginous fish

• Have skeletons made of cartilage• Have moveable jaws and scales• Scales resemble vertebrate teeth

and their skin feels like fine sand paper

Boney Fish

• Make up the class Osteichthyes• Osteon is Greek for the word “bone”• About 95% of all fish species fall into

this class.• This class of fish have skeletons

made of bone• Example: Rainbow Trout

Characteristics of Osteichthyes

• Skeletons made of bone• Gills are covered and protected by

gill covers• Most species in this class have

separate sexes• To reproduce the female releases a

large number of eggs, then the male swims over the eggs releasing sperm. This is called spawning.

Buoyancy

• Is controlled by the swim bladder• Swim bladders adjusts to its density so the fish

can sink or rise. As a fish swims it inflated with gas, and the fish becomes more buoyant, as it deflates it becomes less buoyant.

• Glands regulate the gas content, which allows the fish to stay at a consistent depth with little effort.

• Deep sea fish usually have oil instead of gas in their swim bladders.

• Some bottom dwelling fish don’t have a swim bladder at all.

Kinds of Boney Fish

• Lobe-Finned: fins are lobe-like and fleshy

• Lungfish: Have both lings and gills for breathing. Live in shallow waters that frequently dry up. They burrow in the mud and cover themselves with a mucus until the water returns

• Ray-Finned: have fins made of long thin bones and are covered with skin

REVIEW

What are three characteristics of

chordates?• Notochord• Dorsal hallow nerve cord• Gill slits

Name the three classes of fish and give an example of

each.• Class: Agnatha / Jawless Fish• Example: Lamprays

• Class: Osteichthyes / Boney Fish• Example: Rainbow trout

• Class: Chondrichthyes / Cartilaginous Fish• Example: Skates

Explain the difference between Ectotherms and

Endotherms.• Ectotherms: an animal who’s body

temperature changed with its surrounding (fish, reptile and amphibians)

• Endotherms: animals that have a consistent internal body temperature (birds and mammals)